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Wu H, Fujii T, Wang Q, Zhu J. Quaternary Carbon Editing Enabled by Sequential Palladium Migration. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21239-21244. [PMID: 39052260 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral functionalization of a quaternary carbon via C(sp3)-H bond activation has made significant progress in recent years. However, direct editing of a quaternary carbon through Csp3-Csp3 bond cleavage and refunctionalization of nonstrained acyclic molecules remain underexploited. Herein we report a reaction in which a methyl group attached to a quaternary carbon is shifted to its neighboring secondary carbon with concurrent oxidation of the quaternary C-C single bond to the C═C double bond. Specifically, morpholinyl amide of 2,2-dimethyl alkanoic acids is converted to 2-methylene-3-methyl alkanoic acid derivatives in the presence of a catalytic amount of palladium acetate, Selectfluor and sodium carbonate. Control experiments suggest that the reaction proceeds via a sequence of selective C(sp3)-H activation of the methyl group, oxidation of the resulting C(sp3)-PdII to PdIV intermediate followed by unprecedented 1,3-PdIV migration, 1,2-methyl/PdIV dyotropic rearrangement and finally, β-Hydride elimination. In this domino process, palladium migrates successively from the primary to the secondary and finally to the quaternary carbon, leading to the concurrent functionalization of a primary, a secondary, and a quaternary carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Takuji Fujii
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Li H, Zhang B, Feng R, Guo S. An N-heterocyclic carbene-based pincer system of palladium and its versatile reactivity under oxidizing conditions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11470-11480. [PMID: 38912609 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00980k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
NHC-based pincers (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) have been broadly employed as supporting platforms, and their palladium complexes have found many synthetic applications. However, previous studies mainly focused on the NHC pincers of palladium featuring an oxidation number of +II. In contrast, oxidation of these well-defined Pd(II) species and the study of their fundamental high-valent Pd chemistry remain largely undeveloped. In addition, from a perspective of PdII/PdIV catalysis, the reactivity and degradation of NHC pincers in catalytically relevant reactions have not been well understood. In this work, a series of Pd(II) complexes supported by a well-known NHC^Aryl^NHC pincer platform have been prepared. Their reactivity towards various oxidizing reagents, including halogen surrogates, electrophilic fluorine reagents, and alkyl/aryl halides, has been examined. In some cases, ambient-characterizable high-valent Pd NHCs, which have been scarcely reported, were obtained. The carbenes incorporated into the pincer framework proved to be effective spectator donors. In contrast, the central aryl moiety exhibits versatile reactivity and collapse pathways, allowing it to function either as a spectator or a non-innocent actor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Chen Y, Qiu P, Sun H, Sun L, Liu Z. Mechanistic aspects of the Pd(OAc)
n
(
n
= 1–3) catalyzed ethylene acetoxylation: A density functional theory study. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Pengyuan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, SINOPEC Shanghai China
| | - Haoyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Industrial Catalysis Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, SINOPEC Shanghai China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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4
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Panja S, Ahsan S, Pal T, Kolb S, Ali W, Sharma S, Das C, Grover J, Dutta A, Werz DB, Paul A, Maiti D. Non-directed Pd-catalysed electrooxidative olefination of arenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9432-9439. [PMID: 36093017 PMCID: PMC9383708 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fujiwara–Moritani reaction is a powerful tool for the olefination of arenes by Pd-catalysed C–H activation. However, the need for superstoichiometric amounts of toxic chemical oxidants makes the reaction unattractive from an environmental and atom-economical view. Herein, we report the first non-directed and regioselective olefination of simple arenes via an electrooxidative Fujiwara–Moritani reaction. The versatility of this operator-friendly approach was demonstrated by a broad substrate scope which includes arenes, heteroarenes and a variety of olefins. Electroanalytical studies suggest the involvement of a Pd(ii)/Pd(iv) catalytic cycle via a Pd(iii) intermediate. The Fujiwara–Moritani reaction using electric current is a powerful tool for the olefination of arenes by Pd-catalysed C–H activation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Panja
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Salman Ahsan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Tanay Pal
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Simon Kolb
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wajid Ali
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sulekha Sharma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Chandan Das
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Amit Paul
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Department of Chemistry, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- IIT Bombay, Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Cao J, Wu H, Wang Q, Zhu J. C-C bond activation enabled by dyotropic rearrangement of Pd(IV) species. Nat Chem 2021; 13:671-676. [PMID: 34031566 PMCID: PMC7611116 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The weak carbon–metal bond combined with the kinetic inertness of carbon–carbon bond renders the metal catalyzed C–C bond activation to be highly challenging. Most of the reported C–C bond activation methodologies involve the strain-releasing cleavage of small rings to compensate the unfavorable kinetic and thermodynamic penalties associated with the C–C bond cleavage. Here we report that the 1,2-positional interchange of vicinal C–C and C–Pd(IV) bonds (dyotropic rearrangement) can be realized in a stereospecific manner under mild conditions, giving access to quaternary carbon-palladium bonds. An enantioselective synthesis of medicinally relevant fluorinated cyclopentanes, featuring this rearrangement as a key step, has been developed. We anticipate that implementing a Pd-based dyotropic rearrangement in reaction design could provide a new dimension in the development of Pd-catalyzed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hua Wu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Zhang B, Yan X, Guo S. Synthesis of Well-Defined High-Valent Palladium Complexes by Oxidation of Their Palladium(II) Precursors. Chemistry 2020; 26:9430-9444. [PMID: 32227537 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the rapid development of high-valent Pd-involved organic transformations. This has also led to a steadily growing number of publications concerning the preparation of isolable and characterizable palladium(III) and palladium(IV) complexes. A variety of one-electron and two-electron oxidants have been employed to give access to high-oxidation-state Pd compounds. Undoubtedly, the study of these stoichiometric reactions has great implications for relevant Pd-mediated catalysis. In this minireview, the focus is on the synthetic approaches to structurally determined PdIII/IV complexes starting from their PdII precursors, and the advances in this research area from early 2010 to late 2019 will be highlighted. Chemical oxidations exploiting various oxidizing agents including 1) hypervalent iodine reagents; 2) halogens; 3) electrophilic fluorination reagents; 4) alkyl/aryl halides; 5) ferrocenium salts; 6) peroxides/O2 ; 7) sulfonyl chlorides; and 8) others are covered. A "greener" electrooxidation manner has also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Xuechao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P.R. China
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