1
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Oeser P, Tobrman T. Organophosphates as Versatile Substrates in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2024; 29:1593. [PMID: 38611872 PMCID: PMC11154425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the applications of organophosphates in organic synthesis. After a brief introduction, it discusses cross-coupling reactions, including both transition-metal-catalyzed and transition-metal-free substitution reactions. Subsequently, oxidation and reduction reactions are described. In addition, this review highlights the applications of organophosphates in the synthesis of natural compounds, demonstrating their versatility and importance in modern synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomáš Tobrman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
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2
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Muto R, Nagata K, Nakazumi Y, Nakamura K, Ueno S. Palladium-Catalyzed para-Selective Allylation of 1-(Cyanomethyl)arenes with Allyl Acetates. Org Lett 2023; 25:2108-2112. [PMID: 36940090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
The Pd/PMe3-catalyzed allylation of 1-(cyanomethyl)naphthalenes with allyl acetates proved to be para- rather than α-regioselective. This reaction is thought to proceed through ligand attack of the para-carbon in the arenes, electronically enriched by a cyano-stabilized α-carbanion, to the (π-allyl)palladium and a 1,5-hydrogen shift of the para-hydrogen from the dearomatized intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Muto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Kenji Nagata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakazumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Kaho Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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3
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Boldrini C, Reis MC, Harutyunyan SR. Electrophilic Trapping of Semibenzenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12772-12782. [PMID: 36095222 PMCID: PMC9552181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this work, we
demonstrate how allylative dearomatization of
benzyl chlorides can provide direct access to a variety of semibenzenes.
These scaffolds behave as highly reactive nucleophiles in the presence
of carbocations. In addition, semibenzenes are susceptible to intramolecular
rearrangements rendering a broad scope of functionalized arenes. An
analysis of this new reactivity is reported, as well as the rationale
behind the observed intramolecular reorganizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Boldrini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Castiñeira Reis
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Syuzanna R Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Feng X, Yu X, Yamaguchi M, Bao M. Palladium-Catalyzed Para-C-H Bond Amination of 2-Aryl Chloromethylbenzenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10531-10538. [PMID: 35899766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed para-C-H bond amination of 2-aryl chloromethylbenzenes is described for the first time. The reactions of 2-aryl chloromethylbenzenes with cyclic amines proceeded smoothly in the presence of Pd(acac)2, tri(2-furyl)phosphine, and NaH in tetrahydrofuran at 40 °C to provide para-C-H bond aminated products in satisfactory to high yields with acceptable regioselectivity in most cases. The electronic property of the substituents linked to the benzene rings did not significantly influence the reactivity of the 2-aryl chloromethylbenzene substrates and the reaction regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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5
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Wu Q, Muto K, Yamaguchi J. Pd-Catalyzed 1,4-Carboamination of Bicyclic Bromoarenes with Diazo Compounds and Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:4129-4134. [PMID: 35652792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed 1,4-carboamination of bromoarenes with diazo compounds and amines was developed. This reaction proceeds through a palladium-carbene that then generates a π-benzylpalladium intermediate, forming ipso C-C and para C-N bonds on bromoarenes in a regioselective manner. The successful application of this transformation to the rapid synthesis of an antitumor agent demonstrates its synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kei Muto
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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6
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Harada S. Development of Novel Methodology Using Diazo Compounds and Metal Catalysts. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:1170-1178. [PMID: 34853283 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control the reactions of highly active chemical species to enable straightforward synthesis of valuable compounds such as bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals is a continuing challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. This review describes the development of a methodology using reactive metal-carbene species and its synthetic application in our laboratory. First, regioselective synthesis of γ-amino acid equivalents to take advantage of their metal-dependent reactivities and the mechanistic rationale are presented. Chemoselective and enantioselective dearomatization reactions of several arenes with silver-carbene are also discussed. In the second half of the review, we discuss a carbene-insertion reaction into an amide and urea C-N bond for the assembly of nitrogen-bridged cyclic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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7
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Boldrini C, Harutyunyan SR. Pd-catalyzed allylative dearomatisation using Grignard reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11807-11810. [PMID: 34693941 PMCID: PMC8577247 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05609c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed allylative dearomatisation of naphthyl halides is shown to be feasible by employing Grignard reagents. The high reactivity of the nucleophile allows for fast reactions and low catalyst loading, while a plethora of successfully substituted compounds illustrate the broad scope. Five membered heteroaromatic compounds are also demonstrated to be reactive under similar conditions. Dearomatisation of benzylic halides have been achieved using Grignard reagents resulting in good isolated yields in short reaction times.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Boldrini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.
| | - Syuzanna R Harutyunyan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.
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8
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Zhu MZ, Xie D, Tian SK. Highly Regioselective Aromatic C-H Allylation of N-(Arylmethyl)sulfonimides with Allyl Grignard Reagents Involving Benzylic C-N Cleavage. Org Lett 2021; 23:6877-6881. [PMID: 34410731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new pair of reaction partners has been established for the aromatic C-H functionalization of benzyl electrophiles with nucleophiles via palladium-catalyzed benzylic C-N cleavage. A range of N-(1-naphthylmethyl)sulfonimides, N-(2-thienylmethyl)sulfonimides, and N-(2-furanylmethyl)sulfonimides smoothly underwent palladium-catalyzed aromatic C-H allylation with allyl Grignard reagents at room temperature, delivering structurally diverse substituted 1-allylnaphthalenes and 2-allylheteroarenes in moderate to excellent yields with extremely high regioselectivities. Replacing the N-(arylmethyl)sulfonimide with an (arylmethyl)ammonium salt, an arylmethyl chloride, or an arylmethyl phosphate as the benzyl electrophile leads to a dramatic erosion of the regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zeng Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis (CAS), and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dong Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis (CAS), and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shi-Kai Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis (CAS), and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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9
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Yanagimoto A, Uwabe Y, Wu Q, Muto K, Yamaguchi J. Convergent Azaspirocyclization of Bromoarenes with N-Tosylhydrazones by a Palladium Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aika Yanagimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Yota Uwabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Qikun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kei Muto
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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10
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Dou P, Chen Y, You Y, Wang Z, Zhao J, Zhou M, Yuan W. Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Dearomative [3+2] Annulation of Electron‐Deficient 2‐Nitrobenzo Heteroarenes with 3‐Isothiocyanato Oxindoles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Hao Dou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
- Institute for Advanced Study Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
- Institute for Advanced Study Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong You
- Institute for Advanced Study Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen‐Hua Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐Qiang Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming‐Qiang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei‐Cheng Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 People's Republic of China
- Institute for Advanced Study Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
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11
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Ouchi S, Koshikawa T, Nagashima Y, Tanaka K. Platinum-Catalyzed Intramolecular Spirocyclization of N-(Methylnaphthalenyl)propiolamides via Formal Aromatic Ene Reaction. Org Lett 2021; 23:1934-1939. [PMID: 33595327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been established that an in situ-generated cationic platinum(II)/rac-BINAP complex catalyzes the intramolecular dearomative 5-endo spirocyclization of N-(methylnaphthalenyl)propiolamides via the deprotonation-protonation sequence (formal aromatic ene reaction). Mechanistic studies revealed that our previously reported dearomative 6-endo cyclization followed by the Friedel-Crafts reaction is kinetically and thermodynamically unfavored, and thus, the 5-endo spirocyclization proceeds selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Ouchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takumi Koshikawa
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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12
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Zhao JQ, Zhou S, Wang ZH, You Y, Chen S, Liu XL, Zhou MQ, Yuan WC. Catalytic asymmetric dearomative [4 + 2] annulation of 2-nitrobenzofurans and 5 H-thiazol-4-ones: stereoselective construction of dihydrobenzofuran-bridged polycyclic skeletons. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic asymmetric dearomative [4 + 2] annulation of 2-nitrobenzofurans and 5H-thiazol-4-ones is developed for the construction of dihydrobenzofuran-bridged polycyclic skeletons with good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yong You
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xiong-Li Liu
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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13
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Zhang S, Yamamoto Y, Bao M. Benzyl Palladium Intermediates: Unique and Versatile Reactive Intermediates for Aromatic Functionalization. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University Sendai 980-8578
- Japan Research Organization of Science and Technology Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
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14
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Yanagawa M, Kobayashi M, Ikeda M, Harada S, Nemoto T. Computational Study on the Synergic Effect of Brønsted Acid and Hydrogen-Bonding Catalysis for the Dearomatization Reaction of Phenols with Diazo Functionality. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:1104-1108. [PMID: 33132378 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic dearomative transformations of phenol variants via an ipso-Friedel-Crafts reaction could provide a straightforward method for the rapid assembly of functionalized spiromolecules as versatile synthetic scaffolds. We previously reported a dearomative spirocyclization reaction by merging Brønsted acid and hydrogen-bonding catalysis. However, it was unclear how the reaction proceeded and how the synergic effect was triggered. Described herein are the computational studies used to elucidate the reaction mechanism. Such calculations indicated that the applied catalysts, maleic acid and Schreiner's thiourea, work cooperatively. The synergic effect enabled the chemoselectivity to interconvert between phenol dearomatization and O-H insertion, which is a major side reaction. This investigation also revealed that not only does the Schreiner's thiourea catalyst serve as a hydrogen bonding donor, but the sulfur atom in thiourea possesses a general base function. The dual functional support of the thiourea along with maleic acid would thus realize the chemoselective prioritization of dearomatization over the O-H insertion reaction under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Yanagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Mayu Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Mitsuru Ikeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University
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15
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Kato H, Musha I, Komatsuda M, Muto K, Yamaguchi J. Catalytic three-component C-C bond forming dearomatization of bromoarenes with malonates and diazo compounds. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8779-8784. [PMID: 34123130 PMCID: PMC8163412 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed dearomative three-component C-C bond formation of bromoarenes with diazo compounds and malonates was developed. Various bromoarenes ranging from benzenoids to azines and heteroles were transformed to the corresponding substituted alicyclic molecules. The key to this reaction is the generation of a benzyl-palladium intermediate, which reacts with malonates to form a Pd-O-enolate species. Strikingly, the present method enabled rapid access to multi-substituted alicycles through subsequent elaboration of dearomatized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Itsuki Musha
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Kei Muto
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8050 Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University 3-4-1, Ohkubo, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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