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Huang S, Li Q, Li S, Li C, Tan H, Xie Y. Recent advances in the approaches for improving the photovoltaic performance of porphyrin-based DSSCs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4521-4536. [PMID: 38592027 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06299f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Among other photovoltaic techniques including perovskite solar cells and organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are considered to be a potential alternative to conventional silicon solar cells. Porphyrins are promising dyes with the properties of easy modification and superior light-harvesting capability. However, porphyrin dyes still suffer from a number of unfavorable aspects, which need to be addressed in order to improve the photovoltaic performance. This feature article briefly summarizes the recent progress in improving the Voc and Jsc of porphyrin-based DSSCs in terms of molecular engineering by modifying the porphyrin macrocycle, donor and acceptor moieties of the porphyrin dyes, coadsorption of the porphrin dyes with bulky coadsorbents like chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and cosensitization of the porphyrin dyes with metal-free organic dyes. Notably, concerted companion (CC) dyes are described in detail, which have been constructed by linking a porphyrin dye subunit and a metal-free organic dye subunit with flexible alkoxy chains to achieve panchromatic absorption and concerted enhancement of Voc and Jsc. In one sentence, this article is expected to provide further insights into the development of high performance DSSCs through the design and syntheses of efficient porphyrin dyes and CC dyes in combination with device optimization to achieve simultaneously elevated Voc and Jsc, which may inspire and promote further progress in the commercialization of the DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Shijun Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Haijun Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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2
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Washburn S, Kaswan RR, Shaikh S, Moss A, D'Souza F, Wang H. Excited-State Charge Transfer in Push-Pull Platinum(II) π-Extended Porphyrins Fused with Pentacenequinone. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9040-9051. [PMID: 37871330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Platinum(II) π-extended porphyrins fused with pentacenequinone and dihydropentacene have been successfully synthesized. These porphyrins were investigated using various techniques including absorption, steady-state, and time-resolved phosphorescence spectroscopy and differential pulse voltammetry. UV-vis absorption spectra of pentacenequinone-fused porphyrins (SW-Pt1 and SW-Pt2) showed unusually broad and nontypical absorption patterns. Phosphorescence spectra of SW-Pt1, SW-Pt2, and SW-Pt3 displayed similar emissions in the 704-706 nm region indicating electronic transitions of similar origin; however, the triplet lifetimes were found to be quenched in the case of both SW-Pt1 and SW-Pt2, suggesting the occurrence of excited-state events. Facile reductions were obtained for both the pentacene-quinone-fused monomer (SW-Pt2) and dimer (SW-Pt1) and were identified to be located at the pentacenequinone components. The observed orbital segregations for SW-Pt2 and SW-Pt1 from DFT calculations supported the possibility of charge transfer in these push-pull systems. Interestingly, the established energy level diagram revealed that the charge transfer from the triplet excited Pt porphyrin is thermodynamically an uphill process. Systematic studies involving both femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption techniques revealed that the singlet excited Pt porphyrins undergo an intermediate charge transfer state prior to populating the triplet state, providing a plausible explanation for phosphorescence quenching. The lifetime of the intermediate charge transfer states was found to be 25.9 and 5.68 ps, respectively, for SW-Pt1 and SW-Pt2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser Washburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Ram R Kaswan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Saad Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Austen Moss
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Follana-Berná J, Dawson A, Kaswan RR, Seetharaman S, Karr PA, Sastre-Santos Á, D'Souza F. π-Extended Pyrazinepyrene-Fused Zinc Phthalocyanines: Synthesis and Excited-State Charge Separation Involving Coordinated C 60. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37467488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrazinepyrene-fused zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc-Pyrn) have been newly synthesized by reacting quinoxaline and the corresponding diamino-functionalized phthalocyanines as a new class of π-extended phthalocyanine systems. Bathochromically shifted absorption as a function of the number of pyrazinepyrene entities due to extended π-conjugation and quenched fluorescence due to the presence of fused pyrazinepyrene were witnessed. The electronic structures of these phthalocyanines were probed by systematic computational and electrochemical studies, while the excited-state properties were examined by pump-probe spectroscopies operating at the femto- and nanosecond time scales. Similar to the excited singlet lifetimes, the excited triplet states also revealed diminished lifetimes with an increased number of pyrazinepyrene entities. Further, the coordinatively unsaturated zinc in these molecules was coordinated with phenyl imidazole-functionalized fullerene, ImC60, to form a new series of donor-acceptor conjugates. Upon full characterization of these conjugates, the occurrence of excited-state charge separation was established by transient pump-probe spectroscopy, covering wide temporal and spatial regions. The lifetime of the final charge-separated states was ∼2 ns and decreased with an increase in the number of fused pyrazinepyrene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Follana-Berná
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Andrew Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Ram R Kaswan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, United States
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Osterloh WR, Fang Y, Ou Z, Kadish KM. Spectroelectrochemical one-electron reduction product of (TPP)Zn in nonaqueous media? Not always the expected porphyrin π-anion radical. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Yu C, Fang X, Wu Q, Guo X, Chen N, Cheng C, Hao E, Jiao L. Synthesis and Spectral Properties of Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Push-Pull Chromophores Based On Isoindole Scaffolds. Org Lett 2022; 24:4557-4562. [PMID: 35730791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new class of tailor-made push-pull isoindole fluorophores has been synthesized through the combination of Suzuki coupling and Knoevenagel reactions. The efficient synthetic strategy rendered the isoindole scaffold as the π-bridge and the isolation spacer and provided dyes bearing various types of electron donors and electron acceptors for manipulating their energy gaps and tuning their absorptions and emissions. Most of the N-alkylated isoindole dyes showed aggregation-induced emission behaviors suitable for bioimaging and nice solid-state emission with maxima up to 851 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China.,Postdoctoral Research Center of Suntex TEXTILE Technology Co, Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui 241200, China
| | - Xingbao Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Xing Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Na Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
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Cao G, Baryshnikov G, Chen C, Chen L, Zhao T, Fu S, Jiang Z, Liu X, Li Q, Xie Y, Li C. Porphyrindiene-Based Tandem Diels-Alder Reaction for Preparing Low-Symmetry π-Extended Porphyrins with Push-Pull Skeletons. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9001-9010. [PMID: 35748309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tandem Diels-Alder reactions of masked porphyrindienes (i.e., sulfolenoporphyrins) with benzoquinones and stilbenes, followed by aromatization, have been developed to load porphyrin with mixed annulation units (i.e., terphenyl and naphthoquinone), furnishing the low-symmetry π-extended porphyrins (DxAy) with push-pull skeletons. All low-symmetrical chromophores display panchromatic absorption spectra, which look like a spectral combination of symmetrical congeners (D4/A4) in a certain ratio. Among them, tD2A2 with trans-arrangement of push/pull units possesses the largest maximum centered at 766 nm with the onset around 900 nm. The fusion of the electron-deficient naphthoquinone moiety on the porphyrin core results in the approximately quantitative regulation of the Eox1 and HOMOs (i.e., 0.10-0.13 V increase for the Eox1 and 0.14-0.16 eV decrease for the HOMOs per naphthoquinone unit). In brief, this work provides a new way to construct low-symmetry π-extended porphyrins with tunable properties resorting to the ratios and locations of the annulated push-pull units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyue Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tengjiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuyi Fu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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7
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Lv X, Liu N, Xiao B, Morimoto H, Kuzuhara D, Aratani N, Yamada H, Qiu F, Xue S. Synthesis of Porphyrin(2.1.2.1) with Embedded Naphthalene. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424622500390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Chahal MK, Liyanage A, Alsaleh AZ, Karr PA, Hill JP, D'Souza F. Anion-enhanced excited state charge separation in a spiro-locked N-heterocycle-fused push-pull zinc porphyrin. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4925-4930. [PMID: 34168764 PMCID: PMC8179616 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of push–pull charge transfer complex, viz., a spiro-locked N-heterocycle-fused zinc porphyrin, ZnP-SQ, is shown to undergo excited state charge separation, which is enhanced by axial F− binding to the Zn center. In this push–pull design, the spiro-quinone group acts as a ‘lock’ promoting charge transfer interactions by constraining mutual coplanarity of the meso-phenol-substituted electron-rich Zn(ii) porphyrin and an electron deficient N-heterocycle, as revealed by electrochemical and computational studies. Spectroelectrochemical studies have been used to identify the spectra of charge separated states, and charge separation upon photoexcitation of ZnP has been unequivocally established by using transient absorption spectroscopic techniques covering wide spatial and temporal regions. Further, global target analysis of the transient data using GloTarAn software is used to obtain the lifetimes of different photochemical events and reveal that fluoride anion complexation stabilizes the charge separated state to an appreciable extent. A new type of push–pull charge transfer complex, viz., a spiro-locked N-heterocycle-fused zinc porphyrin, ZnP-SQ, is shown to undergo excited state charge separation, which is enhanced by axial F− binding to the Zn center.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K Chahal
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Anuradha Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Ajyal Z Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College 111 Main Street Wayne Nebraska 68787 USA
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- International Centre for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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Chen C, Li D, Cao G, Qin Z, Xu Y, Liu X, Li Q, Xie Y, Li C. Solvent-regulated biomorphs from the intense π,π-mediated assemblies of tetracenequinone fused porphyrin. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetracenequninone fused porphyrin exhibits remarkable π,π-stacking, which can be regulated by solvents to afford various biomorphs or cubic-shaped architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanyue Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghe Qin
- Shanghai World Foreign Language Academy, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Shanghai World Foreign Language Academy, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
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10
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Fan Y, Zeng Z, Shu H, Zhou M, Xu L, Rao Y, Gu T, Liang X, Zhu W, Song J. Two- and three-dimensional β,β′-N-heterocycle fused porphyrins: concise construction, singlet oxygen production and electro-catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01161h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2D and 3D porphyrins fused with N-heterocycles were prepared by palladium-catalyzed. Photophysical and electrochemical properties, 1O2 production and electrocatalytic HER behaviours of the representative porphyrins were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Hui Shu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Rao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Xu Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
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