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Yolsal U, Shaw PJ, Lowy PA, Chambenahalli R, Garden JA. Exploiting Multimetallic Cooperativity in the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters and Ethers. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1050-1074. [PMID: 38269042 PMCID: PMC10804381 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The use of multimetallic complexes is a rapidly advancing route to enhance catalyst performance in the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters and ethers. Multimetallic catalysts often outperform their monometallic analogues in terms of reactivity and/or polymerization control, and these improvements are typically attributed to "multimetallic cooperativity". Yet the origins of multimetallic cooperativity often remain unclear. This review explores the key factors underpinning multimetallic cooperativity, including metal-metal distances, the flexibility, electronics and conformation of the ligand framework, and the coordination environment of the metal centers. Emerging trends are discussed to provide insights into why cooperativity occurs and how to harness cooperativity for the development of highly efficient multimetallic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Yolsal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Shaw
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe A. Lowy
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Raju Chambenahalli
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Garden
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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2
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Chen MT, Wu PZ, Liao CC, Hung KW, Shen PC. Grignard reagents as deprotonation agents for oxazoline-amido-phenolate ligands: structural and catalytic implications with the role of halogen ions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:738-745. [PMID: 38086677 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In this study, various halogen-substituted Grignard reagents were assessed as deprotonating agents for the oxazoline-amido-phenolate ligand, leading to the formation of magnesium complexes. The newly synthesized complexes with halogen substituents displayed three distinct coordinative modes, all extensively characterized through crystallographic methods. The introduction of halogen substituents induced changes in the Lewis acid properties of the complexes, thereby impacting their structural attributes and catalytic behavior during the initiation and propagation of ring polymerization of cyclic esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsz Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Pei-Zheng Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chi-Chung Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Kai-Wei Hung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Pin-Chi Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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3
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Navarro M, González-Lizana D, Sánchez-Barba LF, Garcés A, Fernández I, Lara-Sánchez A, Rodríguez AM. Development of Heterobimetallic Al/Mg Complexes for the Very Rapid Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactides. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14833-14837. [PMID: 37676111 PMCID: PMC10521010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The successful architecture of active catalytic species with enhanced efficiencies is critical for the optimal exploitation of sustainable resources in industrially demanded processes. In this work, we describe the preparation of novel helical heterobimetallic Al/Mg-based complexes of the type [AlMe2(pbpamd-)MgR{κ1-O-(OC4H8O)}] [R = Et (1a), tBu (2a)] as potential catalysts. The design was performed through the sequential addition of the Al fragment to the ligand, followed by the Mg platform, resulting in a planar π-C2N2(sp2)-Al/Mg bridging core between metals. The new heterobimetallic species have been unambiguously characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. NOESY, DOSY, and EXSY NMR studies as well as density functional theory calculations corroborate both a rearrangement in solution to scorpionate complexes containing an unprecedented apical carbanion with a direct σ-C(sp3)-Al covalent bond named [{Mg(R)(pbpamd-) Al(Me)2}] [R = Et (1b), tBu (2b)] and an interconversion equilibrium between both isomers. We verified their utility and high efficiency as catalysts in the well-controlled ring-opening polymerization of the biorenewable l- and rac-lactide (LA) at 23 °C, reaching a remarkable turnover frequency value close to 25000 h-1 for rac-LA at this temperature and exerting a significant level of heteroselectivity (Pr = 0.80). Very interestingly, the kinetics demonstrate apparent first-order with respect to the catalyst and LA, which supports a synergic intramolecular cooperation between centers with electronic modulation among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Navarro
- Departamento
de Biología y Geología, Física y Química
Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan
Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica,
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA),
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Castilla—La
Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David González-Lizana
- Departamento
de Biología y Geología, Física y Química
Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan
Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis F. Sánchez-Barba
- Departamento
de Biología y Geología, Física y Química
Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan
Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Garcés
- Departamento
de Biología y Geología, Física y Química
Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan
Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica,
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA),
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Castilla—La
Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica,
Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA),
Campus Universitario, Universidad de Castilla—La
Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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4
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Xia D, Li H, Li T, Ma H. Isoselective Polymerization of rac-Lactide by Magnesium Initiators Bearing Achiral Di(2-pyridyl)methyl Substituted Aminophenolate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37377247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of achiral di(2-pyridyl)methyl substituted aminophenols L1-6H (2-{N-R3-N-[di(2-pyridyl)methyl]aminomethyl}-4-R1-6-R2-C6H2OH: R1 = R2 = tBu, R3 = nBu (L1H), R3 = nhexyl (L2H), R3 = cyclohexyl (L3H); R1 = R2 = cumyl, R3 = nBu (L4H), R3 = nhexyl (L5H), R3 = cyclohexyl (L6H)) with {Mg[N(SiMe3)2]2}2 ([L1-6H]:[Mg] = 1:1) afforded a series of magnesium silylamido complexes 1-6. In the solid state, the magnesium center of 3, 4, and 6 is penta-coordinated by the tetradentate aminophenloate ligand and one silylamido ligand to form a seriously distorted square-pyramidal geometry as confirmed by X-ray crystallography diffraction analysis. VT 1H NMR and ROESY experiments further indicate that these magnesium complexes are also five-coordinated in solutions where the coordination of either of the two pyridyl pendants to the magnesium center is maintained. Complexes 1-6 are highly active toward the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide (rac-LA) at r.t. both in toluene and in tetrahydrofuran, capable of polymerizing 500 equiv of monomer to high conversions just within minutes. Among them, complex 3 exhibited the highest iso-stereoselectivity, affording moderately isotactic polylactide in toluene (Pm = 0.75). It is found that the isoselectivities and activities of these magnesium complexes toward the polymerization of rac-LA are closely associated with the substituents at the ortho-position of the phenoxide unit and on the skeleton nitrogen atom of the ligand. On the basis of NMR spectroscopic studies, the formation of isotactic PLAs with dominant stereoblock sequences was witnessed by using these magnesium complexes as initiators, and the inequivalent coordination of two pyridyl pendant arms in these magnesium complexes might be the source of exerting isoselective control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Hehua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Tang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
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Martins LM. Catalytic applications of recent metal poly(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-methane scorpionates. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Moya-Lopez C, Bravo I, Castro-Osma JA, Chapron D, Bourson P, Vagner C, Cochez M, Leoné N, Lara-Sánchez A, Alonso-Moreno C, Hermida-Merino D. Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Stereo-Di-Block Copolymers Driven by a Co-Initiator Free Catalyst. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:232. [PMID: 35054639 PMCID: PMC8779727 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereo-diblock copolymers of high molecular weight polylactide (PLA) were synthetized by the one pot-sequential addition method assisted by a heteroscorpionate catalyst without the need of a co-initiator. The alkyl zinc organometallic heteroscorpionate derivative (Zn(Et)(κ3-bpzteH)] (bpzteH = 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1-para-tolylethoxide) proved to assist in the mechanism of reaction following a coordination-insertion process. Kinetic studies along with the linear correlation between monomer and number average molecular weight (Mn) conversion, and the narrow polydispersities supported the truly living polymerization character of the initiator, whereas matrix-assisted laser desorption/Ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) studies showed a very low order of transesterification. The high stereo-control attained for the afforded high molecular weight derivatives was revealed by homonuclear decoupled 1H NMR spectra and polarimetry measurements. The nanostructure of the PLA derivatives was studied by both wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the stereocomplex phase of the PLA stereo-diblock copolymers was successfully identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Moya-Lopez
- LMOPS, Centrale Supélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France; (C.M.-L.); (D.C.); (P.B.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Ivan Bravo
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad NanoCRIB, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.); (J.A.C.-O.)
- Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - José A. Castro-Osma
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad NanoCRIB, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.); (J.A.C.-O.)
- Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - David Chapron
- LMOPS, Centrale Supélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France; (C.M.-L.); (D.C.); (P.B.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Patrice Bourson
- LMOPS, Centrale Supélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France; (C.M.-L.); (D.C.); (P.B.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Christelle Vagner
- LMOPS, Centrale Supélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France; (C.M.-L.); (D.C.); (P.B.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Marianne Cochez
- LMOPS, Centrale Supélec, Université de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France; (C.M.-L.); (D.C.); (P.B.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Nils Leoné
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute of BioBased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica—Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Carlos Alonso-Moreno
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad NanoCRIB, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.); (J.A.C.-O.)
- Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF BP CS40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
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Efficient Bulky Organo-Zinc Scorpionates for the Stereoselective Production of Poly( rac-lactide)s. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142356. [PMID: 34301114 PMCID: PMC8309543 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct reaction of the highly sterically demanding acetamidinate-based NNN'-scorpionate protioligand Hphbptamd [Hphbptamd = N,N'-di-p-tolylbis(3,5-di-tertbutylpyrazole-1-yl)acetamidine] with one equiv. of ZnMe2 proceeds in high yield to the mononuclear alkyl zinc complex [ZnMe(κ3-phbptamd)] (1). Alternatively, the treatment of the corresponding lithium precursor [Li(phbptamd)(THF)] with ZnCl2 yielded the halide complex [ZnCl(κ3-phbptamd)] (2). The X-ray crystal structure of 1 confirmed unambiguously a mononuclear entity in these complexes, with the zinc centre arranged with a pseudotetrahedral environment and the scorpionate ligand in a κ3-coordination mode. Interestingly, the inexpensive, low-toxic and easily prepared complexes 1 and 2 resulted in highly efficient catalysts for the ring-opening polymerisation of lactides, a sustainable bio-resourced process industrially demanded. Thus, complex 1 behaved as a single-component robust initiator for the living and immortal ROP of rac-lactide under very mild conditions after a few hours, reaching a TOF value up to 5520 h-1 under bulk conditions. Preliminary kinetic studies revealed apparent zero-order dependence on monomer concentration in the absence of a cocatalyst. The PLA materials produced exhibited narrow dispersity values, good agreement between the experimental Mn values and monomer/benzyl alcohol ratios, as well as enhanced levels of heteroselectivity, reaching Ps values up to 0.74.
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9
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Bhattacharjee J, Sarkar A, Panda TK. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Complexes as Versatile Catalysts for Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1898-1911. [PMID: 34197009 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable polyesters such as poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have been considered for use in several areas, such as drug delivery devices, sutures, tissue engineering, and GBR membranes, due to its bio-renewability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Several synthetic techniques for the preparation of polyesters have been reported in the literature, amongst which the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters is the most efficient. A convenient approach to access iso-selective PLAs is polymerization of racemic lactide (rac-LA), which shows excellent stereoregularity without the need for costly chiral auxiliaries or ligands. In this personal account, we review a series of methods that have been practiced to the synthesis of biodegradable polyesters from various cyclic monomers using alkali and alkaline earth metal complexes as efficient catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Alok Sarkar
- Momentive Performance Materials Pvt. Ltd., Survey No. 09, Hosur Road, Electronic City (west), Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Tarun K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
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Ghosh S, Glöckler E, Wölper C, Tjaberings A, Gröschel AH, Schulz S. Heteroleptic β-Ketoiminate Magnesium Catalysts for the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Ghosh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstraße 7, S07 S03 C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Eduard Glöckler
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstraße 7, S07 S03 C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstraße 7, S07 S03 C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Tjaberings
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - André H. Gröschel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstraße 7, S07 S03 C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
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11
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Navarro M, Sánchez-Barba LF, Garcés A, Fernández-Baeza J, Fernández I, Lara-Sánchez A, Rodríguez AM. Bimetallic scorpionate-based helical organoaluminum complexes for efficient carbon dioxide fixation into a variety of cyclic carbonates. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00593b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The binuclear aluminum complexes [AlR2(κ2-NN′;κ2-NN′)AlR2] with TBAB/PPNCl behave as excellent systems for cyclic carbonate formation from CO2 with challenging epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Navarro
- Departamento de Biología y Geología
- Física y Química Inorgánica
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Móstoles
- Spain
| | - Luis F. Sánchez-Barba
- Departamento de Biología y Geología
- Física y Química Inorgánica
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Móstoles
- Spain
| | - Andrés Garcés
- Departamento de Biología y Geología
- Física y Química Inorgánica
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Móstoles
- Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Baeza
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Ciudad Real
- Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Ciudad Real
- Spain
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Ciudad Real
- Spain
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12
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Fischer R, Görls H, Meisinger PR, Suxdorf R, Westerhausen M. Structure-Solubility Relationship of 1,4-Dioxane Complexes of Di(hydrocarbyl)magnesium. Chemistry 2019; 25:12830-12841. [PMID: 31328293 PMCID: PMC7027550 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systematic variation of the 1,4-dioxane (dx) concentration during the precipitation of sparingly soluble [MgBr2 (dx)2 ] from ethereal Grignard solutions of RMgBr has allowed the structural investigation of crystallized [R2 Mg(dx)n ] (n=1, 1.5, 2, and 3), which form during this dioxane method, depending on the bulkiness of R. The numbering of the complexes explored in this study is based on the number n of dioxane molecules per magnesium atom, followed by the substituent R; an apostrophe denotes coordination polymers. The following derivatives were studied by X-ray crystal-structure determination and NMR spectroscopy: n=1: [Me2 Mg(μ-dx)]∞ (1'-Me) and [nPr2 Mg(μ-dx)]∞ (1'-nPr); n=1.5: [{iPr2 Mg(dx)}2 (μ-dx)] (1.5-iPr), [{oTol2 Mg(dx)}2 (μ-dx)] (1.5-oTol), and [(Me3 Si-C≡C)2 Mg(dx)1.5 ]∞ (1.5'-C2 SiMe3 ); n=2: [tBu2 Mg(dx)2 ] (2-tBu) and [oTol2 Mg(dx)2 ] (2-oTol); n=3: [Ph2 Mg(dx)3 ] (3-Ph). In the structure types 1', 1.5, and 2, the magnesium atom exhibits the coordination number 4, whereas pentacoordinate metal atoms are observed in types 3 and 1.5'. The structure type 2' is realized for [(Ph-C≡C)2 Mg(dx)2 ]∞ (2'-C2 Ph), [MgCl2 (dx)2 ]∞ (2'-Cl), and [MgBr2 (dx)2 ]∞ (2'-Br) with hexacoordinate metal atoms. The solubility of the dioxane adducts in common organic solvents strongly depends on the degree of aggregation with the solubility decreasing from molecular to strand to layer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinald Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Philippe R. Meisinger
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Regina Suxdorf
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
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13
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Luna Barros M, Cushion MG, Schwarz AD, Turner ZR, Mountford P. Magnesium, calcium and zinc [N 2N'] heteroscorpionate complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4124-4138. [PMID: 30638242 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04985h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new family of sterically demanding N2N' heteroscorpionate pro-ligands (HC(tBu2pz)2SiMe2N(H)R (R = iPr, tBu, Ph, Xyl)) has been prepared via a straightforward modular synthetic route. An extensive study into the synthesis and characterisation of lithium, magnesium, calcium and zinc complexes supported by both 3,5-tBu and 3,5-Me substituted N2N' ligand families has been conducted. Attempted deprotonation of the pro-ligands with nBuLi afforded the corresponding lithium salts Li{HC(tBu2pz)2SiMe2NR} (R = iPr (1), tBu (2), Ph (3) and Xyl (4)) but air- and thermal-sensitivity limited the yields of these potentially useful precursors; only the sterically encumbered ligand system allowed clean reactivity. Magnesium methyl complexes Mg{HC(tBu2pz)2SiMe2NR}Me (R = iPr (5) and R = Ph (6)) were prepared using an excess of the Grignard reagent MeMgCl. Magnesium butyl complexes were synthesised in good yields using the dialkyl precursor MgnBu2 to afford Mg{HC(R'2pz)2SiMe2NR}nBu (R' = Me; R = iPr (7), tBu (8), Ad (9), Ph (10). R' = tBu; R = iPr (11), Ph (12)). Protonolylsis reactions were used to synthesise magnesium and calcium amide complexes Mg{HC(R'2pz)2SiMe2NR}{N(SiHMe2)2} (R' = Me; R = iPr (13), tBu (14), Ph (15). R' = tBu; R = Ph (16)) or Mg{HC(R'2pz)2SiMe2NR}{N(SiMe3)2} (R' = Me; R = iPr (17), tBu (18), Ph (19). R' = tBu; R = Ph (20)), and Ca{HC(R'2pz)2SiMe2NR}{N(SiMe2)2} (L) (R' = Me; L = thf; R = iPr (21), tBu (22), Ph (23). R' = tBu; L = none; R = Ph (24). Zinc methyl complexes Zn{HC(R'2pz)2SiMe2NR}Me (R' = Me; R = iPr (25), tBu (26), Ph (27). R' = tBu; R = Ph (28)) were prepared by reaction of the N2N' heteroscorpionate pro-ligands with ZnMe2. In preliminary studies, magnesium amide complexes 16 and 20 were evaluated as initiators for the ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and rac-lactide (rac-LA). Although the overall polymerisation control was poor, 16 and 20 were found to be active initiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Luna Barros
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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14
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Hu Q, Jie S, Braunstein P, Li BG. Highly active tridentate amino-phenol zinc complexes for the catalytic ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Chen XL, Wang B, Pan L, Li YS. Homoleptic, bis-ligated magnesium complexes for ring-opening polymerization of lactide and lactones: Synthesis, structure, polymerization behavior and mechanism studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Chen
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Li Pan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 China
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16
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Sobrino S, Navarro M, Fernández-Baeza J, Sánchez-Barba LF, Garcés A, Lara-Sánchez A, Castro-Osma JA. Efficient CO2 fixation into cyclic carbonates catalyzed by NNO-scorpionate zinc complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10733-10742. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chiral bifunctional and bicomponent NNO-scorpionate zinc-based catalysts have been developed for the fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates with broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance under mild and solvent-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sobrino
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Campus Universitario
- 13071-Ciudad Real
| | - Marta Navarro
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Departamento de Biología y Geología
- Física y Química Inorgánica
- Móstoles-28933-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Baeza
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Campus Universitario
- 13071-Ciudad Real
| | - Luis F. Sánchez-Barba
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Departamento de Biología y Geología
- Física y Química Inorgánica
- Móstoles-28933-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Andrés Garcés
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
- Departamento de Biología y Geología
- Física y Química Inorgánica
- Móstoles-28933-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Orgánica y Bioquímica
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Campus Universitario
- 13071-Ciudad Real
| | - José A. Castro-Osma
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
- Departamento de Química Inorgańica
- Orgańica y Bioquímica
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO–CINQA)
- Facultad de Farmacia
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17
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Gao J, Zhu D, Zhang W, Solan GA, Ma Y, Sun WH. Recent progress in the application of group 1, 2 & 13 metal complexes as catalysts for the ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments concerned with the use of well-defined main group complexes as (pre-)catalysts for the ROP of cyclic esters to give aliphatic polyesters; factors influencing catalytic activity, selectivity and polymer properties are all discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Dongzhi Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology
- Beijing 100029
| | - Gregory A. Solan
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
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18
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Infantes L, Moreno JM, Claramunt RM, Sanz D, Alkorta I, Elguero J. The structure of four thallium tris(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)hydroborates in the solid state by X-ray crystallography and in solution by NMR and DFT-GIAO calculations. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Garcés A, Sánchez-Barba LF, Fernández-Baeza J, Otero A, Fernández I, Lara-Sánchez A, Rodríguez AM. Organo-Aluminum and Zinc Acetamidinates: Preparation, Coordination Ability, and Ring-Opening Polymerization Processes of Cyclic Esters. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12132-12142. [PMID: 30212185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the highly sterically demanding NNN'-heteroscorpionate protioligands pbptamd-H, tbptamd-H, and phbptamd-H (a) and the low sterically hindered analogs pbpamd-H, tbpamd-H, and phbpamd-H (b), with 1 equiv of AlR3 (R = Me, Et) proceed in high yields to give two families of complexes: the mononuclear dialkyl aluminum bidentate-acetamidinates [AlR2(κ2- N' N')] (κ2- N' N' = pbptamd, R = Me 1, Et 2; tbptamd, R = Me 3, Et 4; phbptamd, R = Me 5, Et 6) and the monodentate-acetamidinates [AlR2(κ2- NN')] (κ2- NN' = tbpamd, R = Me 7; phbpamd, R = Me 8, Et 9). In complexes 7-9, the presence of two possible CH-NH tautomers as low extended π-N-C-N'(sp2)-Al and high extended π-HN-C2-N'(sp2)-Al complexes, respectively, could be identified. Moreover, the reaction of aluminum dimethyls 7 and 8 with ZnMe2 afforded the isolation of the more stable scorpionate zinc monoalkyls [Zn(Me)(κ3- NNN')] ( NNN' = tbpamd 10 and phbpamd 11), through a very unusual ligand exchange process, involving a zinc-to-aluminum transmetalation of an alkyl group. The X-ray crystal structures of 1, 3, 7, and 8, as well as that of 11, confirmed unambiguously the different κ2-arrangements proposed for bi- or monodentate acetamidinate dialkyls 1-6 and 7-9, respectively, the presence of NH tautomer in 7 and 8, and a κ3- NNN' coordination in monoalkyl 11. Density functional theory calculations were used to explore the three different favored κ2-arrangements found in acetamidinate aluminum dialkyls 1-9, the relative stability of both CH-NH tautomers, and the ligand transfer reaction leading to the formation of κ3- NNN' zinc monoalkyls 10 and 11. Interestingly, dialkyls 1, 5, 7, and 8 can act as highly efficient single-component living initiators for the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone and rac-lactide in mild conditions after hours. These initiators efficiently mediated the immortal polymerization in the presence of excess of benzyl alcohol (up to 20 equiv), as evidenced by the narrow dispersity values and the good agreement between the experimental Mn values and monomer/benzyl alcohol ratios. In addition, the most sterically hindered initiator, 5, exhibits enhanced levels of heteroselectivity on the produced PLAs, reaching Ps values up to 0.70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Garcés
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles , 28933 Madrid , Spain
| | - Luis F Sánchez-Barba
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles , 28933 Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Baeza
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Campus Universitario , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Antonio Otero
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Campus Universitario , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Agustín Lara-Sánchez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Campus Universitario , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Ana M Rodríguez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Campus Universitario , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
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20
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Hu M, Zhang W, Ma W, Han F, Song W. Preparation of titanium complexes containing unsymmetric N2O2-ligands and their catalytic properties for polymerization of rac-lactide. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Martínez J, Martínez de Sarasa Buchaca M, de la Cruz-Martínez F, Alonso-Moreno C, Sánchez-Barba LF, Fernandez-Baeza J, Rodríguez AM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Castro-Osma JA, Otero A, Lara-Sánchez A. Versatile organoaluminium catalysts based on heteroscorpionate ligands for the preparation of polyesters. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7471-7479. [PMID: 29786721 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01553h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of alkyl aluminium complexes based on heteroscorpionate ligands were designed as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerisation of cyclic esters and ring-opening copolymerisation of epoxides and anhydrides. Treatment of AlX3 (X = Me, Et) with ligands bpzbeH [bpzbe = 1,1-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butoxide], bpzteH [bpzte = 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1-para-tolylethoxide], and (R,R)-bpzmmH [(R,R)-bpzmm = (1R)-1-{(1R)-6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]-2-hepten-2-yl}-2,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)ethoxide] for 2 hours at 0 °C afforded the mononuclear dialkyl aluminium complexes [AlMe2{κ2-bpzbe}] (1), [AlEt2{κ2-bpzbe}] (2), [AlMe2{κ2-(R,R)-bpzmm}] (3) and [AlEt2{κ2-(R,R)-bpzmm}] (4), and the dinuclear dialkyl complexes [AlMe2{κ2-bpzte}]2 (5) and [AlEt2{κ2-bpzte}]2 (6). The molecular structures of the new complexes were determined by spectroscopic methods and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The alkyl-containing aluminium complexes can act as highly efficient single-component initiators for the ring-opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone and l-lactide and for the ring-opening copolymerisation of cyclohexene oxide and phthalic anhydride to give a range of biodegradable polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martínez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, 13071-Ciudad Real, Spain.
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22
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Beament J, Mahon MF, Buchard A, Jones MD. Aluminum Complexes of Monopyrrolidine Ligands for the Controlled Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Beament
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton
Down Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton
Down Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton
Down Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Matthew D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton
Down Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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23
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Zinc bis-pyrrolide-imine complexes: Synthesis, structure and application in ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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24
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Huang Y, Kou X, Duan YL, Ding FF, Yin YF, Wang W, Yang Y. Magnesium and zinc complexes bearing NNO-tridentate ketiminate ligands: synthesis, structures and catalysis in the ring-opening polymerization of lactides. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8121-8133. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium and zinc complexes bearing pyrazoline-derived ketiminate ligands, [(L1–3)2M2(μ-OBn)2] and [M(L)2] proceed through the “coordination–insertion” mechanism in the ROP of lactides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Kou
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Lai Duan
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
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