1
|
Li X, Che Y, Chen L, Liu T, Wang K, Liu L, Yang H, Pyzer-Knapp EO, Cooper AI. Sequential closed-loop Bayesian optimization as a guide for organic molecular metallophotocatalyst formulation discovery. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01546-5. [PMID: 38862641 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated organic photoredox catalysts (OPCs) can promote a wide range of chemical transformations. It is challenging to predict the catalytic activities of OPCs from first principles, either by expert knowledge or by using a priori calculations, as catalyst activity depends on a complex range of interrelated properties. Organic photocatalysts and other catalyst systems have often been discovered by a mixture of design and trial and error. Here we report a two-step data-driven approach to the targeted synthesis of OPCs and the subsequent reaction optimization for metallophotocatalysis, demonstrated for decarboxylative sp3-sp2 cross-coupling of amino acids with aryl halides. Our approach uses a Bayesian optimization strategy coupled with encoding of key physical properties using molecular descriptors to identify promising OPCs from a virtual library of 560 candidate molecules. This led to OPC formulations that are competitive with iridium catalysts by exploring just 2.4% of the available catalyst formulation space (107 of 4,500 possible reaction conditions).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Yu Che
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- School of Chemistry and School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Tao Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kewei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, China
| | - Lunjie Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Haofan Yang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tsipis AC, Sarantou AA. Photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to CO by Ru(II) and Os(II) octahedral complexes: a DFT/TDDFT study. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6791-6801. [PMID: 38535991 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00125g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The reaction mechanisms of the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO catalyzed by [(en)M(CO)3Cl] complexes (M = Ru, Os, en = ethylenediamine) in the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA), R3N (R = -CH2CH2OH), in DCM and DMF solvents, were studied by means of DFT/TDDFT electronic structure calculations. The geometric and free energy reaction profiles for two possible reaction pathways were calculated. Both reaction pathways studied, start with the 17e-, catalytically active intermediate, [(en)M(CO)3]˙+ generated from the first triplet excited state, T1 upon reductive quenching by TEOA which acts as a sacrificial electron donor. In the first possible pathway, TEOA- anion binds to the metal center of the catalytically active intermediate, [(en)M(CO)3]˙+ followed by CO2 insertion into the M-OCH2CH2NR2 bond. The latter upon successive protonations releases a metal 'free' [R2NCH2CH2OC(O)(OH)] intermediate which starts a new and final catalytic cycle, leading to the formation of CO and H2O while regenarating TEOA. In the second possible pathway, the 17e-, catalytically active intermediate, [(en)M(CO)3]˙+ captures CO2 molecule, forming an η1-CO2 complex. Upon 2H+/2e- successive protonations and reductions, CO product is obtained along with regenarating the catalytically active intermediate [(en)M(CO)3]˙+. The nature of the proton donor affects the reaction profiles of both mechanisms. The nature of the solvent does not affect significantly the reaction mechanisms under study. Finally, since photoexcitation and T1 reductive quenching are common to both pathways, we have srutinized the photophysical properties of the [(en)M(CO)3Cl] complexes along with their T1 excited states reduction potentials, . The [(en)M(CO)3Cl] complexes absorb mainly in the UV region while the absolute are in the range 6.4-0.9 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios C Tsipis
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
| | - Antonia A Sarantou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Losada IB, Persson P. Photoredox matching of earth-abundant photosensitizers with hydrogen evolving catalysts by first-principles predictions. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074302. [PMID: 38375904 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoredox properties of several earth-abundant light-harvesting transition metal complexes in combination with cobalt-based proton reduction catalysts have been investigated computationally to assess the fundamental viability of different photocatalytic systems of current experimental interest. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations using several GGA (BP86, BLYP), hybrid-GGA (B3LYP, B3LYP*), hybrid meta-GGA (M06, TPSSh), and range-separated hybrid (ωB97X, CAM-B3LYP) functionals were used to calculate relevant ground and excited state reduction potentials for photosensitizers, catalysts, and sacrificial electron donors. Linear energy correction factors for the DFT/TD-DFT results that provide the best agreement with available experimental reference results were determined in order to provide more accurate predictions. Among the selection of functionals, the B3LYP* and TPSSh sets of correction parameters were determined to give the best redox potentials and excited states energies, ΔEexc, with errors of ∼0.2 eV. Linear corrections for both reduction and oxidation processes significantly improve the predictions for all the redox pairs. In particular, for TPSSh and B3LYP*, the calculated errors decrease by more than 0.5 V against experimental values for catalyst reduction potentials, photosensitizer oxidation potentials, and electron donor oxidation potentials. Energy-corrected TPSSh results were finally used to predict the energetics of complete photocatalytic cycles for the light-driven activation of selected proton reduction cobalt catalysts. These predictions demonstrate the broader usefulness of the adopted approach to systematically predict full photocycle behavior for first-row transition metal photosensitizer-catalyst combinations more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iria Bolaño Losada
- Division of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Girnt P, Molina-Aguirre G, Gomez Bustos D, Sandoval Pauker C, Vuković L, Pinter B. Fusion Position-Dependent Aromatic Transitions of Ligand Backbone Rings for Controlling the Redox Energetics of Photoredox Catalysts. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2586-2596. [PMID: 38251823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To reveal, quantify, and rationalize the effect of backbone π-extension on ligand redox activity, we studied the ground- and excited-state reduction potentials of eight ruthenium photoredox catalysts with the formula Ru(ppy)2L (L is the redox-active ligand of the bipyridine family) using density functional theory. Our research underlines the profound importance of the fusion position of backbone aromatic C6 rings on the redox activity of ligands in transition metal photoredox catalysts. Namely, certain fusion positions lead to the dearomatization of C6 rings in ligand-centered electron transfer events, resulting in a thermodynamic penalty equivalent to a half-volt negative shift in the reduction potential. Contrarily, the extent of backbone delocalization shows a minimal impact on redox energetics, which can be explained by the charge concentration at the nitrogen contact atoms in ligand-centered reductions. Grounded in Caulton's conceptual framework, we reaffirm the predictive potency of Lewis structures in ligand-centered redox energetics with qualitative and quantitative data. Our hypothesis regarding the effect of backbone ring dearomatization on redox energetics is further corroborated using magnetic and structure-based aromaticity indicators. Highlighting fusion-dependent dearomatization as a determining factor of ligand-centered electron transfer energetics, our findings hold implications for molecular-level design in advanced electroactive materials and catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Girnt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Gabriela Molina-Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Daniel Gomez Bustos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Christian Sandoval Pauker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Lela Vuković
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sarantou A, Tsipis A. Photocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 into CO with Cyclometalated Pt(II) Complexes of N^C^N Pincer Dipyridylbenzene Ligands: A DFT Study. Molecules 2024; 29:403. [PMID: 38257316 PMCID: PMC10820273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to study the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into CO using a series of Pt(II) square planar complexes with the general formula [Pt(5-R-dpb)Cl] (dpb = 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene anion, R = H, N,N-dimethylaniline,T thiophene, diazaborinine). The CO2-into-CO conversion process is thought to proceed via two main steps, namely the photocatalytic/reduction step and the main catalytic step. The simulated absorption spectra exhibit strong bands in the range 280-460 nm of the UV-Vis region. Reductive quenching of the T1 state of the complexes under study is expected to be favorable since the calculated excited state redox potentials for the reaction with sacrificial electron donors are highly positive. The redox potentials reveal that the reductive quenching of the T1 state, important to the overall process, could be modulated by suitable changes in the N^C^N pincer ligands. The CO2 fixation and activation by the three coordinated Pt(II) catalytically active species are predicted to be favorable, with the Pt-CO2 bond dissociation energies D0 in the range of -36.9--10.3 kcal/mol. The nature of the Pt-CO2 bond of the Pt(II) square planar intermediates is complex, with covalent, hyperconjugative and H-bonding interactions prevailing over the repulsive electrostatic interactions. The main catalytic cycle is estimated to be a favorable exergonic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Athanassios Tsipis
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Russo C, Donati G, Giustiniano F, Amato J, Marinelli L, Whitby RJ, Giustiniano M. Isocyanides as Catalytic Electron Acceptors in the Visible Light Promoted Oxidative Formation of Benzyl and Acyl Radicals. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301852. [PMID: 37505481 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The recent disclosure of the ability of aromatic isocyanides to harvest visible light and act as single electron acceptors when reacting with tertiary aromatic amines has triggered a renewed interest in their application to the development of green photoredox catalytic methodologies. Accordingly, the present work explores their ability to promote the generation of both alkyl and acyl radicals starting from radical precursors such as Hantzsch esters, potassium alkyltrifluoroborates, and α-oxoacids. Mechanistic studies involving UV-visible absorption and fluorescence experiments, electrochemical measurements of the ground-state redox potentials along with computational calculations of both the ground- and the excited-state redox potentials of a set of nine different aromatic isocyanides provide key insights to promote a rationale design of a new generation of isocyanide-based organic photoredox catalysts. Importantly, the green potential of the investigated chemistry is demonstrated by a direct and easy access to deuterium labeled compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Greta Donati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Giustiniano
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, SO171BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Jussara Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Richard John Whitby
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, SO171BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rocker J, Dresel JA, Krieger LA, Eckhardt P, Ortuño AM, Kitzmann WR, Clever GH, Heinze K, Opatz T. Substitution Effects on the Photophysical and Photoredox Properties of Tetraaza[7]helicenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301244. [PMID: 37222393 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of substituted derivatives of tetraaza[7]helicenes were synthesized and the influence of the substitution on their photophysical and photoredox-catalytic properties was studied. The combination of their high fluorescence quantum yields of up to 0.65 and their circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) activity results in CPL brightness values (BCPL ) that are among the highest recorded for [7]helicenes so far. A sulfonylation/hetarylation reaction using cyanopyridines as substrates for photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the excited helicenes was conducted to test for viability in photoredox catalysis. DFT calculations predict the introduction of electron withdrawing substituents to yield more oxidizing catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rocker
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes A Dresel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leonie A Krieger
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Eckhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ana M Ortuño
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Muñoz-Castro A, Rodríguez-Domínguez AR, Cabellos JL. Structure effects of Pt 15 clusters for the oxygen reduction reaction: first-principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4764-4772. [PMID: 36692089 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05188e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the lowest energy structures and electronic properties of Pt15 clusters are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The results showed that the most stable configuration is a capped pyramidal structure, which is 0.8 kal mol-1 lower in energy than a layered structure previously reported [V. Kumar and Y. Kawazoe, Evolution of Atomic and Electronic Structure of Pt Clusters: Planar, Layered, Pyramidal, Cage, Cubic, and Octahedral Growth, Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 2008, 77, 205418.]. The result is further confirmed by using both the PW91/cc-pVDZ-PP and PBE/PW approaches including the other representative isomers for Pt15. Due to the interesting structure arrangements found, we have investigated the catalytic activities for the oxygen reduction reaction. We found that the most stable Pt15 clusters are plausible catalyts for the ORR according to their interaction with oxygen species, which is consistent with experiments of Pt clusters with atomicity below 20. The results of the structure, electronic, adsorption and vibrational properties of the clusters are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Rodríguez-Kessler
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.C. (CIO), Loma del Bosque 115, Col. Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
| | - Adán R Rodríguez-Domínguez
- Universidad Politécnica de Tapachula, Carretera Tapachula a Puerto Madero km 24 + 300, San Benito, Puerto Madero C.P., 30830 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - José Luis Cabellos
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78000, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sandoval-Pauker C, Pinter B. Quasi-Restricted Orbital Description of the Copper(I) Photoredox Catalytic Cycle. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:074306. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this computational study, the electronic structure changes along the oxidative and reductive quenching cycles of a homoleptic and a heteroleptic prototype Cu(I) photoredox catalyst, namely [Cu(dmp)2]+ (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and [Cu(phen)(POP)]+ (POP = bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether) are scrutinized and characterized using quasi-restricted orbitals (QRO), electron density differences and spin densities. After validating our density functional theory-based computational protocol, the equilibrium geometries and wavefunctions (using QROs and atom/fragment compositions) of the four states involved in photoredox cycle (S0, T1, Dox and Dred) are systematically and thoroughly described. The formal ground and excited state ligand- and metal-centered redox events are substantiated by the QRO description of the open-shell triplet 3MLCT (d9L-1), Dox (d9L0) and Dred (d10L-1) species and the corresponding structural changes, e.g., flattening distortion, shortening/elongation of Cu-N/Cu-P bonds, are rationalized in terms of the underlying electronic structure transformations. Amongst others, we reveal the molecular-scale delocalization of the ligand-centered radical in the a 3MLCT (d9L-1) and Dred (d9L-1) states of homoleptic [Cu(dmp)2]+ and its localization to the redox-active phenanthroline ligand in the case of heteroleptic [Cu(phen)(POP)]+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sandoval-Pauker
- The University of Texas at El Paso Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, United States of America
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sanosa N, Peñin B, Sampedro D, Funes-Ardoiz I. On the Mechanism of Halogen Atom Transfer from C‐X Bonds to α‐Aminoalkyl Radicals: A Computational Study. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nil Sanosa
- University of La Rioja: Universidad de la Rioja Chemistry (Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química) C/Madre de Dios,53 26004 Logroño SPAIN
| | - Beatriz Peñin
- University of La Rioja: Universidad de la Rioja Chemistry (Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química) Madre de Dios,53 26004 Logroño SPAIN
| | - Diego Sampedro
- University of La Rioja: Universidad de la Rioja Chemistry (Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química) C/Madre de Dios,53 26004 Logroño SPAIN
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- University of La Rioja: Universidad de la Rioja Chemistry (Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química) Madre de Dios, 53 26004 Logroño SPAIN
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yuan M, Gutierrez O. Mechanisms, Challenges, and Opportunities of Dual Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Couplings. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022; 12. [PMID: 35664524 PMCID: PMC9162266 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The merging of photoredox and nickel catalysis has revolutionized the field of C-C cross-coupling. However, in comparison to the development of synthetic methods, detailed mechanistic investigations of these catalytic systems are lagging. To improve the mechanistic understanding, computational tools have emerged as powerful tools to elucidate the factors controlling reactivity and selectivity in these complex catalytic transformations. Based on the reported computational studies, it appears that the mechanistic picture of catalytic systems is not generally applicable, but is rather dependent on the specific choice of substrate, ligands, photocatalysts, etc. Given the complexity of these systems, the need for more accurate computational methods, readily available and user-friendly dynamics simulation tools, and data-driven approaches is clear in order to understand at the molecular level the mechanisms of these transformations. In particular, we anticipate that such improvement of theoretical methods will become crucial to advance the understanding of excited-state properties and dynamics of key species, as well as to enable faster and unbiased exploration of reaction pathways. Further, with greater collaboration between computational, experimental, and spectroscopic communities, the mechanistic investigation of photoredox/Ni dual-catalytic reactions is expected to thrive quickly, facilitating the design of novel catalytic systems and promoting our understanding of the reaction selectivity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Selmani A, Schoetz MD, Queen AE, Schoenebeck F. Modularity in the C sp3 Space─Alkyl Germanes as Orthogonal Molecular Handles for Chemoselective Diversification. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aymane Selmani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus D. Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Adele E. Queen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ruthenium complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene based CNC and CN^CHC’ pincer ligands: Photophysics, electrochemistry, and solar energy conversion. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Soly S, Mistry B, Murthy CN. Photo‐mediated metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization: recent advances in organocatalysts and perfection towards polymer synthesis. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Soly
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
| | - Bhavita Mistry
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
| | - CN Murthy
- Macromolecular Materials Laboratory, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390001 India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bitew M, Desalegn T, Demissie TB, Belayneh A, Endale M, Eswaramoorthy R. Pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness of antidiabetic flavonoids: Molecular docking and DFT study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260853. [PMID: 34890431 PMCID: PMC8664201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer aided toxicity and pharmacokinetic prediction studies attracted the attention of pharmaceutical industries as an alternative means to predict potential drug candidates. In the present study, in-silico pharmacokinetic properties (ADME), drug-likeness, toxicity profiles of sixteen antidiabetic flavonoids that have ideal bidentate chelating sites for metal ion coordination were examined using SwissADME, Pro Tox II, vNN and ADMETlab web tools. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also employed to calculate quantum chemical descriptors of the compounds. Molecular docking studies against human alpha amylase were also conducted. The results were compared with the control drugs, metformin and acarbose. The drug-likeness prediction results showed that all flavonoids, except myricetin, were found to obey Lipinski's rule of five for their drug like molecular nature. Pharmacokinetically, chrysin, wogonin, genistein, baicalein, and apigenin showed best absorption profile with human intestinal absorption (HIA) value of ≥ 30%, compared to the other flavonoids. Baicalein, butein, ellagic acid, eriodyctiol, Fisetin and quercetin were predicted to show carcinogenicity. The flavonoid derivatives considered in this study are predicted to be suitable molecules for CYP3A probes, except eriodyctiol which interacts with P-glycoprotein (p-gp). The toxicological endpoints prediction analysis showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) values range from 159-3919 mg/Kg, of which baicalein and quercetin are found to be mutagenic whereas butein is found to be the only immunotoxin. Molecular docking studies showed that the significant interaction (-7.5 to -8.3 kcal/mol) of the studied molecules in the binding pocket of the α-amylase protein relative to the control metformin with the crucial amino acids Asp 197, Glu 233, Asp 197, Glu 233, Trp 59, Tyr 62, His 101, Leu 162, Arg 195, His 299 and Leu 165. Chrysin was predicted to be a ligand with high absorption and lipophilicity with 84.6% absorption compared to metformin (78.3%). Moreover, quantum chemical, ADMET, drug-likeness and molecular docking profiles predicted that chrysin is a good bidentate ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamaru Bitew
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Tegene Desalegn
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Taye B. Demissie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Anteneh Belayneh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Milkyas Endale
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Henry Blackwell J, Harris GR, Smith MA, Gaunt MJ. Modular Photocatalytic Synthesis of α-Trialkyl-α-Tertiary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15946-15959. [PMID: 34551248 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecules displaying an α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine motif provide access to an important and versatile area of biologically relevant chemical space but are challenging to access through existing synthetic methods. Here, we report an operationally straightforward, multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of a range of functionally and structurally diverse α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amines, which makes use of three readily available components: dialkyl ketones, benzylamines, and alkenes. The strategy relies on the of use visible-light-mediated photocatalysis with readily available Ir(III) complexes to bring about single-electron reduction of an all-alkyl ketimine species to an α-amino radical intermediate; the α-amino radical undergoes Giese-type addition with a variety of alkenes to forge the α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine center. The mechanism of this process is believed to proceed through an overall redox neutral pathway that involves photocatalytic redox-relay of the imine, generated from the starting amine-ketone condensation, through to an imine-derived product. This is possible because the presence of a benzylic amine component in the intermediate scaffold drives a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer step after the Giese addition to form a stable benzylic α-amino radical, which is able to close the photocatalytic cycle. These studies detail the evolution of the reaction platform, an extensive investigation of the substrate scope, and preliminary investigation of some of the mechanistic features of this distinct photocatalytic process. We believe this transformation will provide convenient access to previously unexplored α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine scaffolds that should be of considerable interest to practitioners of synthetic and medicinal chemistry in academic and industrial institutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Henry Blackwell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia R Harris
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Milo A Smith
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Choi J, Kim H. Spin-Flip Density Functional Theory for the Redox Properties of Organic Photoredox Catalysts in Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:767-776. [PMID: 33449691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysts (PCs) have contributed to the advancement of organic chemistry by accelerating conventional reactions and enabling new pathways through the use of reactive electrons in excited states. With a number of successful applications, chemists continue to seek new promising organic PCs to achieve their objectives. Instead of labor-intensive manual experimentation, quantum chemical simulations could explore the enormous chemical space more efficiently. The reliability and accuracy of quantum chemical simulations have become important factors for material screening. We designed a theoretical protocol capable of predicting redox properties in excited states with high accuracy for a selected model system of dihydroquinoxalino[2,3-b]quinoxaline derivatives. Herein, three factors were considered as critical to achieving reliable predictions with accurate physics: the solvent medium effect on excited-state geometries, an adequate amount of Hartree-Fock exchange (HFX), and the consideration of double-excitation character in excited states. We determined that it is necessary to incorporate solvent medium during geometry optimizations to obtain planar excited-state structures that are consistent with the experimentally observed modest Stokes shift. While density functionals belonging to the generalized gradient approximation family perform well for the prediction of photoelectrochemical properties, an incorrect description of exciton boundedness (spontaneous dissociation of excitons or extremely weak boundedness) on small organic molecules was predicted. The inclusion of an adequate amount of Hartree-Fock exchange was suggested as one approach to obtain bound excitons, which is physically reasonable. The last consideration is the double-excitation character in S1 states. As revealed by the second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction theory, non-negligible double excitations exist in S1 states in our model systems. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is blind to doubly excited states, and this motivated us to use spin-flip DFT (SF-DFT). We established a theoretical protocol that could provide highly accurate estimations of photophysical properties and ground-/excited-state redox properties, focusing on the three factors mentioned above. Geometry optimization with DFT and TDDFT employing the B3LYP functional (20% HFX) in solution and energy refinement by SF-DFT reproduced the experimental redox properties in the excited and ground states remarkably well with mean signed deviations (MSDs) of 0.01 and -0.15 V, respectively. This theoretical protocol is expected to contribute to the understanding of exciton behavior in organic PCs and to the efficient design of new promising PC candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Y, Vaz RJ, Olson SH, Munson M, Paras NA, Conrad J. Selectivity in the Addition of Electron Deficient Radicals to the C2 Position of Indoles. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:5828-5832. [PMID: 33692651 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The addition of electron deficient radicals to the C2 position of indoles has been described in the literature as opposed to electrophilic addition at the C3 position. Density functional theory calculations were used to understand the switch in regioselectivity from C3 to C2 for indole to undergo radical additions. Electron deficient radicals have a lower barrier for reaction at C2 and a lower energy radical intermediate that benefits from benzylic radical stabilization. Trifluoromethyl radical addition has a lower energy barrier than acetonitrile radical, and the C3 addition transition state is just 0.8 kcal/mol higher than C2. This is supported by experimental observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi US, 153-2nd Ave., Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Roy J Vaz
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - Steven H Olson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - Mark Munson
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi US, 153-2nd Ave., Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Nick A Paras
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - Jay Conrad
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Electron Density Difference Analysis on the Oxidative and Reductive Quenching Cycles of Classical Iridium and Ruthenium Photoredox Catalysts. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4223-4234. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Soulsby LC, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Chen L, Pham TT, Connell TU, Driscoll AJ, Henderson LC, Francis PS. Co‐Reactant and Annihilation Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of [Ir(df‐ppy)
2
(ptb)]
+
Derivatives. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C. Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 P.R. China
| | - Tien T. Pham
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Timothy U. Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: RMIT University Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Aaron J. Driscoll
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Luke C. Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong, Victoria 3220 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Song F, Al-Ameed K, Schilling M, Fox T, Luber S, Patzke GR. Mechanistically Driven Control over Cubane Oxo Cluster Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8846-8857. [PMID: 31120246 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Predictive and mechanistically driven access to polynuclear oxo clusters and related materials remains a grand challenge of inorganic chemistry. We here introduce a novel strategy for synthetic control over highly sought-after transition metal {M4O4} cubanes. They attract interest as molecular water oxidation catalysts that combine features of both heterogeneous oxide catalysts and nature's cuboidal {CaMn4O5} center of photosystem II. For the first time, we demonstrate the outstanding structure-directing effect of straightforward inorganic counteranions in solution on the self-assembly of oxo clusters. We introduce a selective counteranion toolbox for the controlled assembly of di(2-pyridyl) ketone (dpk) with M(OAc)2 (M = Co, Ni) precursors into different cubane types. Perchlorate anions provide selective access to type 2 cubanes with the characteristic {H2O-M2(OR)2-OH2} edge-site, such as [Co4(dpy-C{OH}O)4(OAc)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2. Type 1 cubanes with separated polar faces [Co4(dpy-C{OH}O)4(L2)4] n+ (L2 = OAc, Cl, or OAc and H2O) can be tuned with a wide range of other counteranions. The combination of these counteranion sets with Ni(OAc)2 as precursor selectively produces type 2 Co/Ni-mixed or {Ni4O4} cubanes. Systematic mechanistic experiments in combination with computational studies provide strong evidence for type 2 cubane formation through reaction of the key dimeric building block [M2(dpy-C{OH}O)2(H2O)4]2+ with monomers, such as [Co(dpy-C{OH}O)(OAc)(H2O)3]. Furthermore, both experiments and DFT calculations support an energetically favorable type 1 cubane formation pathway via direct head-to-head combination of two [Co2(dpy-C{OH}O)2(OAc)2(H2O)2] dimers. Finally, the visible-light-driven water oxidation activity of type 1 and 2 cubanes with tuned ligand environments was assessed. We pave the way to efficient design concepts in coordination chemistry through ionic control over cluster assembly pathways. Our comprehensive strategy demonstrates how retrosynthetic analyses can be implemented with readily available assembly directing counteranions to provide rapid access to tuned molecular materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Karrar Al-Ameed
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland.,Faculty of Science , University of Kufa , 54001 Najaf , Iraq
| | - Mauro Schilling
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fox
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Greta R Patzke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ahn S, Hong M, Sundararajan M, Ess DH, Baik MH. Design and Optimization of Catalysts Based on Mechanistic Insights Derived from Quantum Chemical Reaction Modeling. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6509-6560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seihwan Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vogiatzis KD, Polynski MV, Kirkland JK, Townsend J, Hashemi A, Liu C, Pidko EA. Computational Approach to Molecular Catalysis by 3d Transition Metals: Challenges and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2453-2523. [PMID: 30376310 PMCID: PMC6396130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational chemistry provides a versatile toolbox for studying mechanistic details of catalytic reactions and holds promise to deliver practical strategies to enable the rational in silico catalyst design. The versatile reactivity and nontrivial electronic structure effects, common for systems based on 3d transition metals, introduce additional complexity that may represent a particular challenge to the standard computational strategies. In this review, we discuss the challenges and capabilities of modern electronic structure methods for studying the reaction mechanisms promoted by 3d transition metal molecular catalysts. Particular focus will be placed on the ways of addressing the multiconfigurational problem in electronic structure calculations and the role of expert bias in the practical utilization of the available methods. The development of density functionals designed to address transition metals is also discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the methods that account for solvation effects and the multicomponent nature of practical catalytic systems. This is followed by an overview of recent computational studies addressing the mechanistic complexity of catalytic processes by molecular catalysts based on 3d metals. Cases that involve noninnocent ligands, multicomponent reaction systems, metal-ligand and metal-metal cooperativity, as well as modeling complex catalytic systems such as metal-organic frameworks are presented. Conventionally, computational studies on catalytic mechanisms are heavily dependent on the chemical intuition and expert input of the researcher. Recent developments in advanced automated methods for reaction path analysis hold promise for eliminating such human-bias from computational catalysis studies. A brief overview of these approaches is presented in the final section of the review. The paper is closed with general concluding remarks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin K. Kirkland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jacob Townsend
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ali Hashemi
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chong Liu
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- TheoMAT
group, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, St. Petersburg 191002, Russia
- Inorganic
Systems Engineering group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Influence of substituents on the reduction potential and pKa values of β-diketones tautomers: A theoretical study. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
Mede T, Jäger M, Schubert US. "Chemistry-on-the-complex": functional Ru II polypyridyl-type sensitizers as divergent building blocks. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7577-7627. [PMID: 30246196 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl type complexes are potent photoactive compounds, and have found - among others - a broad range of important applications in the fields of biomedical diagnosis and phototherapy, energy conversion schemes such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and molecular assemblies for tailored photo-initiated processes. In this regard, the linkage of RuII polypyridyl-type complexes with specific functional moieties is highly desirable to enhance their inherent photophysical properties, e.g., with a targeting function to achieve cell selectivity, or with a dye or redox-active subunits for energy- and electron-transfer. However, the classical approach of performing ligand syntheses first and the formation of Ru complexes in the last steps imposes synthetic limitations with regard to tolerating functional groups or moieties as well as requiring lengthy convergent routes. Alternatively, the diversification of Ru complexes after coordination (termed "chemistry-on-the-complex") provides an elegant complementary approach. In addition to the Click chemistry concept, the rapidly developing synthesis and purification methodologies permit the preparation of Ru conjugates via amidation, alkylation and cross-coupling reactions. In this regard, recent developments in chromatography shifted the limits of purification, e.g., by using new commercialized surface-modified silica gels and automated instrumentation. This review provides detailed insights into applying the "chemistry-on-the-complex" concept, which is believed to stimulate the modular preparation of unpreceded molecular assemblies as well as functional materials based on Ru-based building blocks, including combinatorial approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Mede
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tolbatov I, Coletti C, Marrone A, Re N. Insight into the Electrochemical Reduction Mechanism of Pt(IV) Anticancer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:3411-3419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iogann Tolbatov
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Cecilia Coletti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Re
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu Y, Yu H, Guo QX. DFT study on α-regioselectivity of photo-organocatalytic functionalization of aldehydes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
29
|
von Eschwege KG, Conradie J. Iron phenanthrolines: A density functional theory study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
30
|
Šebesta F, Baxová K, Burda JV. Redox Potentials for Tetraplatin, Satraplatin, Its Derivatives, and Ascorbic Acid: A Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:951-962. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Šebesta
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics,
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu
3, 121 16 Prague
2, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Baxová
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics,
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu
3, 121 16 Prague
2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav V. Burda
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics,
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu
3, 121 16 Prague
2, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rojas-Poblete M, Carreño A, Gacitúa M, Páez-Hernández D, Rabanal-León WA, Arratia-Pérez R. Electrochemical behaviors and relativistic DFT calculations to understand the terminal ligand influence on the [Re6(μ3-Q)8X6]4− clusters. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj05114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Born–Haber thermodynamic cycle was used to determine the redox potential in a series of rhenium(iii) clusters theoretical analysis at DFT level was considered to estimate the free energy of the reversible process ReIII6/ReIII5ReIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Rojas-Poblete
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CANS)
- Universidad Andrés Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
- Universidad Tecnológica de Chile INACAP
| | - Alexander Carreño
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CANS)
- Universidad Andrés Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
- Núcleo Milenio de Ingeniería Molecular para Catálisis y Biosensores (MECB)
| | | | - Dayán Páez-Hernández
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CANS)
- Universidad Andrés Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
- Núcleo Milenio de Ingeniería Molecular para Catálisis y Biosensores (MECB)
| | - Walter A. Rabanal-León
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andrés Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Ramiro Arratia-Pérez
- Center of Applied Nanosciences (CANS)
- Universidad Andrés Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
- Núcleo Milenio de Ingeniería Molecular para Catálisis y Biosensores (MECB)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li GX, Morales-Rivera CA, Gao F, Wang Y, He G, Liu P, Chen G. A unified photoredox-catalysis strategy for C(sp 3)-H hydroxylation and amidation using hypervalent iodine. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7180-7185. [PMID: 29081950 PMCID: PMC5635418 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02773g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a unified photoredox-catalysis strategy for both hydroxylation and amidation of tertiary and benzylic C-H bonds. Use of hydroxyl perfluorobenziodoxole (PFBl-OH) oxidant is critical for efficient tertiary C-H functionalization, likely due to the enhanced electrophilicity of the benziodoxole radical. Benzylic methylene C-H bonds can be hydroxylated or amidated using unmodified hydroxyl benziodoxole oxidant Bl-OH under similar conditions. An ionic mechanism involving nucleophilic trapping of a carbocation intermediate by H2O or CH3CN cosolvent is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | | | - Fang Gao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Yaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA 15260 , USA .
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , College of Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , 104 Chemistry Building , University Park , PA 16802 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang C, Zhang W, Li YH, Xue XS, Li X, Cheng JP. Origin of Stereoselectivity of the Photoinduced Asymmetric Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Perfluoroalkylation of β-Ketoesters. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9321-9327. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yi-He Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Luis-Barrera J, Laina-Martín V, Rigotti T, Peccati F, Solans-Monfort X, Sodupe M, Mas-Ballesté R, Liras M, Alemán J. Visible-Light Photocatalytic Intramolecular Cyclopropane Ring Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7826-7830. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Luis-Barrera
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Víctor Laina-Martín
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Thomas Rigotti
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Francesca Peccati
- Departament de Química; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | | | - Mariona Sodupe
- Departament de Química; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- Inorganic Chemistry Deparment; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Liras
- Imdea Energy Institute; 28935 Móstoles Madrid
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Luis-Barrera J, Laina-Martín V, Rigotti T, Peccati F, Solans-Monfort X, Sodupe M, Mas-Ballesté R, Liras M, Alemán J. Visible-Light Photocatalytic Intramolecular Cyclopropane Ring Expansion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Luis-Barrera
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Víctor Laina-Martín
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Thomas Rigotti
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Francesca Peccati
- Departament de Química; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | | | - Mariona Sodupe
- Departament de Química; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- Inorganic Chemistry Deparment; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Liras
- Imdea Energy Institute; 28935 Móstoles Madrid
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Arrue L, Barra T, Camarada MB, Zarate X, Schott E. Electrochemical and theoretical characterization of the electro-oxidation of dimethoxycurcumin. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Gapol MAB, Balanay MP, Kim DH. Molecular Engineering of Tetraphenylbenzidine-Based Hole Transport Material for Perovskite Solar Cell. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1371-1380. [PMID: 28118007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical HOMO energy correlation of tetraphenylbenzidine (TPB)-based hole transport materials (HTMs) was successfully achieved through adiabatic ground-state oxidation potential calculation using LC-ωPBE. Similarly, trends in the computed excitation energies and hole reorganization energies of the HTMs are in agreement with the experimental band gaps and hole mobilities, respectively. Using these established correlations, the calculated properties of novel TPB-based HTMs were analyzed, and among the derivatives, TPB with attached fluorene (Fl) has less absorption in the visible region, a lower hole reorganization energy, and a deeper HOMO level compared to the reference. These properties signify that Fl could be a promising HTM in perovskite solar cells because this material will not compete with the perovskite absorption, will be efficient for hole transport due to its better hole mobility, and will eventually enhance the open-circuit voltage of the device. All of these factors could improve the efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mannix P Balanay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University , Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kunsan National University , Kunsan 573-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang Y, Liu Q, Zhang L, Yu H, Dang Z. Mechanistic Investigation on Oxygen-Mediated Photoredox Diels–Alder Reactions with Chromium Catalysts. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Yang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haizhu Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Dang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Power System and Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang C, Chen X, Liu Q, Qi D, Wang K, Jiang J. Combinatorial experimental and DFT theoretical investigation over the formation mechanism of a binuclear phthalocyanine dimer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10678e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a density functional calculation method was used to explore the formation mechanism of a metal-free, homobinuclear phthalocyanine dimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Xin Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shandong University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266510
- China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Kang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rybicka-Jasińska K, Shan W, Zawada K, Kadish KM, Gryko D. Porphyrins as Photoredox Catalysts: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15451-15458. [PMID: 27933929 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins not only are vital in biological systems but also are valuable catalysts in organic synthesis. On the other hand, catalytic properties of free base porphyrins have been less explored. They are mostly known as efficient photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen via photoinduced energy transfer processes, but under light irradiation, they can also participate in electron transfer processes. Indeed, we have found that free base tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) is an efficient photoredox catalyst for the reaction of aldehydes with diazo compounds leading to α-alkylated derivatives. The performance of a porphyrin catalyst can be optimized by tailoring various substituents at the periphery of the macrocycle at both the β and meso positions. This allows for the fine tuning of their optical and electrochemical properties and hence their catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenqian Shan
- University of Houston , Department of Chemistry, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Katarzyna Zawada
- Medical University of Warsaw , Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Department of Physical Chemistry, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karl M Kadish
- University of Houston , Department of Chemistry, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Majek M, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Mechanistic Perspectives on Organic Photoredox Catalysis for Aromatic Substitutions. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2316-2327. [PMID: 27669097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for the utilization of visible light to drive chemical reactions between organic molecules that exhibit two rather ubiquitous properties: colorlessness and redox-activity. The photocatalyst, however, requires significant absorption in the visible spectrum and reversible redox activity. This very general framework has led to the development of several new modes of reactivity based on electron and energy transfer steps between photoexcited catalyst states and various organic molecules. In the past years, major effort has been devoted to photoredox-catalytic aromatic substitutions involving an initial reductive activation of various aryl electrophiles by the photocatalyst, which opens a new entry into selective arene functionalizations within organic synthesis endeavors. This, however, has led to a unilateral emphasis of synthetic developments including catalyst modifications, substrate scope studies, and combinations with other chemical processes. This Account summarizes recent reports of new protocols for the synthesis of aromatic esters, thioethers, boronates, sulfonates, heterobiaryls, deuteroarenes, and other functionalized arenes under mild photoredox conditions with organic dyes. On the other hand, mechanistic studies were largely neglected. This Account emphasizes the most relevant experiments and techniques, which can greatly assist in the exploration of the mechanistic foundation of aromatic photoredox substitutions and the design of new chemical reactivities. The nature and physicochemical properties of the employed organic dyes, the control of its acid-base chemistry, the choice of the irradiation sources, and the concentrations of substrates and dyes are demonstrated to decisively affect the activity of organic photocatalysts, the chemo- and regioselectivities of reactions, and the operating mechanisms. Several methods of distinction between photocatalytic and radical chain processes are being discussed such as the determination of quantum yields by conventional actinometric studies or modern photon counter devices. Careful analyses of key thermodynamic and kinetic data of the single electron transfer steps involved in aromatic photoredox substitutions by experimental and theoretical techniques are being exemplified with recent examples from the literature including the determination of redox potentials by DFT and CV, fluorescence quenching studies, and transient absorption/emission spectroscopy. This Account provides the uninitiated reader with an overview of the potential of organic photoredox catalysis for aromatic substitution reactions and encourages the practitioners to consult highly instructive synthetic, mechanistic, theoretical, and spectroscopic tools that are available in research laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Majek
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ferreira H, von Eschwege KG, Conradie J. Electronic properties of Fe charge transfer complexes – A combined experimental and theoretical approach. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
43
|
Li GX, Morales-Rivera CA, Wang Y, Gao F, He G, Liu P, Chen G. Photoredox-mediated Minisci C-H alkylation of N-heteroarenes using boronic acids and hypervalent iodine. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6407-6412. [PMID: 28451096 PMCID: PMC5356021 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02653b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A photoredox-mediated Minisci C-H alkylation reaction of N-heteroarenes with alkyl boronic acids is reported. A broad range of primary and secondary alkyl groups can be efficiently incorporated into various N-heteroarenes using [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 as photocatalyst and acetoxybenziodoxole as oxidant under mild conditions. The reaction exhibits excellent substrate scope and functional group tolerance, and offers a broadly applicable method for late-stage functionalization of complex substrates. Mechanistic experiments and computational studies suggest that an intramolecularly stabilized ortho-iodobenzoyloxy radical intermediate might play a key role in this reaction system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | | | - Yaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Fang Gao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA 15260 , USA .
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China .
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , 104 Chemistry Building , University Park , PA 16802 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Demissie TB, Hansen JH. Mechanism and Site Selectivity in Visible-Light Photocatalyzed C–H Functionalization: Insights from DFT Calculations. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7110-20. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taye B. Demissie
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jørn H. Hansen
- Centre
for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Park Y, Ahn S, Kang D, Baik MH. Mechanism of Rh-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclizations: Closed versus Open Shell Pathways. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1263-70. [PMID: 27187270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A conceptual theory for analyzing and understanding oxidative addition reactions that form the cornerstone of many transition metal mediated catalytic cycles that activate C-C and C-H bonds, for example, was developed. The cleavage of the σ- or π-bond in the organic substrate can be envisioned to follow a closed or an open shell formalism, which is matched by a corresponding electronic structure at the metal center of the catalyst. Whereas the assignment of one or the other mechanistic scenario appears formal and equivalent at first sight, they should be recognized as different classes of reactions, because they lead to different reaction optimization and control strategies. The closed-shell mechanism involves heterolytic bond cleavages, which give rise to highly localized charges to form at the transition state. In the open-shell pathway, bonds are broken homolytically avoiding localized charges to accumulate on molecular fragments at the transition states. As a result, functional groups with inductive effects may exert a substantial influence on the energies of the intermediate and transition states, whereas no such effect is expected if the mechanism proceeds through the open-shell mechanism. If these functional groups are placed in a way that opens an electronic communication pathway to the molecular sites where charges accumulate, for example, using hyperconjugation, electron donating groups may stabilize a positive charge at that site. An instructive example is discussed, where this stereoelectronic effect allowed for rendering the oxidative addition diastereoselective. No such control is possible, however, when the open-shell reaction pathway is followed, because the inductive effects of functional groups have little to no effect on the stabilities of radical-like substrate states that are encountered when the bonds are broken in a homolytic fashion. Whether the closed-shell or open-shell mechanism for oxidative addition is followed is determined by the ordering of the d-orbital dominated frontier orbitals. If the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is oriented in space in such a way that will give the organic substrate easy access to the valence electron pair, the closed-shell mechanism can be followed. If the shape and orientation of the HOMO is not appropriate, however, an alternative pathway involving singlet excited states of the metal that will invoke the matching radicaloid cleavage of the organic substrate will dominate the oxidative addition. This novel paradigm for formally analyzing and understanding oxidative additions provides a new way of systematically understanding and planning catalytic reactions, as demonstrated by the in silico design of room-temperature Pauson-Khand reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsu Park
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seihwan Ahn
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Kang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon
Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Messina MS, Axtell JC, Wang Y, Chong P, Wixtrom AI, Kirlikovali KO, Upton BM, Hunter BM, Shafaat OS, Khan SI, Winkler JR, Gray HB, Alexandrova AN, Maynard HD, Spokoyny AM. Visible-Light-Induced Olefin Activation Using 3D Aromatic Boron-Rich Cluster Photooxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6952-5. [PMID: 27186856 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a discovery that perfunctionalized icosahedral dodecaborate clusters of the type B12(OCH2Ar)12 (Ar = Ph or C6F5) can undergo photo-excitation with visible light, leading to a new class of metal-free photooxidants. Excitation in these species occurs as a result of the charge transfer between low-lying orbitals located on the benzyl substituents and an unoccupied orbital delocalized throughout the boron cluster core. Here we show how these species, photo-excited with a benchtop blue LED source, can exhibit excited-state reduction potentials as high as 3 V and can participate in electron-transfer processes with a broad range of styrene monomers, initiating their polymerization. Initiation is observed in cases of both electron-rich and electron-deficient styrene monomers at cluster loadings as low as 0.005 mol%. Furthermore, photo-excitation of B12(OCH2C6F5)12 in the presence of a less activated olefin such as isobutylene results in the production of highly branched poly(isobutylene). This work introduces a new class of air-stable, metal-free photo-redox reagents capable of mediating chemical transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco S Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jonathan C Axtell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Paul Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Alex I Wixtrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kent O Kirlikovali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Brianna M Upton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles , 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Bryan M Hunter
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91115, United States
| | - Oliver S Shafaat
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91115, United States
| | - Saeed I Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jay R Winkler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91115, United States
| | - Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91115, United States
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zivic N, Bouzrati-Zerelli M, Kermagoret A, Dumur F, Fouassier JP, Gigmes D, Lalevée J. Photocatalysts in Polymerization Reactions. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Zivic
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273; F-13397 Marseille France
| | - Mariem Bouzrati-Zerelli
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M; UMR CNRS 7361, UHA; 15, rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Anthony Kermagoret
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273; F-13397 Marseille France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273; F-13397 Marseille France
| | - Jean-Pierre Fouassier
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M; UMR CNRS 7361, UHA; 15, rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
- ENSCMu-UHA; 3 rue Alfred Werner 68057 Mulhouse France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, UMR 7273; F-13397 Marseille France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2 M; UMR CNRS 7361, UHA; 15, rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pan X, Fang C, Fantin M, Malhotra N, So WY, Peteanu LA, Isse AA, Gennaro A, Liu P, Matyjaszewski K. Mechanism of Photoinduced Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Experimental and Computational Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2411-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Pan
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Cheng Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nikhil Malhotra
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Woong Young So
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Linda A. Peteanu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Demissie TB, Hansen JH. Synergy between experimental and computational approaches to homogeneous photoredox catalysis. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:10878-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01497f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Frontiers article, we highlight how state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations can contribute to the field of homogeneous photoredox catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taye B. Demissie
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway
- N-9037 Tromsø
- Norway
| | - Jørn H. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway
- N-9037 Tromsø
- Norway
| |
Collapse
|