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Swaminathan S, Bera JK, Chandra M. Simultaneous Harvesting of Multiple Hot Holes via Visible-Light Excitation of Plasmonic Gold Nanospheres for Selective Oxidative Bond Scission of Olefins to Carbonyls. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215933. [PMID: 36524790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using visible photoexcitation of gold nanospheres we successfully demonstrate the simultaneous harvesting of plasmon-induced multiple hot holes in the complete oxidative scission of the C=C bond in styrene at room temperature to selectively form benzaldehyde and formaldehyde, which is a reaction that requires activation of multiple substrates. Our results reveal that, while extraction of hot holes becomes efficient for interband excitation, harvesting of multiple hot holes from the excited Au nanospheres becomes prevalent only beyond a threshold light intensity. We show that the alkene oxidation proceeded via a sequence of two consecutive elementary steps; namely, a binding step and a cyclic oxometallate transition state as the rate-determining step. This demonstration of plasmon-excitation-mediated harvesting of multiple hot holes without the use of an extra hole transport media opens exciting possibilities, notably for difficult catalytic transformations involving multielectron oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Swaminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra K Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manabendra Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Balakrishnan V, Murugesan V, Chindan B, Rasappan R. Attenuation of Ni(0) Decomposition: Mechanistic Insights into AgF-Assisted Nickel-Mediated Silylation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1438-1446. [PMID: 34995056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In nickel-mediated Kumada cross-coupling reactions, low valent active nickel complexes are often generated in situ and the ligands usually govern the reactivity or stability of these complexes. However, the decomposition of active nickel complexes is inevitable if the subsequent reaction is sluggish. While we recently developed AgF-assisted nickel catalysis to cross-couple methyl ethers and silylmagnesium reagents, the intriguing catalytic role of AgF and the actual active nickel species remains elusive. Recently, both Ni(0) and Ni(I) intermediate complexes are identified as active species in Kumada cross-coupling reactions. Control experiments in combination with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) suggest that AgF attenuates the decomposition of in situ generated Ni(0) species. The plausible Ni(0) and Ni(I) intermediate complexes were synthesized, and experimental findings are consistent with the actual catalytic cycle being Ni(0)/Ni(II) rather than Ni(I)/Ni(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkadesh Balakrishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Vetrivelan Murugesan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Bincy Chindan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Ramesh Rasappan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
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Xiao HX, Hsu WY, Liang SW, Guo Y, Lee WC, Lu IC, Chang YC. Bulky Di(1-adamantyl)phosphinous Acid-Ligated Pd(II) Precatalysts for Suzuki Reactions of Unreactive Aryl Chlorides. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35134-35143. [PMID: 34963994 PMCID: PMC8697604 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Di(1-adamantyl)phosphine oxide (SPO-Ad: Ad2P(V)(=O)H), a stable tautomer of di(1-adamantyl)phosphinous acid (PA-Ad: Ad2P(III)-OH), was employed to synthesize two new PA-Ad-coordinated complexes, POPd-Ad and POPd2-Ad. POPd-Ad was easily transformed from POPd2-Ad in acetonitrile, and the [M - H]- ion of the deprotonated POPd-Ad was observed in the electrospray ionization-mass spectrum of POPd2-Ad. Both complexes are effective precatalysts for the Suzuki reaction of aryl chlorides. The reduction of Pd(II) in POPd-Ad and POPd2-Ad by arylboronic acid was examined, and the ideal Pd-to-PA ratio in the Suzuki reaction was found to be 1:1. The effect of temperature on the catalytic yields was studied to examine the possible ligation state of the active species and the dimer-to-monomer process of POPd2-Ad. Mononuclear and mono-ligated Pd species was assumed to be catalytically active. The electronic and steric effects of PA-Ad were slightly better than those reported for PA-tBu ( t Bu2P(III)-OH). Density functional theory calculations were performed to evaluate the formation of mono-ligated and mononuclear Pd species from POPd-Ad and POPd2-Ad. Furthermore, the reaction time and catalyst loading could be reduced for the reported POPd1-tBu precatalyst using the optimized reaction conditions for POPd-Ad. The complexes synthesized in this extensive study will complement the existing SPO-coordinated POPd series of precatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xin Xiao
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu
Dist., Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yun Hsu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu
Dist., Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Wei Liang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu
Dist., Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
| | - Yingjie Guo
- Department
of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu
Dist., Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ching Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City40227, Taiwan
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City40227, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Chang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Providence University, 200, Sec. 7, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu
Dist., Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
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Brewer SM, Schwartz TM, Mekhail MA, Turan LS, Prior TJ, Hubin TJ, Janesko BG, Green KN. Mechanistic Insights into Iron-Catalyzed C–H Bond Activation and C–C Coupling. Organometallics 2021; 40:2467-2477. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Timothy M. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Magy A. Mekhail
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Lara S. Turan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Timothy J. Prior
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Timothy J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Oklahoma 73096, United States
| | - Benjamin G. Janesko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Kayla N. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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Paul M, Laketic K, McIndoe JS. Disulfonated xantphos for mass spectrometric mechanistic analysis. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Xantphos is a wide bite angle bisphosphine ligand that finds wide application in catalysis. Tracking its behavior during reactions under realistic reaction conditions can be difficult at low concentrations, and although electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is effective at real-time monitoring of catalytic reactions, it can only observe ions. Accordingly, we experimented with the dianionic disulfonated version of xantphos as a charged tag for mechanistic analysis. It proved to behave exactly as hoped, providing good intensity and enabled the direct study of both an initial binding event (to copper, very fast) and a subsequent transfer to another metal (palladium). Its dianionic nature makes it especially promising for the study of reactions in which metals change charge state, because a cationic metal complex with an anionic ligand is an invisible zwitterion, whereas a dianionic ligand would instead make the same cationic complex appear due to the overall charge of −1. As such, disulfonated xantphos holds genuine promise as a mechanistic probe in real time analysis using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Katarina Laketic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J. Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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