1
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Alabugin IV, Eckhardt P, Christopher KM, Opatz T. The Photoredox Paradox: Electron and Hole Upconversion as the Hidden Secrets of Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27233-27254. [PMID: 39316772 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Although photoredox catalysis is complex from a mechanistic point of view, it is also often surprisingly efficient. In fact, the quantum efficiency of a puzzlingly large portion of photoredox reactions exceeds 100% (i.e., the measured quantum yields (QYs) are >1). Hence, these photoredox reactions can be more than perfect with respect to photon utilization. In several documented cases, a single absorbed photon can lead to the formation of >100 molecules of the product, behavior known to originate from chain processes. In this Perspective, we explore the underlying reasons for this efficiency, identify the nature of common catalytic chains, and highlight the differences between HAT and SET chains. Our goal is to show why chains are especially important in photoredox catalysis and where the thermodynamic driving force that sustains the SET catalytic cycles comes from. We demonstrate how the interplay of polar and radical processes can activate hidden catalytic pathways mediated by electron and hole transfer (i.e., electron and hole catalysis). Furthermore, we illustrate how the phenomenon of redox upconversion serves as a thermodynamic precondition for electron and hole catalysis. After discussing representative mechanistic puzzles, we analyze the most common bond forming steps, where redox upconversion frequently occurs (and issometimes unavoidable). In particular, we highlight the importance of 2-center-3-electron bonds as a recurring motif that allows a rational chemical approach to the design of redox upconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Paul Eckhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kimberley M Christopher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Xiong B, Yuan M, Shi C, Zhu L, Cao F, Xu W, Ren Y, Liu Y, Tang KW. Recent Advances in the Application of P(III)-Nucleophiles to Create New P-C Bonds through Michaelis-Arbuzov-Type Rearrangement. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:10. [PMID: 38457062 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds have long been considered valuable in both organic synthesis and life science. P(III)-nucleophiles, such as phosphites, phosphonites, and diaryl/alkyl phosphines, are particularly noteworthy as phosphorylation reagents for their ability to form new P-C bonds, producing more stable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective organophosphorus compounds. These nucleophiles follow similar phosphorylation routes as in the functionalization of P-H bonds and P-OH bonds. Activation can occur through photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, or thermo-driven reactions, often in coordination with a Michaelis-Arbuzov-trpe rearrangement process, to produce the desired products. As such, this review offers a thorough overview of the phosphorylated transformation and potential mechanisms of P(III)-nucleophiles, specifically focusing on developments since 2010. Notably, this review may provide researchers with valuable insights into designing and synthesizing functionalized organophosphorus compounds from P(III)-nucleophiles, guiding future advancements in both research and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biquan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minjing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonghao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Longzhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
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3
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Si L, Xiong B, Xu S, Zhu L, Liu Y, Xu W, Tang KW. Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of P(O)−H Compounds with O-/S-nucleophiles. J Organomet Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2023.122670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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4
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An Q, Xing YY, Pu R, Jia M, Chen Y, Hu A, Zhang SQ, Yu N, Du J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Liu W, Hong X, Zuo Z. Identification of Alkoxy Radicals as Hydrogen Atom Transfer Agents in Ce-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:359-376. [PMID: 36538367 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intermediacy of alkoxy radicals in cerium-catalyzed C-H functionalization via H-atom abstraction has been unambiguously confirmed. Catalytically relevant Ce(IV)-alkoxide complexes have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Operando electron paramagnetic resonance and transient absorption spectroscopy experiments on isolated pentachloro Ce(IV) alkoxides identified alkoxy radicals as the sole heteroatom-centered radical species generated via ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excitation. Alkoxy-radical-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) has been verified via kinetic analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and reactions under strictly chloride-free conditions. These experimental findings unambiguously establish the critical role of alkoxy radicals in Ce-LMCT catalysis and definitively preclude the involvement of chlorine radical. This study has also reinforced the necessity of a high relative ratio of alcohol vs Ce for the selective alkoxy-radical-mediated HAT, as seemingly trivial changes in the relative ratio of alcohol vs Ce can lead to drastically different mechanistic pathways. Importantly, the previously proposed chlorine radical-alcohol complex, postulated to explain alkoxy-radical-enabled selectivities in this system, has been examined under scrutiny and ruled out by regioselectivity studies, transient absorption experiments, and high-level calculations. Moreover, the peculiar selectivity of alkoxy radical generation in the LMCT homolysis of Ce(IV) heteroleptic complexes has been analyzed and back-electron transfer (BET) may have regulated the efficiency and selectivity for the formation of ligand-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing An
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang-Yang Xing
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruihua Pu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Menghui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuegang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Anhua Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Na Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianbo Du
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Direct photolysis of N-methoxypyridiniums for the pyridylation of carbon/heteroatom-hydrogen bonds. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Qu C, Hao J, Ding H, Lv Y, Zhao XE, Zhao X, Wei W. Visible-Light-Initiated Multicomponent Reactions of α-Diazoesters to Access Organophosphorus Compounds. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12921-12931. [PMID: 36130274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple visible-light-initiated strategy has been established for the construction of organophosphorus compounds via aerobic multicomponent reaction of α-diazoesters, cyclic ethers, and P(O)H compounds under air. A number of phosphonates and phosphinates could be efficiently isolated in moderate to good yields without the use of photosensitizers and metal reagents. This multicomponent reaction has advantages of mild condition, simple operation, eco-friendly energy, good functional-group tolerance, and gram-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jindong Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yufen Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xian-En Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China.,Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, P. R. China
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7
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Rahaman R, Nair AM, Volla CMR. Visible-Light Mediated Arbuzov-Like Reaction with Thiophenols. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201290. [PMID: 35670550 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We hereby disclose, a visible light mediated addition of sulfenyl radicals to trialkyl phosphites to access functionalized phosphorothioates. The use of cheap and readily available Eosin Y as a photocatalyst under mild energy efficient conditions bypassing the use of external oxidants forms the chief highlight of the work. The protocol is scalable and mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through an ionic-Arbuzov like pathway from phosphoranyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajjakfur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Akshay M Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Chandra M R Volla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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8
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Photoinitiated Multicomponent Anti-Markovnikov Alkoxylation over Graphene Oxide. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020475. [PMID: 35056789 PMCID: PMC8777657 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of graphene oxide–based heterogeneous materials with an economical and environmentally–friendly manner has the potential to facilitate many important organic transformations but proves to have few relevant reported reactions. Herein, we explore the synergistic role of catalytic systems driven by graphene oxide and visible light that form nucleophilic alkoxyl radical intermediates, which enable an anti-Markovnikov addition exclusively to the terminal alkenes, and then the produced benzyl radicals are subsequently added with N–methylquinoxalones. This photoinduced cascade radical difunctionalization of olefins offers a concise and applicable protocol for constructing alkoxyl–substituted N–methylquinoxalones.
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9
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Herrera-Luna J, Díaz DD, Jiménez MC, Pérez-Ruiz R. Highly Efficient Production of Heteroarene Phosphonates by Dichromatic Photoredox Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48784-48794. [PMID: 34615352 PMCID: PMC8630706 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy to achieve efficient aerobic phosphorylation of five-membered heteraroenes with excellent yields using dichromatic photoredox catalysis in a gel-based nanoreactor is described here. The procedure involves visible aerobic irradiation (cold white LEDs) of a mixture containing the heteroarene halide, trisubstituted phospite, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) as sacrificial agent, and catalytic amounts of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) in the presence of an adequate gelator, which permits a faster process than at the homogeneous phase. The methodology, which operates by a consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) mechanism, has been successfully applied to the straightforward and clean synthesis of a number of different heteroarene (furan, thiophene, selenophene, pyrrole, oxazole, or thioxazole) phosphonates, extending to the late-stage phosphonylation of the anticoagulant rivaroxaban. Strategically, employment of cold white light is critical since it provides both selective wavelengths for exciting first DCA (blue region) and subsequently its corresponding radical anion DCA•- (green region). The resultant strongly reducing excited agent DCA•-* is capable of even activate five-membered heteroarene halides (Br, Cl) with high reduction potentials (∼-2.7 V) to effect the C(sp2)-P bond formation. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies have supported the proposed reaction mechanism. Interestingly, the rate of product formation has been clearly enhanced in gel media because reactants can be presumably localized not only in the solvent pools but also through to the fibers of the viscoelastic gel network. This has been confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy images where a marked densification of the network has been observed, modifying its fibrillary morphology. Finally, rheological measurements have shown the resistance of the gel network to the incorporation of the reactants and the formation of the desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge
C. Herrera-Luna
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Bio-Orgánica
Antonio González, Universidad de
La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico
Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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10
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Chang L, An Q, Duan L, Feng K, Zuo Z. Alkoxy Radicals See the Light: New Paradigms of Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2429-2486. [PMID: 34613698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alkoxy radicals are highly reactive species that have long been recognized as versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. However, their development has long been impeded due to a lack of convenient methods for their generation. Thanks to advances in photoredox catalysis, enabling facile access to alkoxy radicals from bench-stable precursors and free alcohols under mild conditions, research interest in this field has been renewed. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent progress in alkoxy radical-mediated transformations under visible light irradiation. Elementary steps for alkoxy radical generation from either radical precursors or free alcohols are central to reaction development; thus, each section is categorized and discussed accordingly. Throughout this review, we have focused on the different mechanisms of alkoxy radical generation as well as their impact on synthetic utilizations. Notably, the catalytic generation of alkoxy radicals from abundant alcohols is still in the early stage, providing intriguing opportunities to exploit alkoxy radicals for diverse synthetic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qing An
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Lingfei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
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11
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Caiger L, Sinton C, Constantin T, Douglas JJ, Sheikh NS, Juliá F, Leonori D. Radical hydroxymethylation of alkyl iodides using formaldehyde as a C1 synthon. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10448-10454. [PMID: 34447537 PMCID: PMC8356745 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03083c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Radical hydroxymethylation using formaldehyde as a C1 synthon is challenging due to the reversible and endothermic nature of the addition process. Here we report a strategy that couples alkyl iodide building blocks with formaldehyde through the use of photocatalysis and a phosphine additive. Halogen-atom transfer (XAT) from α-aminoalkyl radicals is leveraged to convert the iodide into the corresponding open-shell species, while its following addition to formaldehyde is rendered irreversible by trapping the transient O-radical with PPh3. This event delivers a phosphoranyl radical that re-generates the alkyl radical and provides the hydroxymethylated product. Halogen-atom transfer (XAT) based on phosphoranyl radical chemistry enables the hydroxymethylation of alkyl iodides with formaldehyde.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Caiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonorigroup.com
| | - Conar Sinton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonorigroup.com
| | - Timothée Constantin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonorigroup.com
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceuticals Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
| | - Nadeem S Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University P. O. Box 400 Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonorigroup.com
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonorigroup.com
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12
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Wang H, Wu Q, Zhang JD, Li HY, Li HX. Photocatalyst- and Transition-Metal-Free Visible-Light-Promoted Intramolecular C(sp 2)-S Formation. Org Lett 2021; 23:2078-2083. [PMID: 33635082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A photocatalyst- and transition-metal-free visible-light-induced cyclization of ortho-halothiobenzanilides has been developed. Upon irradiation with visible light, substrates undergo dehalogenative cyclization to 2-aryl benzothiazoles with high efficiency and selectivity. This photocyclization exhibits a high tolerance to various functional groups, is applicable for the synthesis of 2-alkyl benzothiazoles, and is easy to set up for gram-scale reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- Analysis and Testing Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hong-Xi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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13
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Shen J, Li QW, Zhang XY, Wang X, Li GZ, Li WZ, Yang SD, Yang B. Tf2O/DMSO-Promoted P–O and P–S Bond Formation: A Scalable Synthesis of Multifarious Organophosphinates and Thiophosphates. Org Lett 2021; 23:1541-1547. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Wei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Zhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Zuo Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
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14
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Cannalire R, Pelliccia S, Sancineto L, Novellino E, Tron GC, Giustiniano M. Visible light photocatalysis in the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:766-897. [PMID: 33350402 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The late stage functionalization (LSF) of complex biorelevant compounds is a powerful tool to speed up the identification of structure-activity relationships (SARs) and to optimize ADME profiles. To this end, visible-light photocatalysis offers unique opportunities to achieve smooth and clean functionalization of drugs by unlocking site-specific reactivities under generally mild reaction conditions. This review offers a critical assessment of current literature, pointing out the recent developments in the field while emphasizing the expected future progress and potential applications. Along with paragraphs discussing the visible-light photocatalytic synthetic protocols so far available for LSF of drugs and drug candidates, useful and readily accessible synoptic tables of such transformations, divided by functional groups, will be provided, thus enabling a useful, fast, and easy reference to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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15
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Yuan F, Yan D, Gao P, Shi D, Xiao W, Chen J. Photoredox‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Cyclization of 2‐Vinyl Phenols,
N
‐Alkoxypyridinium Salts, and Sulfur Ylides for Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofurans. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yuan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Dong‐Mei Yan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Pan‐Pan Gao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - De‐Qing Shi
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
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16
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Rammal F, Gao D, Boujnah S, Hussein AA, Lalevée J, Gaumont AC, Morlet-Savary F, Lakhdar S. Photochemical C–H Silylation and Hydroxymethylation of Pyridines and Related Structures: Synthetic Scope and Mechanisms. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Rammal
- Normandie Université, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Di Gao
- Normandie Université, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Sondes Boujnah
- Normandie Université, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | | | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | | | - Sami Lakhdar
- Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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17
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Kim I, Park S, Hong S. Functionalization of Pyridinium Derivatives with 1,4-Dihydropyridines Enabled by Photoinduced Charge Transfer. Org Lett 2020; 22:8730-8734. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
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18
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Constantin T, Juliá F, Sheikh NS, Leonori D. A case of chain propagation: α-aminoalkyl radicals as initiators for aryl radical chemistry. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12822-12828. [PMID: 34094477 PMCID: PMC8163300 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of aryl radicals from the corresponding halides by redox chemistry is generally considered a difficult task due to their highly negative reduction potentials. Here we demonstrate that α-aminoalkyl radicals can be used as both initiators and chain-carriers for the radical coupling of aryl halides with pyrrole derivatives, a transformation often employed to evaluate new highly reducing photocatalysts. This mode of reactivity obviates for the use of strong reducing species and was also competent in the formation of sp2 C-P bonds. Mechanistic studies have delineated some of the key features operating that trigger aryl radical generation and also propagate the chain process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Constantin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonoriresearchgroup.com
| | - Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonoriresearchgroup.com
| | - Nadeem S Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University P. O. Box 400 Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonoriresearchgroup.com
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19
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Rammal F, Gao D, Boujnah S, Gaumont A, Hussein AA, Lakhdar S. Visible-Light-Mediated C–H Alkylation of Pyridine Derivatives. Org Lett 2020; 22:7671-7675. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Rammal
- Normandie Univ, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, Caen 14000 France
| | - Di Gao
- Normandie Univ, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, Caen 14000 France
| | - Sondes Boujnah
- Normandie Univ, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, Caen 14000 France
| | - Annie−Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Univ, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, Caen 14000 France
| | | | - Sami Lakhdar
- Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA,
UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
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20
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Rossi-Ashton JA, Clarke AK, Unsworth WP, Taylor RJK. Phosphoranyl Radical Fragmentation Reactions Driven by Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020; 10:7250-7261. [PMID: 32905246 PMCID: PMC7469205 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic generation of phosphoranyl radicals is fast emerging as an essential method for the generation of diverse and valuable radicals, typically via deoxygenation or desulfurization processes. This Perspective is a comprehensive evaluation of all studies using phosphoranyl radicals as tunable mediators in photoredox catalysis, highlighting how two distinct methods for phosphoranyl radical formation (radical addition and nucleophilic addition) can be used to generate versatile radical intermediates with diverse reactivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aimee K. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington,
York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - William P. Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington,
York YO10 5DD, U.K.
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