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Kuster L, Bélanger-Bouliga M, Shaw TE, Jurca T, Nazemi A, Frenette M. Insight into the nature of carbon-metal bonding for N-heterocyclic carbenes in gold/silver complexes and nanoparticles using DFT-correlated Raman spectroscopy: strong evidence for π-backbonding. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:11052-11068. [PMID: 38619424 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as promising ligands for stabilizing metallic complexes, nanoclusters, nanoparticles (NPs) and surfaces. The carbon-metal bond between NHCs and metal atoms plays a crucial role in determining the resulting material's stability, reactivity, function, and electronic properties. Using Raman spectroscopy coupled with density functional theory calculations, we investigate the nature of carbon-metal bonding in NHC-silver and NHC-gold complexes as well as their corresponding NPs. While low wavenumbers are inaccessible to standard infrared spectroscopy, Raman detection reveals previously unreported NHC-Au/Ag bond-stretching vibrations between 154-196 cm-1. The computationally efficient r2SCAN-3c method allows an excellent correlation between experimental and predicted Raman spectra which helps calibrate an accurate description of NHC-metal bonding. While π-backbonding should stabilize the NHC-metal bond, conflicting reports for the presence and absence of π-backbonding are seen in the literature. This debate led us to further investigate experimental and theoretical results to ultimately confirm and quantify the presence of π-backbonding in these systems. Experimentally, an observed decrease in the NHC's CN stretching due to the population of the π* orbital is a good indication for the presence of π-backbonding. Using energy decomposition analysis - natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV), our calculations concur and quantify π-backbonding in these NHC-bound complexes and NPs. Surprisingly, we observe that NPs are less stabilized by π-backbonding compared to their respective complexes-a result that partially explains the weaker NHC-NP bond. The protocol described herein will help optimize metal-carbon bonding in NHC-stabilized metal complexes, nanoparticles and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Kuster
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM and Centre Québécois de Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Marilyne Bélanger-Bouliga
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM and Centre Québécois de Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Thomas E Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM and Centre Québécois de Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Mathieu Frenette
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM and Centre Québécois de Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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2
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Walsgrove HTG, Patrick BO, Gates DP. Transition Metal-Induced Cyclization of 1-Phosphabutadienes: Selective Formation of 1-Phosphet-2-ene or P═C-Substituted Phosphacyclohexene Ligands. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry T. G. Walsgrove
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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3
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Gallant SK, Tipker RM, Glueck DS. Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylation of Secondary Phosphines via Rapid Pyramidal Inversion in P-Stereogenic Cu–Phosphido Intermediates. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Gallant
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ryan M. Tipker
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - David S. Glueck
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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4
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Tipker RM, Muldoon JA, Pham DH, Varga BR, Hughes RP, Glueck DS, Balaich GJ, Rheingold AL. Configurational Lability at Tetrahedral Phosphorus: syn/anti-Isomerization of a P-Stereogenic Phosphiranium Cation by Intramolecular Epimerization at Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110753. [PMID: 34755431 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahedral main-group compounds are normally configurationally stable, but P-epimerization of the chiral phosphiranium cations syn- or anti-[Mes*P(Me)CH2 CHPh][OTf] (Mes*=2,4,6-(t-Bu)3 C6 H2 ) occurred under mild conditions at 60 °C in CD2 Cl2 , resulting in isomerization to give a syn-enriched equilibrium mixture. Ion exchange with excess [NBu4 ][Δ-TRISPHAT] (Δ-TRISPHAT=Δ-P(o-C6 Cl4 O2 )3 ) followed by chromatography on silica removed [NBu4 ][OTf] and gave mixtures of syn- and anti-[Mes*P(Me)CH2 CHPh][Δ-TRISPHAT]⋅x[NBu4 ][Δ-TRISPHAT]. NMR spectroscopy showed that isomerization proceeded with epimerization at P and retention at C. DFT calculations are consistent with a mechanism involving P-C cleavage to yield a hyperconjugation-stabilized carbocation, pyramidal inversion promoted by σ-interaction of the P lone pair with the neighboring β-carbocation, and ring closure with inversion of configuration at P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Tipker
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jake A Muldoon
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Daniel H Pham
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Balazs R Varga
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Russell P Hughes
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David S Glueck
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Gary J Balaich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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5
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Tipker RM, Muldoon JA, Pham DH, Varga BR, Hughes RP, Glueck DS, Balaich GJ, Rheingold AL. Configurational Lability at Tetrahedral Phosphorus:
syn/anti
‐Isomerization of a P‐Stereogenic Phosphiranium Cation by Intramolecular Epimerization at Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Tipker
- 6128 Burke Laboratory Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Jake A. Muldoon
- 6128 Burke Laboratory Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Daniel H. Pham
- 6128 Burke Laboratory Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Balazs R. Varga
- 6128 Burke Laboratory Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Russell P. Hughes
- 6128 Burke Laboratory Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - David S. Glueck
- 6128 Burke Laboratory Department of Chemistry Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 USA
| | - Gary J. Balaich
- Department of Chemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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6
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Tendyck JC, Klöcker H, Schürmann L, Würthwein EU, Hepp A, Layh M, Uhl W. Aspects of Phosphaallene Chemistry: Heat-Induced Formation of 1,2-Dihydrophosphetes by Intramolecular Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution and Photochemical Generation of Tricyclic Phosphiranes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14315-14332. [PMID: 32022561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
3H-Phosphaallenes are accessible on a new and facile route and show a fascinating chemical behavior. The thermally induced rearrangement of Mes*P═C═C(H)R' (R' = tBu, Ad) afforded by C-H activation, isobutene elimination, and C-C and P-H bond formation bicyclic 1-benzo-dihydrophosphetes (2) with PC3 heterocycles. DFT calculations suggest a mechanism with intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution and replacement of an alkyl group by the nucleophilic α-C atom of the phosphaallene. These bicycles formed W(CO)5 complexes (3) or afforded 1,2-dihydrophosphetes with P-bound alkenyl groups by catalyst-free hydrophosphination of alkynes (4 and 5). The resulting bulky phosphines formed complexes with IrCp*Cl2, RuCl2, AuCl, or CuO3SCF3. The Ru atom is coordinated by the P atom and a phenyl group. Irradiation of TripP═C═C(H)tBu led by the insertion of the central C atom of the P═C═C group into the α-C-H bond of an iPr substituent and by C-C and P-C bond formation to a new isomer of phosphaallenes, 10, which features a strained PC2 heterocycle. It formed adducts with M(CO)5 (M = Cr, Mo, W) and AuCl and reacted with SO2Cl2 by cleavage of one of the phosphirane P-C bonds to yield PC4 or PC5 heterocycles. Hydrolysis yielded a PC5 compound with a P(O)Cl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C Tendyck
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Klöcker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lina Schürmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ernst-Ulrich Würthwein
- Organisch-chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Layh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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7
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Heck arylation of acyclic olefins employing arenediazonium salts and chiral N,N ligands: new mechanistic insights from quantum-chemical calculations. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Ganushevich Y, Zagidullin A, Kondrashova S, Latypov S, Miluykov V, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E. Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of chiral 1-alkyl-1,2-diphospholes with diphenyldiazomethane. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39060-39066. [PMID: 35518401 PMCID: PMC9057342 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of chiral 1-alkyl-1,2-diphosphacyclopenta-2,4-dienes ((1-(−)-menthyl)oxymethyl-1,2-diphosphole and 1-(+)-neomenthyl-1,2-diphosphole) with diphenyldiazomethane leads to novel P-chiral bicyclic phosphiranes having six chiral centers. The degree of diastereoselectivity depends on the substituent at phosphorus, and dramatically increases in the case of (+)-neomenthyl group (de up to 71%). DFT calculations indicate that the cycloaddition is thermodynamically controlled. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of chiral 1-alkyl-1,2-diphosphacyclopenta-2,4-dienes with diphenyldiazomethane leads to novel P-chiral bicyclic phosphiranes having six chiral centers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Ganushevich
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russia
| | - Almaz Zagidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russia
| | - Svetlana Kondrashova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russia
| | - Shamil Latypov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russia
| | - Vasili Miluykov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russia
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Leipzig University
- Leipzig
- Germany
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9
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Nakashige ML, Loristo JIP, Wong LS, Gurr JR, O'Donnell TJ, Yoshida WY, Rheingold AL, Hughes RP, Cain MF. E-Selective Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Pyridine-Phosphaalkenes: Five Ligands Produce Four Distinct Types of Ru(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2019; 38:3338-3348. [PMID: 33299263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine-phosphaalkene (PN) ligands 2a-e were prepared in an E-selective fashion using phospha-Wittig methodology. Treatment of these five ligands, varying only in their 6-substituent with RuCl2(PPh3)3, produced four distinct types of coordination complexes: pyridine-phosphaalkene-derived 3b,d, cyclized 4e, and six-coordinate 5a and 6c. Prolonged heating of 3b,d in THF resulted in C-H activation of the Mes* group and cyclization to give 4b,d featuring a bidentate pyridine-phospholane ligand bound to the metal center. Complex 5a, also possessing a newly formed phospholane ring, contained a different spatial arrangement of donors to Ru(II) with an agostic Ru-H-C interaction serving as the sixth donor to the transition metal center. Ligands 2b,d,e and Ru(II) complexes 3b, 4b,e and 5a were all characterized by X-ray crystallography. Six-coordinate 6c featured a structure similar to 4b,d,e, but with the CF3 substituent acting as a weakly bound sixth ligand to the Ru(II) center, as observed by 31P{1H} and19F NMR spectroscopy. The calculated structure of 6c established that the closest Ru- - -F contact was at 2.978 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika L Nakashige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jarin I P Loristo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Lesley S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Joshua R Gurr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Timothy J O'Donnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Wesley Y Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Russell P Hughes
- 6128 Burke Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Matthew F Cain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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