1
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Mdluli V, Lehnherr D, Lam YH, Chaudhry MT, Newman JA, DaSilva JO, Regalado EL. Electrosynthesis of iminophosphoranes and applications in nickel catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5980-5992. [PMID: 38665537 PMCID: PMC11041257 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05357a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
P(v) iminophosphorane compounds are accessed via electrochemical oxidation of commercially available P(iii) phosphines, including mono-, di- and tri-dentate phosphines, as well as chiral phosphines. The reaction uses inexpensive bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide as an efficient and safe aminating reagent. DFT calculations, cyclic voltammetry, and NMR studies provide insight into the reaction mechanism. The proposed mechanism reveals a special case of sequential paired electrolysis. DFT calculations of the frontier orbitals of an iminophosphorane are compared with those of the analogous phosphines and phosphine oxides. X-ray crystallographic studies of the ligands as well as a Ni-coordination complex provide structural insight for these ligands. The utility of these iminophosphoranes as ligands is demonstrated in nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile couplings including C(sp2)-C(sp3) and C(sp2)-C(sp2) couplings, an electrochemically driven C-N cross-coupling, and a photochemical arylative C(sp3)-H functionalization. In some cases, these new ligands provide improved performance over commonly used sp2-N-based ligands (e.g. 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Velabo Mdluli
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Mohammad T Chaudhry
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Justin A Newman
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Jimmy O DaSilva
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
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2
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Cao L, Cai Z, Li M. Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphinobenzenamine Palladium Complexes and Their Application in Ethylene Polymerization and Copolymerization with Polar Monomers. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
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3
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Camacho-Fernandez MA, Ziller JW, Guan Z. Comparative Investigation of η 6-Arene Tethered Ru(II) Complexes with Different Tethered Heteroatoms for Ethylene Polymerization Catalysis: Experimental and DFT Studies. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Camacho-Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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4
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Lin S, Lin B, Zhang Z, Chen J, Luo Y, Xia Y. Construction of N-Acyliminophosphoranes via Iron(II)-Catalyzed Imidization of Phosphines with N-Acyloxyamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:3302-3306. [PMID: 35468280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Employing FeCl2 as a cheap and readily available catalyst, a facile imidization of phosphines with N-acyloxyamides is described, affording synthetically useful N-acyliminophosphoranes with high functional group tolerance. The transformation is easily performed under an air atmosphere at room temperature and could be scaled up to gram scale with a catalyst loading of 1 mol %. The iminophosphoranyl moiety in the product was further utilized as an effective directing group for controllable ortho C(sp2)-H bond amidations under Rh(III) catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Bo Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zongtao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanshu Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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5
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García-Garrido SE, Presa Soto A, García-Álvarez J. Iminophosphoranes (R3P NR′): From terminal to multidentate ligands in organometallic chemistry. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Park DA, Byun S, Ryu JY, Lee J, Lee J, Hong S. Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Carbene–Palladium Complexes for the Copolymerization of Ethylene and Polar Monomers. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ae Park
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Byun
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro,
Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Catalyst R&D, LG Chem Research Park, 188 Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro,
Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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7
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Gardiner MG, Ho CC, McGuinness DS, Liu YL. Air and Moisture Tolerant Synthesis of a Chelated bis(NHC) Methylpalladium(II) Complex Relevant to Alkyl Migration Processes in Catalysis. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An air- and moisture-tolerant alternate synthetic pathway to the preparation of a cationic chelated bis(NHC) methylpalladium(ii) complex, [{(MesIm)2CH2}Pd(Me)(NCMe)][PF6], is described. The pathway involves the isolation of a bis(NHC) AgI complex, [{(MesIm)2CH2}2Ag2][PF6]2, via metallation of the corresponding diimidazolium salt with Ag2O followed by carbene transfer to [(COD)PdBrMe]. This new method avoids a previously reported unstable intermediate that displayed rapid decomposition at room temperature, attaining the targeted cationic methylpalladium(ii) complex in high yield. CO/ethylene copolymerisation catalysis trials are reported showing solvent dependent catalyst lifetime and copolymer yields. Preliminary ethylene insertion studies are also outlined revealing possible pathways leading towards catalyst deactivation.
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8
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Rodríguez-Rey JL, Esteban-Gómez D, Platas-Iglesias C, Sousa-Pedrares A. Electronic versus steric control in palladium complexes of carboranyl phosphine-iminophosphorane ligands. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:486-503. [PMID: 30520489 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new family of carboranyl phosphine-iminophosphorane ligands was prepared and characterized. The new ligands present a carboranyl group directly attached to the iminophosphorane nitrogen atom through a cage carbon atom (C-carboranyl derivatives L1-L3) or through the B3 boron atom (B-carboranyl derivatives L4 and L5), and the phosphine group on a side chain derived from the diphosphine dppm, i.e. with a two-atom spacer between the P and N donor atoms. The non-carboranyl analogue L6, with a biphenyl group on the nitrogen atom, was also synthesized for comparison. These potential (P, N) ligands were used to obtain palladium complexes (Pd1-Pd6) and, thus, study how the different inductive effect of the carboranyl substituents can modify the coordinating ability of the nitrogen atom. The structural analysis of the complexes revealed two different coordination modes for the ligands: the (P, N) chelate coordination and the unexpected P-terminal coordination, which is not observed for non-carboranyl phosphine-iminophosphoranes. These unexpected structural differences led us to perform DFT calculations on the ligands and metal complexes. The calculations show that the final coordination modes depend on the balance between the electronic and steric properties of the particular carboranyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Rodríguez-Rey
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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9
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Azouzi K, Duhayon C, Benaissa I, Lugan N, Canac Y, Bastin S, César V. Bidentate Iminophosphorane-NHC Ligand Derived from the Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylidene Scaffold. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Azouzi
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse,
CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Carine Duhayon
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse,
CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Idir Benaissa
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse,
CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Noël Lugan
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse,
CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse,
CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Stéphanie Bastin
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse,
CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Vincent César
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse,
CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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10
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Thevenon A, Cyriac A, Myers D, White AJP, Durr CB, Williams CK. Indium Catalysts for Low-Pressure CO 2/Epoxide Ring-Opening Copolymerization: Evidence for a Mononuclear Mechanism? J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6893-6903. [PMID: 29782169 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The alternating copolymerization of CO2/epoxides is a useful means to incorporate high levels of carbon dioxide into polymers. The reaction is generally proposed to occur by bimetallic or bicomponent pathways. Here, the first indium catalysts are presented, which are proposed to operate by a distinct mononuclear pathway. The most active and selective catalysts are phosphasalen complexes, which feature ligands comprising two iminophosphoranes linked to sterically hindered ortho-phenolates. The catalysts are active at 1 bar pressure of carbon dioxide and are most effective without any cocatalyst. They show low-pressure activity (1 bar pressure) and yield polymer with high carbonate linkage selectivity (>99%) and isoselectivity ( Pm > 70%). Using these complexes, it is also possible to isolate and characterize key catalytic intermediates, including the propagating indium alkoxide and carbonate complexes that are rarely studied. The catalysts are mononuclear under polymerization conditions, and the key intermediates show different coordination geometries: the alkoxide complex is pentacoordinate, while the carbonate is hexacoordinate. Kinetic analyses reveal a first-order dependence on catalyst concentration and are zero-order in carbon dioxide pressure; these findings together with in situ spectroscopic studies underpin the mononuclear pathway. More generally, this research highlights the future opportunity for other homogeneous catalysts, featuring larger ionic radius metals and new ligands, to operate by mononuclear mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Thevenon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 13 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Anish Cyriac
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Myers
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher B Durr
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 13 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 13 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
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11
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Escobar MA, Moreno da Costa D, Trofymchuk OS, Daniliuc CG, Gracia F, Nachtigall FM, Santos LS, Rojas RS, Cabrera AR. Intermolecular stabilization in new 2-iminopyridine derivatives complexes of Pd(II) and their reactivity towards alkenes. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Structural analysis of imino- and amino-pyridine ligands for Ni(II):Precatalysts for the polymerization of ethylene. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Luo D, Zeng Y, Chen X, Xia P, Xie G, You Q, Zhang L, Li T, Li X, Zhang A. Synthesis, characterization and olefin polymerization behaviors of phenylene-bridged bis-β-carbonylenamine binuclear titanium complexes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6954-6964. [PMID: 35540336 PMCID: PMC9078301 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Binuclear and multinuclear complexes have attracted much attention due to their unique catalytic performances for olefin polymerization compared with their mononuclear counterparts. In this work, a series of phenyl-bridged bis-β-carbonylenamine [O−NSR] (R = alkyl or phenyl) tridentate ligands and their binuclear titanium complexes (Ti2L1–Ti2L5) were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and elemental analysis. The molecular structure of ligand L2 (R = nPr) and its corresponding Ti complex Ti2L2 were further investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which showed that each titanium coordinated with six atoms to form a distorted octahedral configuration along with the conversion of the ligand from β-carbonylenamine to β-imino enol form. Under the activation of MMAO, these complexes catalyzed ethylene polymerization and ethylene/α-olefin copolymerization with extremely high activity (over 106 g mol (Ti)−1 h−1 atm−1) to produce high molecular weight polyethylene. At the same time, wider polydispersity as compared with the mononuclear counterpart TiL6 was observed, indicating that two active catalytic centers may be present, consistent with the asymmetrical crystal structure of the binuclear titanium complex. Furthermore, these complexes possessed better thermal stability than their mononuclear analogues. Compared with the complexes bearing alkylthio sidearms, the complex Ti2L5 bearing a phenylthio sidearm exhibited higher catalytic activity towards ethylene polymerization and produced polyethylene with much higher molecular weight, but with an appreciably lower 1-hexene incorporation ratio. Nevertheless, these bis-β-carbonylenamine-derived binuclear titanium complexes showed much higher ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization activity and 1-hexene incorporation ratios as compared with the methylene-bridged bis-salicylaldiminato binuclear titanium complexes, and the molecular weight and 1-hexene incorporation ratio could be flexibly tuned by the initial feed of α-olefin commoners and catalyst structures. Phenyl-bridged bis-β-carbonylenamine binuclear titanium complexes were synthesized, characterized and used to catalyze ethylene (co)polymerization with extremely high activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Derong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education Hubei Province, South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education Hubei Province, South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education Hubei Province, South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Ping Xia
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education Hubei Province, South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Guangyong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education Hubei Province, South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Qingliang You
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education Hubei Province, South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Tingcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education Hubei Province, South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Xiangdan Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education Hubei Province, South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Aiqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Ministry of Education Hubei Province, South-Central University for Nationalities Wuhan 430074 China
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14
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Fernández-Figueiras A, Lucio-Martínez F, Munín-Cruz P, Polo-Ces P, Reigosa F, Adams H, Pereira MT, Vila JM. Palladium iminophosphorane complexes: the pre-cursors to the missing link in triphenylphosphane chalcogenide metallacycles. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15801-15807. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A dinuclear iminophosphorane palladacycle produces the missing link in the triphenylphosphane chalcogenide series of metallacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Fernández-Figueiras
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Fátima Lucio-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Paula Munín-Cruz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Paula Polo-Ces
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Francisco Reigosa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Harry Adams
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S3 7HF
- UK
| | - M. Teresa Pereira
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - José M. Vila
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
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