1
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Peacock H, Blum SA. Buildup and Consumption of Species in Emulsion Droplets during Aqueous Suzuki Coupling Correlate with Yield. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39016689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) provides spatiotemporal resolution of the changing composition of emulsion droplets during aqueous-surfactant Suzuki coupling. In contrast to previous investigations, the present experiments characterize the full course of a catalytic chemical reaction, addressing key questions about reaction species buildup and correlating these microscale behaviors with bench-scale product yields. At low concentrations of (active) catalyst, droplet environments are stable; however, at higher concentrations, emulsion droplet environments change markedly. These changes are consistent with the buildup and consumption of reaction species inside the droplets. A combination of FLIM and bright-field imaging pinpoints limitations in catalyst solubility as controlling rate and degree of buildup of species in droplets. These solubility limitations are also identified as the cause of a reaction induction period and an origin of the rate-and-reproducibility advantage obtained by adding THF cosolvent. The subsequent mechanistic model from these data led to a bench-scale reaction optimization, wherein premixing the catalyst components bypasses the catalyst induction period, resulting in a faster reaction. The understanding generated by FLIM thus provides an early example of how visualizing changes in droplet compositions on the microscale during ongoing aqueous-organic reactions can be leveraged for enhancing efficiencies in bench-scale reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Peacock
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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2
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Virdi J, Dusunge A, Handa S. Aqueous Micelles as Solvent, Ligand, and Reaction Promoter in Catalysis. JACS AU 2024; 4:301-317. [PMID: 38425936 PMCID: PMC10900500 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Water is considered to be the most sustainable and safest solvent. Micellar catalysis is a significant contributor to the chemistry in water. It promotes pathways involving water-sensitive intermediates and transient catalytic species under micelles' shielding effect while also replacing costly ligands and dipolar-aprotic solvents. However, there is a lack of critical information about micellar catalysis. This includes why it works better than traditional catalysis in organic solvents, why specific rules in micellar catalysis differ from those of conventional catalysis, and how the limitations of micellar catalysis can be addressed in the future. This Perspective aims to highlight the current gaps in our understanding of micellar catalysis and provide an analysis of designer surfactants' origin and essential components. This will also provide a fundamental understanding of micellar catalysis, including how aqueous micelles can simultaneously perform multiple functions such as solvent, ligand, and reaction promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep
K. Virdi
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Ashish Dusunge
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Sachin Handa
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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3
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Peacock H, Blum SA. Surfactant Micellar and Vesicle Microenvironments and Structures under Synthetic Organic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7648-7658. [PMID: 36951303 PMCID: PMC10079647 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) reveals vesicle sizes, structures, microenvironments, reagent partitioning, and system evolution with two chemical reactions for widely used surfactant-water systems under conditions relevant to organic synthesis, including during steps of Negishi cross-coupling reactions. In contrast to previous investigations, the present experiments characterize surfactant systems with representative organohalide substrates at high concentrations (0.5 M) that are reflective of the preparative-scale organic reactions performed and reported in water. In the presence of representative organic substrates, 2-iodoethylbenzene and 2-bromo-6-methoxypyridine, micelles swell into emulsion droplets that are up to 20 μm in diameter, which is 3-4 orders of magnitude larger than previously measured in the absence of an organic substrate (5-200 nm). The partitioning of reagents in these systems is imaged through FLIM─demonstrated here with nonpolar, amphiphilic, organic, basic, and oxidative-addition reactive compounds, a reactive zinc metal powder, and a palladium catalyst. FLIM characterizes the chemical species and/or provides microenvironment information inside micelles and vesicles. These data show that surfactants cause surfactant-dictated microenvironments inside smaller micelles (<200 nm) but that addition of a representative organic substrate produces internal microenvironments dictated primarily by the substrate rather than by the surfactant, concurrent with swelling. Addition of a palladium catalyst causes the internal environments to differ between vesicles─information that is not available through nor predicted from prior analytical techniques. Together, these data provide immediately actionable information for revising reaction models of surfactant-water systems that underpin the development of sustainable organic chemistry in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Peacock
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Suzanne A. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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4
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Mattiello S, Ghiglietti E, Zucchi A, Beverina L. Selectivity in micellar catalysed reactions. The role of interfacial dipole, compartmentalisation, and specific interactions with the surfactants. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2023.101681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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5
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, the use of transition metal nanoparticles (NPs) in catalysis has attracted much attention and their use in C–C bond forming reactions constitutes one of their most important applications. A huge variety of metal NPs, which have showed high catalytic activity for C–C bond forming reactions, have been developed up to now. Many kinds of stabilizers, such as inorganic materials, magnetically recoverable materials, porous materials, organic–inorganic composites, carbon materials, polymers, and surfactants have been utilized to develop metal NPs catalysts. This review classified and outlined the categories of metal NPs by the type of support.
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6
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Lin W, Zhang L, Ma Y, Liang T, Sun W. Sterically enhanced 2‐iminopyridylpalladium chlorides as recyclable ppm‐palladium catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling in aqueous solution. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Lin
- School of Textiles Science and Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Liping Zhang
- School of Textiles Science and Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Tongling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wen‐Hua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
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7
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Ansari T, Sharma S, Hazra S, Jasinski JB, Wilson AJ, Hicks F, Leahy DK, Handa S. Shielding Effect of Nanomicelles: Stable and Catalytically Active Oxidizable Pd(0) Nanoparticle Catalyst Compatible for Cross-Couplings of Water-Sensitive Acid Chlorides in Water. JACS AU 2021; 1:1506-1513. [PMID: 34604859 PMCID: PMC8479868 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Under the shielding effect of nanomicelles, a sustainable micellar technology for the design and convenient synthesis of ligand-free oxidizable ultrasmall Pd(0) nanoparticles (NPs) and their subsequent catalytic exploration for couplings of water-sensitive acid chlorides in water is reported. A proline-derived amphiphile, PS-750-M, plays a crucial role in stabilizing these NPs, preventing their aggregation and oxidation state changes. These NPs were characterized using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR), and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy to evaluate the carbonyl interactions of PS-750-M with Pd. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) studies were performed to reveal the morphology, particle size distribution, and chemical composition, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements unveiled the oxidation state of the metal. In the cross-couplings of water-sensitive acid chlorides with boronic acids, the micelle's shielding effect and boronic acids plays a vital role in preventing unwanted side reactions, including the hydrolysis of acid chlorides under basic pH. This approach is scalable and the applications are showcased in multigram scale reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharique
N. Ansari
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Sudripet Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Susanta Hazra
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Jacek B. Jasinski
- Materials
Characterization, Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Frederick Hicks
- Process
Chemistry Development, Takeda Pharmaceuticals
International, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David K. Leahy
- Process
Chemistry Development, Takeda Pharmaceuticals
International, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sachin Handa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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8
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“TPG-lite”: A new, simplified “designer” surfactant for general use in synthesis under micellar catalysis conditions in recyclable water. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Takale BS, Thakore RR, Casotti G, Li X, Gallou F, Lipshutz BH. Mild and Robust Stille Reactions in Water using Parts Per Million Levels of a Triphenylphosphine-Based Palladacycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4158-4163. [PMID: 33180988 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive and new triphenylphosphine-based palladacycle has been developed as a pre-catalyst, leading to highly effective Stille cross-coupling reactions in water under mild reaction conditions. Only 500-1000 ppm of Pd suffices for couplings involving a variety of aryl/heteroaryl halides with aryl/hetaryl stannanes. Several drug intermediates can be prepared using this catalyst in aqueous nanoreactors formed by 2 wt % Brij-30 in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaram S Takale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Ruchita R Thakore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Gianluca Casotti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Universitá di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Xaiohan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | - Bruce H Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Takale BS, Thakore RR, Casotti G, Li X, Gallou F, Lipshutz BH. Mild and Robust Stille Reactions in Water using Parts Per Million Levels of a Triphenylphosphine‐Based Palladacycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balaram S. Takale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Ruchita R. Thakore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Gianluca Casotti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Universitá di Pisa Via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Xaiohan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | | | - Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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11
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Thakore RR, Takale BS, Singhania V, Gallou F, Lipshutz BH. Late‐stage Pd‐catalyzed Cyanations of Aryl/Heteroaryl Halides in Aqueous Micellar Media. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchita R. Thakore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA-93106 USA
| | - Balaram S. Takale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA-93106 USA
| | - Vani Singhania
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA-93106 USA
| | | | - Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA-93106 USA
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12
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Thakore RR, Takale BS, Casotti G, Gao ES, Jin HS, Lipshutz BH. Chemoselective Reductive Aminations in Aqueous Nanoreactors Using Parts per Million Level Pd/C Catalysis. Org Lett 2020; 22:6324-6329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchita R. Thakore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Balaram S. Takale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Gianluca Casotti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Universitá di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eugene S. Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science, 19 Lambert Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Henry S. Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- St. George’s School, 4175 W. 29th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V6S 1V1, Canada
| | - Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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13
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Parmentier M, Wagner M, Wickendick R, Baenziger M, Langlois A, Gallou F. A General Kilogram Scale Protocol for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling in Water with TPGS-750-M Surfactant. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Parmentier
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mona Wagner
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Regina Wickendick
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Baenziger
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Langlois
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Gallou
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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