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Cao F, Wu P, Zhou Y, Zhang N, Xue Z, Shi L, Zhou G, Luo G. Mechanism and Origin of Site Selectivity and Regioselectivity of Scandium-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Alkylation of Tertiary Anilines with Alkenes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:979-988. [PMID: 36603128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzylic C(sp3)-H alkylation of tertiary anilines with alkenes by an anilido-oxazoline-ligated scandium alkyl catalyst was recently reported with C-H site selectivity and alkene-dependent regioselectivity. Revealing the mechanism and origin of selectivity is undoubtedly of great importance for understanding experimental observations and developing new reactions. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out on the model reaction of Sc-catalyzed benzylic C(sp3)-H alkylation of N,N-dimethyl-o-toluidine with allylbenzene. The reaction generally undergoes the generation of active species, alkene insertion, and protonation steps. The difference of the distortion energy of the aniline moiety in transition states, which is related to the ring size of the forming metallacycles, accounts for the site selectivity of C-H activation. Benzylic C(sp3)-H activation possessing less strained five-membered metallacycle compared to the ortho-C(sp2)-H and α-methyl C(sp3)-H activation results in benzylic C(sp3)-H alkylation observed experimentally. Both steric and electronic factors are responsible for the 1,2-insertion regioselectivity for alkyl-substituted alkenes, while electronic factors control the 2,1-insertion manner for vinylsilanes. The analysis of original alkene substrates further strengthens the understanding of the alkene-dependent regioselectivity. These results help us to obtain the mechanistic understanding and are expected to be conducive to the development of new C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshu Cao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zuqian Xue
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Guangli Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Gen Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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Wu P, Cao F, Zhou Y, Xue Z, Zhang N, Shi L, Luo G. Substrate Facilitating Roles in Rare-Earth-Catalyzed C-H Alkenylation of Pyridines with Allenes: Mechanism and Origins of Regio- and Stereoselectivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17330-17341. [PMID: 36259978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable progress has been achieved in C-H functionalization by cationic rare-earth alkyl complexes, the potential facilitating roles of heteroatom-containing substrates during the catalytic cycle remain highly underestimated. Herein, theoretical studies on the model reaction of C(sp2)-H addition of pyridines to allenes by scandium catalyst were carefully carried out to reveal the detailed mechanism. A coordinating pyridine substrate as a ligand can effectively stabilize some key structures. An obvious facilitating role delivered by the coordinating pyridine was found for allene insertion, while the pyridine-free mechanism prefers to occur for C(sp2)-H activation processes. Importantly, the elusive role of heteroatom-containing substrates was systematically revealed for the C-H activation event by designing a metal/ligand combination of catalysts and substrates. We found that the pyridyl C(sp2)-H activation would be switched to the pyridine-coordinated mechanism in the cases of the designed Y and La catalysts. To date, this is the first time to realize the potential substrate-facilitating role in cationic rare-earth-catalyzed C-H activation processes. Moreover, theoretical predictions show that similar switchable mechanisms also work for other types of C-H bonds and other heteroatom-involved substrates by fine-adjusting the steric surroundings of catalysts. The two C-H activation mechanisms are mainly the result of the delicate balance between electronic and steric factors. In general, the catalytic system with less steric hindrance prefers to undergo the substrate-coordinated mechanism. In contrast, the substrate-free mechanism is favorable due to steric repulsion. These results are helpful for us to better understand the variant mechanisms in rare-earth-catalyzed C-H functionalization at the atomistic level and may help guide the rational design of new catalytic reactions. In addition, the origins of the regio- and stereoselectivity were discussed through geometric parameters and distortion/interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zuqian Xue
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Gen Luo
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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Tarlton ML, Yang Y, Kelley SP, Maron L, Walensky JR. Formation and Reactivity with tBuCN of a Thorium Phosphinidiide through a Combined Experimental and Computational Analysis. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Tarlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Yan Yang
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS, INSA, UPS, CNRS, UMR, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Steven P. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse and CNRS, INSA, UPS, CNRS, UMR, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Justin R. Walensky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Niroomand Hosseini F, Nabavizadeh SM, Hamidizadeh P, Niknam F, Abu‐Omar MM. Selectivity and competition between N–H and C–H bond activation using an organoplatinum (II) complex. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Masoud Nabavizadeh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Peyman Hamidizadeh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | - Fatemeh Niknam
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | - Mahdi M. Abu‐Omar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
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Varela‐Izquierdo V, Geer AM, Bruin B, López JA, Ciriano MA, Tejel C. Rhodium Complexes in P−H Bond Activation Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:15915-15928. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Varela‐Izquierdo
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ana M. Geer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
| | - Bas Bruin
- University of AmsterdamVan 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences Science park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - José A. López
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Miguel A. Ciriano
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Cristina Tejel
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis QuímicayCatálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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Luo G, Liu F, Luo Y, Zhou G, Kang X, Hou Z, Luo L. Computational Investigation of Scandium-Based Catalysts for Olefin Hydroaminoalkylation and C–H Addition. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guangli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, and Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lun Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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7
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Edelmann FT. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2017. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhou G, Luo G, Kang X, Hou Z, Luo Y. Origin of Product Selectivity in Yttrium-Catalyzed Benzylic C–H Alkylations of Alkylpyridines with Olefins: A DFT Study. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory and RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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