1
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Souza JPA, Jacobs AK, Piovan L, Campos RB. Exploring the mechanism of the reductive amination of acetophenones via the Borch approach: the role of the acid catalyst. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3926-3932. [PMID: 38659303 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The energetic viability of several mechanistic variations of the reductive amination of acetophenones via the Borch approach was re-examined through density functional theory calculations. The crucial involvement of the acid catalyst is evident not only in the elimination of water, but also in the initial nucleophilic step. This role increases with the electron-donating capability of the substituent positioned at the para-position of acetophenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P A Souza
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Amanda K Jacobs
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Piovan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, CP 19081, CEP 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Renan B Campos
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Deputado Heitor de Alencar Furtado, 5000, 81280-340, Curitiba, Brazil.
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2
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He Y, Wen Z, Nie W, Yang L. Mechanistic Study of B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldehydes/Ketones with PhSiH 3 and Stoichiometric Water. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:341-350. [PMID: 38222538 PMCID: PMC10785341 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A DFT study was performed on the mechanisms of B(C6F5)3-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of aldehydes/ketones, using PhSiH3 and stoichiometric water. Path B2 includes a stepwise Piers SN2-Si process, H- transfer, and hydrolysis desilylation of siloxane, in which the hydrolysis desilylation step is rate-determining. Path C1 is first determined, involving a B(C6F5)3-catalyzed concerted addition step of 2H2O to carbonyl generating R1R2C(OH)2, a subsequent SN2-Si dehydroxylation step of R1R2C(OH)2 giving R1R2C=OH+ and (C6F5)3B-H-, and final H- transfer producing the respective alcohol R1R2CHOH. A B(C6F5)3-catalyzed H2 generation process (Path H0) is determined. Path B2 is the only mechanism for the stepwise method. Using a one-time one-pot feeding method, alkyl/aryl aldehydes, dialkyl ketones, and alkyl aryl ketones (1a-g) can be reduced into alcohols chemoselectively and effectively at room temperature. More than 1 equiv of water over substrates is necessary. Herein, Path C1 is the dominant transfer hydrogenation pathway, and the H2 generation is efficiently inhibited, by the competitive advantage of Path C1 and initial dominant existence of the complexes IM0 and IM1-x. The diaryl ketones (1h,1i) cannot be efficiently reduced into the respective alcohols using the one-time feeding one-pot method. The barriers of C-TS1-h/i are obviously higher than those of C-TS1-a-g, attributed to the electron-donating and space effects of the two aryls on carbonyl C. The possible Paths B2 and C1 of transfer hydrogenation have no competitive advantage with Path H0. The DFT results are consistent with the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing He
- Sichuan
Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Oil Cinnamon and Key Lab of Process
Analysis and Control of Sichuan Universities, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Wen
- Leshan Engineering Research Center for Medicinal Components
of Characteristic
AgroProducts and Leshan West Silicon Materials Photovoltaic and New Energy Industry
Technology research Institute, Leshan Normal
University, Leshan 614000, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanli Nie
- Department
of Material Science, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 518172, Guangdong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Faculty of
Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin
University, Yibin 644000, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Wang C, Qiao Z, Tian Y, Yang H, Cao H, Cheetham AK. Alcohol imination catalyzed by carbon nanostructures synthesized by C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) free radical coupling. iScience 2023; 26:106659. [PMID: 37182103 PMCID: PMC10173739 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Imines are important intermediates for synthesizing various fine chemicals, with the disadvantage of requiring the use of expensive metal-containing catalysts. We report that the dehydrogenative cross-coupling of phenylmethanol and benzylamine (or aniline) directly forms the corresponding imine with a yield of up to 98%, and water as the sole by-product, in the presence of a stoichiometric base, using carbon nanostructures as the "green" metal-free carbon catalysts with high spin concentrations, which is synthesized by C(sp2)-C(sp3) free radical coupling reactions. The catalytic mechanism is attributed to the unpaired electrons of carbon catalysts to reduce O2 to O2·-, which triggers the oxidative coupling reaction to form imines, whereas the holes in the carbon catalysts receive electrons from the amine to restore the spin states. This is supported by density functional theory calculations. This work will open up an avenue for synthesizing carbon catalysts and offer great potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zirui Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yulan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaqiang Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Anthony K. Cheetham
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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4
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Gayathri S, Viswanathamurthi P, Bertani R, Sgarbossa P. Ruthenium Complexes Bearing α-Diimine Ligands and Their Catalytic Applications in N-Alkylation of Amines, α-Alkylation of Ketones, and β-Alkylation of Secondary Alcohols. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33107-33122. [PMID: 36157732 PMCID: PMC9494662 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
New Ru(II) complexes encompassing α-diimine ligands were synthesized by reacting ruthenium precursors with α-diimine hydrazones. The new ligands and Ru(II) complexes were analyzed by analytical and various spectroscopic methods. The molecular structures of L1 and complexes 1, 3, and 4 were determined by single-crystal XRD studies. The results reveal a distorted octahedral geometry around the Ru(II) ion for all complexes. Moreover, the new ruthenium complexes show efficient catalytic activity toward the C-N and C-C coupling reaction involving alcohols. Particularly, complex 3 demonstrates effective conversion in N-alkylation of aromatic amines, α-alkylation of ketones, and β-alkylation of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekar Gayathri
- Department
of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Roberta Bertani
- Department
of Industrial Engineering, University of
Padova, via F. Marzoloa, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Paolo Sgarbossa
- Department
of Industrial Engineering, University of
Padova, via F. Marzoloa, Padova 35131, Italy
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5
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Zhao J, Liu S, Liu S, Ding W, Liu S, Chen Y, Du P. A Theoretical Study on the Borane-Catalyzed Reductive Amination of Aniline and Benzaldehyde with Dihydrogen: The Origins of Chemoselectivity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1194-1207. [PMID: 35016504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations are used in this study to investigate the product selectivity and mechanism of borane-catalyzed reductive aldehyde amination by a H2 reducing agent. Knowing that different boranes yield different products, two typical boranes, (B(2,6-Cl2C6H3)(p-HC6F4)2 and B(C6F5)3), are studied. Of the seven possible pathways of B(2,6-Cl2C6H3)(p-HC6F4)2-catalyzed aldehyde amination analyzed herein, four are favorable. Three of the four favorable pathways involve imine intermediates, and the fourth is a Lewis acid-base synergistic pathway that involves amine-alcohol condensation. As for the B(C6F5)3 catalyst, it forms a highly stable Lewis adduct with aniline, which impedes the hydrogenation of imine. Therefore, the product of B(C6F5)3-catalyzed reductive amination of benzaldehyde and aniline is an imine. The linear relationship between the charge on the boron atom in the Lewis acid and the relative energies of the Lewis adduct and H2 splitting transition state indicates that this parameter determines product selectivity. Indeed, when the natural charge on boron is larger than 1, an amine is produced, whereas when the charge is less than 1, an imine is produced. Hence, the selectivity of products can be controlled by adjusting the natural charge of the boron atom in the Lewis acid catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Zhao
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211171, China
| | - Shaoxian Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211171, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211171, China
| | - Wenwen Ding
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211171, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211171, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210013, China
| | - Pan Du
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210013, China
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6
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He Y, Nie W, Xue Y, Hu Q. Mechanistic insight into B(C 6F 5) 3 catalyzed imine reduction with PhSiH 3 under stoichiometric water conditions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20961-20969. [PMID: 35479343 PMCID: PMC9034009 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A DFT and experimental study on the mechanism of B(C6F5)3 catalyzed imine reduction is performed using PhSiH3 as reductant under stoichiometric water conditions. Ingleson’s path B is reconfirmed here. And four novel (C6F5)3B–OH2 induced pathways (paths C2, C3, D2 and D3) entirely different from all the previous mechanisms were determined for the first time. They are all B(C6F5)3 and water/amine catalyzed cycles, in which the nucleophilic water or amine catalyzed addition step between PhSiH3 and the N-silicon amine cation is the rate-determining step of paths C2/D2 and C3/D3 with activation Gibbs free energy barriers of 23.9 and 18.3 kcal mol−1 in chloroform, respectively, while the final desilylation of the N-silicon amine cation depends on an important intermediate, (C6F5)3B–OH−. The competitive behavior of the 5 paths can explain the experimental facts perfectly; if all the reactants and catalysts are added into the system simultaneously, water amount and nucleophiles (excess water and produced/added amine) provide on–off selectivity of the pathways and products. 1 eq. water leads to quick formation of (C6F5)3B–OH−, leading to B-II being turned off, and nucleophiles like excess water and produced/added amine switch on CD-II, leading to production of the amine. B-I′ of Ingleson’s path B is the only mechanism for anhydrous systems, giving N-silicon amine production only; B-I and C-I are competitive paths for systems with no more than 1 eq. water, producing the N-silicon amine and the [PhHC
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
]]>
NHPh]+[(C6F5)3B–OH]− ion pair; and paths C2, C3, D2 and D3 are competitive for systems with 1 eq. water and nucleophiles like excess water or added/produced amine, directly giving amination products. Hydrosilylation or amination products? It depends on water amount and nucleophiles like excess water or produced/added amines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing He
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Computational Physics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Yibin University
- Sichuan 64400
- China
| | - Wanli Nie
- Natural Products and Small Molecule Catalysis Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Leshan Normal University
- Sichuan 614000
- China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Qishan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University of Arts and Science
- Sichuan 635000
- China
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7
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Sultana M, Paul A, Roy L. Computational Investigation of the Mechanism of FLP Catalyzed H
2
Activation and Lewis Base Assisted Proton Transfer. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Munia Sultana
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Ankan Paul
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai Bhubaneswar IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar 751013 India
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8
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Wang S, Li J, Zhang M, Bai P, Zhang H, Tong X. The selective reductive amination of aliphatic aldehydes and cycloaliphatic ketones with tetragonal zirconium dioxide as the heterogeneous catalyst. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Zhan XY, Zhang H, Dong Y, Yang J, He S, Shi ZC, Tang L, Wang JY. Chemoselective Hydrosilylation of the α,β-Site Double Bond in α,β- and α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Ketones Catalyzed by Macrosteric Borane Promoted by Hexafluoro-2-propanol. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6578-6592. [PMID: 32316729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The B(C6F5)3-catalyzed chemoselective hydrosilylation of α,β- and α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketones into the corresponding non-symmetric ketones in mild reaction conditions is developed. Nearly 55 substrates including those bearing reducible functional groups such as alkynyl, alkenyl, cyano, and aromatic heterocycles are chemoselectively hydrosilylated in good to excellent yields. Isotope-labeling studies revealed that hexafluoro-2-propanol also served as a hydrogen source in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Zhan
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yu Dong
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shuai He
- Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Chuan Shi
- Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- Laboratory of Anaesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center and Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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10
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Dong Y, Zhang H, Yang J, He S, Shi ZC, Zhang XM, Wang JY. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed C-C Coupling of 1,4-Naphthoquinones with the C-3 Position of Indole Derivatives in Water. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21567-21577. [PMID: 31867553 PMCID: PMC6921613 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An atom-economical and environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of indole-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones from indoles and 1,4-naphthoquinones using readily available Lewis acidic B(C6F5)3 in water and with the recycling of water and part of the catalyst is reported. The reaction proceeded through the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed C(sp2)-H and C(sp2)-H bond coupling of 1,4-naphthoquinones with the C-3 position of indole derivatives in water. This methodology provides a facile protocol for the synthesis of some new indole-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones in satisfactory yields and with a broad substrate scope. When compared to known methods for the synthesis of indole-substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones, this protocol is practical and efficient and does not require a transition-metal catalyst or toxic organic solvents. In addition, we utilized a simple filtration process for complete recycling of the solvent and the part of the catalyst in each reaction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shuai He
- Southwest
Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Chuan Shi
- Southwest
Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yu Wang
- Chengdu
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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11
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Hoshimoto Y, Ogoshi S. Triarylborane-Catalyzed Reductive N-Alkylation of Amines: A Perspective. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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