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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Jeltsch S, Kordan MA, Schrenk C, Schnepf A. Synthesis and Reactivity of Fluorenyl-Based Germanium(II) Compounds. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2185-2193. [PMID: 38238989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of alkyl-substituted germylenes GeFlu2, Ge(FluTMS)2, and FluTMSGeCl (Flu = 9H-fluorenyl, FluTMS = 9-trimethylsilyl-9H-fluorenyl) using bulky fluorenyl ring systems and modifications of that. GeFlu2 can only be crystallized as its three-membered ring trimer, whereby the reaction is accompanied by the formation of several byproducts, such as [Li(THF)4][Ge(Ge3Flu7H)]. These results led to the modification of the fluorenyl framework by substitution the one H atom in the 9-position by a TMS group. With the synthesis of the corresponding Li salt LiFluTMS, Ge(FluTMS)2 could be isolated in good yields in a further reaction. The homoleptic Ge(FluTMS)2 is found in its crystalline form as a monomer and thus belongs to the series of monomeric alkyl-substituted germylenes. Also, the corresponding monoalkyl-substituted halogenido germylene was isolated as a four-membered ring tetramer [FluTMSGeCl]4 during an unselective reaction. However, FluTMSGeCl undergoes significant stabilization through the formation of the monomeric phosphane adduct FluTMSGeCl·PEt3, which greatly increases the selectivity of the reaction. During further reactions of Ge(FluTMS)2 with a GeBr solution (toluol/nPr3P), more impressions of the reactivity of Ge(I)X solutions with germylenes were achieved, showing that those germylenes take part in the disproportionation reaction of metastable Ge(I) solutions to give oxidized Ge(IV) compounds like (FluTMS)2GeBr2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jeltsch
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Mike Alexander Kordan
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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Nag E, Francis M, Battuluri S, Sinu BB, Roy S. Isolation of Elusive Phosphinidene‐Chlorotetrylenes: The Heavier Cyanogen Chloride Analogues. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201242. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Nag
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
| | - Maria Francis
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
| | - Sridhar Battuluri
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
| | - Bhavya Bini Sinu
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
| | - Sudipta Roy
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati Tirupati 517507 India
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Arsenyeva KV, Klimashevskaya AV, Zherebtsov MA, Chegerev MG, Cherkasov AV, Yakushev IA, Piskunov AV. Redox-Active Germylene Based on 2,4,6,8-Tetra-tert-butylphenoxazin-1-one: Synthesis, Structure, and Chemical Properties. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422070016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Banerjee S, Vanka K. Computational insights into hydroboration with acyclic α-Borylamido-germylene and stannylene catalysts: Cooperative dual catalysis the key to system efficiency. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Guthardt R, Blanckenberg J, Bruhn C, Siemeling U. Planar-chiral 1,1'-diaminoferrocenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12984-12987. [PMID: 34792053 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05287j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Planar-chiral homologues of 1,1'-diaminoferrocene, which bear a single additional substituent adjacent to one of the amino groups, are prepared as racemic mixtures in a few steps and in good yields from ferrocene. Various substituents relevant to steric shielding, coordination and further functionalisation are used, giving access to ferrocene-based planar-chiral diimines and diamines as well as stable N-heterocyclic carbenes and tetrylenes by transformations analogous to procedures established for 1,1'-diaminoferrocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guthardt
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Johannes Blanckenberg
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
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Arsenyeva KV, Chegerev MG, Cherkasov AV, Pashanova KI, Ershova IV, Trofimova OY, Piskunov AV. Facile synthesis of digermylene oxide and its reactivity towards vanadocene: the first example of Cp2V–germylene coordination. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Arsenyeva KV, Chegerev MG, Cherkasov AV, Pashanova KI, Ershova IV, Trofimova OY, Piskunov AV. Facile synthesis of digermylene oxide and its reactivity towards vanadocene: the first example of Cp2V–germylene coordination. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dasgupta R, Khan S. N-heterocyclic germylenes and stannylenes: Synthesis, reactivity and catalytic application in a nutshell. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chen X, Simler T, Yadav R, Gamer MT, Köppe R, Roesky PW. Reaction of an arsinoamide with chloro tetrylenes: substitution and As-N bond insertion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9315-9318. [PMID: 31310270 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the arsinoamide [(Mes2AsNPh){Li(OEt2)2}] with the low-valent group 14 compounds, [{PhC(tBuN)2}ECl] (E = Si, Ge) and GeCl2·dioxane, resulted in two different reaction pathways: simple substitution or substitution accompanied by an insertion step. As a result, either insertion products with an As-Si[double bond, length as m-dash]N unit and an As-Ge bond, or substitution products, in which the intact arsinoamide binds to the group 14 elements via the N atom, were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael T Gamer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Bin Ismail ML, So CW. Synthesis of a dimeric phosphine-stabilized phosphidogermanium(i)-amidogermanium(ii) derivative. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2074-2077. [PMID: 30693929 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09454c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a dimeric phosphine-stabilized phosphidogermanium(i)-amidogermanium(ii) derivative is described. The reaction of amidinato phosphinoamidosilylene [L{(Ar)(Ph2P)N}Si:] (1, L = PhC(NtBu)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) with GeCl2·dioxane afforded a phosphine-stabilized phosphidogermanium(i) dimer moiety in a mixed-valent germanium(i,ii) compound [:Ge(Cl){N(Ar)PPh2}(Ph2P)Ge:]2 (3). The mechanism for the formation of 3 is also studied and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Luthfi Bin Ismail
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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Sharma MK, Sinhababu S, Yadav D, Mukherjee G, Rajaraman G, Nagendran S. Pseudohalogenogermylenes versus Halogenogermylenes: Difference in their Complexation Behavior towards Group 6 Metal Carbonyls. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1357-1365. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Dhirendra Yadav
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Powai Mumbai 400 076 India
| | - Selvarajan Nagendran
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 016 India
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