1
|
Mantry L, Gandeepan P. Photochemical direct alkylation of heteroarenes with alkanes, alcohols, amides, and ethers. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39195903 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of heteroarenes with simple alkanes utilizing anthracene as a photoredox catalyst has been established. This approach provides a sustainable alternative, avoiding costly reagents or peroxides. The method demonstrates a broad substrate scope, enabling regioselective alkylation of various heteroarenes, including azoles, pyridines, quinolines, isoquinolones, and quinoxalinones under mild conditions. A range of alkyl sources, such as alkanes, ethers, dioxane, trioxane, alcohol, and alkylamides were viable substrates. A plausible catalytic cycle was proposed based on the preliminary mechanistic evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lusina Mantry
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu-Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh, India - 517619.
| | - Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu-Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh, India - 517619.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Jiang HW, Hu XQ, Xu PF. Visible-Light-Induced Alkoxypyridylation of Alkenes Using N-Alkoxypyridinium Salts as Bifunctional Reagents. Org Lett 2024; 26:3661-3666. [PMID: 38656155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Considering the ubiquitous presence of pyridine moieties in pharmaceutical compounds, it holds immense value to develop practical and straightforward methodologies for accessing heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In recent years, N-alkoxypyridinium salts have emerged as convenient radical precursors, enabling the generation of the corresponding alkoxy radicals and pyridine through single-electron transfer. Herein, we present the first report on visible-light-mediated intermolecular alkoxypyridylation of alkenes employing N-alkoxylpyridinium salts as bifunctional reagents with an exceptionally low catalyst loading (0.5 mol %).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar Jha R, Rohilla K, Jain S, Parganiha D, Kumar S. Blue-Light Irradiated Mn(0)-Catalyzed Hydroxylation and C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization of Unactivated Alkanes with C(sp 2 )-H Bonds of Quinones for Alkylated Hydroxy Quinones and Parvaquone. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303537. [PMID: 37991931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective C(sp3 )-H functionalization of unreactive hydrocarbons is always challenging due to its inherited chemical inertness, slightly different reactivity of various C-H bonds, and intrinsically high bond dissociation energies. Here, a site-selective C-H alkylation of naphthoquinone with unactivated hydrocarbons using Mn2 (CO)10 as a catalyst under blue-light (457 nm) irradiation without any external acid or base and pre-functionalization is presented. The selective C-H functionalization of tertiary over secondary and secondary over primary C(sp3 )-H bonds in abundant chemical feedstocks was achieved, and hydroxylation of quinones was realized in situ by employing the developed methodology. This protocol provides a new catalytic system for the direct construction of high-value-added compounds, namely, parvaquone (a commercially available drug used to treat theileriosis) and its derivatives under ambient reaction conditions. Moreover, this operationally simple protocol applies to various linear-, branched-, and cyclo-alkanes with high degrees of site selectivity under blue-light irradiated conditions and could provide rapid and straightforward access to versatile methodologies for upgrading feedstock chemicals. Mechanistic insight by radical trapping, radical scavenging, EPR, and other controlled experiments well corroborated with DFT studies suggest that the reaction proceeds by a radical pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Komal Rohilla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Saket Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Devendra Parganiha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin J, Ouyang J, Liu T, Li F, Sung HHY, Williams I, Quan Y. Metal-organic framework boosts heterogeneous electron donor-acceptor catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7757. [PMID: 38012222 PMCID: PMC10682007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF) is a class of porous materials providing an excellent platform for engineering heterogeneous catalysis. We herein report the design of MOF Zr-PZDB consisting of Zr6-clusters and PZDB (PZDB = 4,4'-(phenazine-5,10-diyl)dibenzoate) linkers, which served as the heterogeneous donor catalyst for enhanced electron donor-acceptor (EDA) photoactivation. The high local concentration of dihydrophenazine active centers in Zr-PZDB can promote the EDA interaction, therefore resulting in superior catalytic performance over homogeneous counterparts. The crowded environment of Zr-PZDB can protect the dihydrophenazine active center from being attacked by radical species. Zr-PZDB efficiently catalyzes the Minisci-type reaction of N-heterocycles with a series of C-H coupling partners, including ethers, alcohols, non-activated alkanes, amides, and aldehydes. Zr-PZDB also enables the coupling reaction of aryl sulfonium salts with heterocycles. The catalytic activity of Zr-PZDB extends to late-stage functionalization of bioactive and drug molecules, including Nikethamide, Admiral, and Myristyl Nicotinate. Systematical spectroscopy study and analysis support the EDA interaction between Zr-PZDB and pyridinium salt or aryl sulfonium salt, respectively. Photoactivation of the MOF-based EDA adduct triggers an intra-complex single electron transfer from donor to acceptor, giving open-shell radical species for cross-coupling reactions. This research represents the first example of MOF-enabled heterogeneous EDA photoactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Lin
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fengxing Li
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Herman Ho-Yung Sung
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian Williams
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yangjian Quan
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jati A, Dam S, Kumar S, Kumar K, Maji B. A π-conjugated covalent organic framework enables interlocked nickel/photoredox catalysis for light-harvesting cross-coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8624-8634. [PMID: 37592981 PMCID: PMC10430564 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02440g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an outstanding platform for heterogeneous photocatalysis. Herein, we synthesized a pyrene-based two-dimensional C[double bond, length as m-dash]C linked π-conjugated COF via Knoevenagel condensation and anchored Ni(ii)-centers through bipyridine moieties. Instead of traditional dual metallaphotoredox catalysis, the mono-metal decorated Ni@Bpy-sp2c-COF interlocked the catalysis mediated by light and the transition metal. Under light irradiation, enhanced energy and electron transfer in the COF backbone, as delineated by the photoluminescence, electrochemical, and control experiments, expedited the excitation of Ni centers to efficiently catalyze diverse photocatalytic C-X (X = B, C, N, O, P, S) cross-coupling reactions with efficiencies orders of magnitude higher than the homogeneous controls. The COF catalyst tolerated a diverse range of coupling partners with various steric and electronic properties, delivering the products with up to 99% yields. Some reactions were performed on a gram scale and were applied to diversify pharmaceuticals and complex molecules to demonstrate the synthetic utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Jati
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 WB India
| | - Suranjana Dam
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 WB India
| | - Shekhar Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 WB India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 WB India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 WB India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sahoo AK, Rakshit A, Pan A, Dhara HN, Patel BK. Visible/solar-light-driven thiyl-radical-triggered synthesis of multi-substituted pyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1680-1691. [PMID: 36723155 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A light-triggered synthesis of thio-functionalized pyridines is demonstrated using γ-ketodinitriles, thiols, and eosin Y as the photocatalyst. The reaction proceeds via the selective attack on one of the cyano groups by an in situ generated thiyl radical. The reaction also proceeds with nearly equal efficiency using direct sunlight. Large-scale synthesis and a few useful synthetic transformations of the substituted pyridines are also performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Amitava Rakshit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Avishek Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Hirendra Nath Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Z, Chen J, Lin Z, Quan Y. Photoinduced Dehydrogenative Borylation via Dihydrogen Bond Bridged Electron Donor and Acceptor Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203053. [PMID: 36396602 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Air-stable amine- and phosphine-boranes are discovered as donors to integrate with pyridinium acceptor for generating photoactive electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. Experimental results and DFT calculations suggest a dihydrogen bond bridging the donor and acceptor. Irradiating the EDA complex enables an intra-complex single electron transfer to give a boron-centered radical for dehydrogenative borylation with no need of external photosensitizer and radical initiator. The deprotonation of Wheland-like radical intermediate rather than its generation is believed to determine the good ortho-selectivity based on DFT calculations. A variety of α-borylated pyridine derivatives have been readily synthesized with good functional group tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yangjian Quan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Choi W, Kim M, Lee K, Park S, Hong S. C4-Selective C-H Borylation of Pyridinium Derivatives Driven by Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Org Lett 2022; 24:9452-9457. [PMID: 36524721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced C4-selective C-H borylation of pyridines was achieved using electron donor-acceptor complexes derived from a Lewis base and N-amidopyridinium salts under external oxidant- and photocatalyst-free conditions. Notably, the nucleophilic character of phosphite-ligated boryl radicals enables addition of a radical to position C4 of pyridinium salts to afford C4-borylated heteroarenes that are otherwise difficult to obtain. This approach provides a versatile platform for the installation of both phosphite- and amine-coordinated boron groups on a series of pyridines under mild conditions, demonstrating excellent C4-positional selectivity for the pyridine scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonjun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kangjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu M, Wang Z, Sun Z, Ouyang Y, Ding Z, Yu T, Xu L, Li P. Diboron(4)-Catalyzed Remote [3+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopropanes via Dearomative/Rearomative Radical Transmission through Pyridine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214507. [PMID: 36344444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ring structures such as pyridine, cyclopentane or their combinations are important motifs in bioactive molecules. In contrast to previous cycloaddition reactions that necessitated a directly bonded initiating functional group, this work demonstrated a novel through-(hetero)arene radical transmission concept for selective activation of a remote bond. An efficient, metal-free and atom-economical [3+2] cycloaddition between 4-pyridinyl cyclopropanes and alkenes or alkynes has been developed for modular synthesis of pyridine-substituted cyclopentanes, cyclopentenes and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes that are difficult to access using known methods. This complexity-building reaction was catalyzed by a very simple and inexpensive diboron(4) compound and took place via dearomative/rearomative processes. The substrate scope was broad and more than 100 new compounds were prepared in generally high yields. Mechanistic experiments and density function theory (DFT) investigation supported a radical relay catalytic cycle involving alkylidene dihydropyridine radical intermediates and boronyl radical transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Yizhao Ouyang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan CY, Kim M, Park I, Kim Y, Hong S. Site-Selective Pyridine C-H Alkylation with Alcohols and Thiols via Single-Electron Transfer of Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213857. [PMID: 36314414 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A unified strategy for the deoxygenative or desulfurative pyridylation of various alcohols and thiols has been developed through a single-electron transfer (SET) process of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) derived from pyridinium salts and PtBu3 . Mechanistic studies revealed that N-amidopyridinium salts serve as effective Lewis acids for the formation of FLPs with PtBu3 , and the generated phosphine radical cation ionically couples with the in situ generated xanthate, eventually affording the alkyl radical through facile β-scission under photocatalyst-free conditions. The reaction efficiency was further accelerated by visible-light irradiation. This method is conceptually appealing by using encounter complexes in FLP chemistry to promote SET, which provides a previously unrecognized opportunity for the selective heteroarylation of a diverse range of alcohols and thiols with various functional groups, even in complex settings under mild reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myojeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Uchikura T, Tsubono K, Hara Y, Akiyama T. Dual-Role Halogen-Bonding-Assisted EDA-SET/HAT Photoreaction System with Phenol Catalyst and Aryl Iodide: Visible-Light-Driven Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15499-15510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Uchikura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro,
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kazushi Tsubono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro,
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Yurina Hara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro,
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takahiko Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro,
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Direct photolysis of N-methoxypyridiniums for the pyridylation of carbon/heteroatom-hydrogen bonds. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
13
|
Kim M, Koo Y, Hong S. N-Functionalized Pyridinium Salts: A New Chapter for Site-Selective Pyridine C-H Functionalization via Radical-Based Processes under Visible Light Irradiation. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3043-3056. [PMID: 36166489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The radical-mediated C-H functionalization of pyridines has attracted considerable attention as a powerful tool in synthetic chemistry for the direct functionalization of the C-H bonds of the pyridine scaffold. Classically, the synthetic methods for functionalized pyridines often involve radical-mediated Minisci-type reactions under strongly acidic conditions. However, the site-selective functionalization of pyridines in unbiased systems has been a long-standing challenge because the pyridine scaffold contains multiple competing reaction sites (C2 vs C4) to intercept free radicals. Therefore, prefunctionalization of the pyridine is required to avoid issues observed with the formation of a mixture of regioisomers and overalkylated side products.Recently, N-functionalized pyridinium salts have been attracting considerable attention in organic chemistry as promising radical precursors and pyridine surrogates. The notable advantage of N-functionalized pyridinium salts lies in their ability to enhance the reactivity and selectivity for synthetically useful reactions under acid-free conditions. This approach enables exquisite regiocontrol for nonclassical Minisci-type reactions at the C2 and C4 positions under mild reaction conditions, which are suitable for the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules with greater complexity and diversity. Over the past five years, a variety of fascinating synthetic applications have been developed using various types of pyridinium salts under visible light conditions. In addition, a new platform for alkene difunctionalization using appropriately designed N-substituted pyridinium salts as bifunctional reagents has been reported, offering an innovative assembly process for complex organic architectures. Intriguingly, strategies involving light-absorbing electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes between pyridinium salts and suitable electron-rich donors further open up new reactivity under photocatalyst-free conditions. Furthermore, we developed enantioselective reactions using pyridinium salts to afford enantioenriched molecules bearing pyridines through single-electron N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis.Herein, we provide a broad overview of our recent contributions to the development of N-functionalized pyridinium salts and summarize the cornerstones of organic reactions that successfully employ these pyridinium salts under visible light conditions. The major advances in the field are systematically categorized on the basis of the pyridines' N-substituent, N-X (X = O, N, C, and SO2CF3), and its reactivity patterns. Furthermore, the identification of new activation modes and their mechanistic aspects are discussed by providing representative contributions to each paradigm. We hope that this Account will inspire broad interest in the continued innovation of N-functionalized pyridinium salts in the exploration of new transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yejin Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim C, Jeong J, Vellakkaran M, Hong S. Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Pyridylation of Carboxylic Acids Using In Situ-Generated Amidyl Radicals as Oxidants. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinwook Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mari Vellakkaran
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Laha R, Patel TI, Moschitto MJ. Desulfinative Alkylation of Heteroarenes via an Electrostatic Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex. Org Lett 2022; 24:7394-7399. [PMID: 36194682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized pyridine and quinoline rings are important components of numerous bioactive molecules and natural products; however, diversification of these rings often requires de novo heterocycle ring synthesis or demanding reaction conditions. We report a method for desulfinative alkylation of pyridine and quinoline N-methoxide salts that operates under both photocatalytic and electrostatic electron donor-acceptor-mediated pathways. Unlike most EDA-mediated processes, this reaction operates in the absence of light and with the desulfination of the donor compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Laha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey 163 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Twinkle I Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey 163 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Matthew J Moschitto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey 163 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08901, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim M, You E, Kim J, Hong S. Site-Selective Pyridylic C-H Functionalization by Photocatalytic Radical Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204217. [PMID: 35481719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient pyridylic C(sp3 )-H functionalization has been developed through photocatalytic radical-mediated fluoroalkylation or cascade reactions. This method is enabled by the reversible formation of alkylidene dihydropyridine intermediates via the facile enolate formation of C4-alkyl N-amidopyridinium salts in the absence of an external base, thereby establishing the conditions necessary for subsequent intermolecular radical trapping. Rapid structural diversification of the pyridylic site can be achieved through photocatalytic multicomponent cascade reactions involving alkene trifluoromethylation, SO2 -reincorporation, and sulfonyl radical addition. This operationally simple method features a broad substrate scope and high chemoselectivity and offers a unique approach for the rational modification of the heterobenzylic C-H bonds of pyridines and quinolines with uniform site-selective control. Furthermore, experimental and theoretical studies were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna You
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Del Río-Rodríguez R, Fragoso-Jarillo L, Garrido-Castro AF, Maestro MC, Fernández-Salas JA, Alemán J. General electrochemical Minisci alkylation of N-heteroarenes with alkyl halides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6512-6518. [PMID: 35756520 PMCID: PMC9172443 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01799g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report, a general, facile and environmentally friendly Minisci-type alkylation of N-heteroarenes under simple and straightforward electrochemical conditions using widely available alkyl halides as radical precursors. Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl radicals have been shown to be efficiently generated and coupled with a large variety of N-heteroarenes. The method presents a very high functional group tolerance, including various heterocyclic-based natural products, which highlights the robustness of the methodology. This applicability has been further proved in the synthesis of various interesting biologically valuable building blocks. In addition, we have proposed a mechanism based on different proofs and pieces of electrochemical evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Fragoso-Jarillo
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | | | - M Carmen Maestro
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Jose A Fernández-Salas
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Módulo 2 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
- Center for Innovation in Advanced Chemistry (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kim M, You E, Kim J, Hong S. Site‐Selective Pyridylic C–H Functionalization by Photocatalytic Radical Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myojeong Kim
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Euna You
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Jieun Kim
- KAIST: Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology KAIST Department of Chemistry Yusung Gu (KAIST) 34141 Daejeon KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen Y, Zhang G, Guo C, Lan P, Banwell MG, He Y. Silver‐Promoted Radical Ring‐Opening
/
Pyridylation of Cyclobutanols with
N
‐Methoxypyridinium Salts. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104627. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Yi Zhang
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Chan Guo
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Ping Lan
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Martin G. Banwell
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Tao He
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 Guangdong P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Z, He Q, Zhang X, Yang C. Photoredox-Catalysed Regioselective Synthesis of C-4-Alkylated Pyridines with N -(Acyloxy)phthalimides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1969-1973. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00123c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method of direct C-4 selective alkylation of pyridine under visible light irradiation at room temperature was reported, using simple maleate-derived pyridinium salts as pyridine precursors, and the readily available...
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang X, Guo X, Yuan X, Chen B. K 2S 2O 8-promoted rearrangement of nitrones for the synthesis of benzo[ d]oxazoles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00680d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An efficient route for the synthesis of valuable benzoxazoles has been developed through self-oxidative cyclization with N–O bond cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xinglong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Baohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nayek N, Karmakar P, Mandal M, Karmakar I, Brahmachari G. Photochemical and electrochemical regioselective cross-dehydrogenative C(sp 2)–H sulfenylation and selenylation of substituted benzo[ a]phenazin-5-ols. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The essence of photo- and electrochemistry: sulfenylation and selenylation of substituted benzo[a]phenazin-5-ols through cross-dehydrogenative C(sp2)–H functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Nayek
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Pintu Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Mullicka Mandal
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kweon B, Kim C, Kim S, Hong S. Remote C−H Pyridylation of Hydroxamates through Direct Photoexcitation of
O
‐Aryl Oxime Pyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Kweon
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyul Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kweon B, Kim C, Kim S, Hong S. Remote C-H Pyridylation of Hydroxamates through Direct Photoexcitation of O-Aryl Oxime Pyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26813-26821. [PMID: 34636478 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report an efficient strategy for the remote C-H pyridylation of hydroxamates with excellent ortho-selectivity by designing a new class of photon-absorbing O-aryl oxime pyridinium salts generated in situ from the corresponding pyridines and hydroxamates. When irradiated by visible light, the photoexcitation of oxime pyridinium intermediates generates iminyl radicals via the photolytic N-O bond cleavage, which does not require an external photocatalyst. The efficiency of light absorption and N-O bond cleavage of the oxime pyridinium salts can be modulated through the electronic effect of substitution on the O-aryl ring. The resultant iminyl radicals enable the installation of pyridyl rings at the γ-CN position, which yields synthetically valuable C2-substituted pyridyl derivatives. This novel synthetic approach provides significant advantages in terms of both efficiency and simplicity and exhibits broad functional group tolerance in complex settings under mild and metal-free conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Kweon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyul Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rieder S, Meléndez C, Dénès F, Jangra H, Mulliri K, Zipse H, Renaud P. Radical chain monoalkylation of pyridines. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15362-15373. [PMID: 34976357 PMCID: PMC8635225 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02748d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoalkylation of N-methoxypyridinium salts with alkyl radicals generated from alkenes (via hydroboration with catecholborane), alkyl iodides (via iodine atom transfer) and xanthates is reported. The reaction proceeds under neutral conditions since no acid is needed to activate the heterocycle and no external oxidant is required. A rate constant for the addition of a primary radical to N-methoxylepidinium >107 M-1 s-1 was experimentally determined. This rate constant is more than one order of magnitude larger than the one measured for the addition of primary alkyl radicals to protonated lepidine demonstrating the remarkable reactivity of methoxypyridinium salts towards radicals. The reaction has been used for the preparation of unique pyridinylated terpenoids and was extended to a three-component carbopyridinylation of electron-rich alkenes including enol esters, enol ethers and enamides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rieder
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Camilo Meléndez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Dénès
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of Chemistry, LMU München Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Kleni Mulliri
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry, LMU München Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1 CNRS CPE-Lyon INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée LHFA UMR 5069 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tlili A, Lakhdar S. Acridinium Salts and Cyanoarenes as Powerful Photocatalysts: Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19526-19549. [PMID: 33881207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic photocatalysts has revolutionized the field of photoredox catalysis, as it allows access to reactivities that were traditionally restricted to transition-metal photocatalysts. This Minireview reports recent developments in the use of acridinium ions and cyanoarene derivatives in organic synthesis. The activation of inert chemical bonds as well as the late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules are discussed, with a special focus on their mechanistic aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- CNRS/Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR 5069, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bugaenko DI, Yurovskaya MA, Karchava AV. From Pyridine- N-oxides to 2-Functionalized Pyridines through Pyridyl Phosphonium Salts: An Umpolung Strategy. Org Lett 2021; 23:6099-6104. [PMID: 34269594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of pyridine-N-oxides with Ph3P under the developed conditions provide an unprecedented route to (pyridine-2-yl)phosphonium salts. Upon activation with DABCO, these salts readily serve as functionalized 2-pyridyl nucleophile equivalents. This umpolung strategy allows for the selective C2 functionalization of the pyridine ring with electrophiles, avoiding the generation and use of unstable organometallic reagents. The protocol operates at ambient temperature and tolerates sensitive functional groups, enabling the synthesis of otherwise challenging compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Bugaenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alfonzo E, Hande SM. α-Heteroarylation of Thioethers via Photoredox and Weak Brønsted Base Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:6115-6120. [PMID: 34297584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the C-H activation of thioethers to α-thio alkyl radicals and their addition to N-methoxyheteroarenium salts for the redox-neutral synthesis of α-heteroaromatic thioethers. Studies are consistent with a two-step activation mechanism, where oxidation of thioethers to sulfide radical cations by a photoredox catalyst is followed by α-C-H deprotonation by a weak Brønsted base catalyst to afford α-thio alkyl radicals. Further, N-methoxyheteroarenium salts play additional roles as a source of methoxyl radical that contributes to α-thio alkyl radical generation and a sacrificial oxidant that regenerates the photoredox catalytic cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Alfonzo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Sudhir M Hande
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xu Z, Yang T, Tang N, Ou Y, Yin SF, Kambe N, Qiu R. UV-Light-Induced N-Acylation of Amines with α-Diketones. Org Lett 2021; 23:5329-5333. [PMID: 34181430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we develop a mild method for N-acylation of primary and secondary amines with α-diketones induced by ultraviolet (UV) light. Forty-six examples with various functional groups are explored at room temperature with irradiation by three 26 W UV lamps (350-380 nm). The yield reaches 97%. The gram scale experiment product yield is 76%. Moreover, this system can be applied to the synthesis of several amino acid derivatives. Mechanistic studies show that benzoin is generated in situ from benzil under UV irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Tianbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Niu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.,The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Renhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lee W, Jung S, Kim M, Hong S. Site-Selective Direct C–H Pyridylation of Unactivated Alkanes by Triplet Excited Anthraquinone. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3003-3012. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao H, Ni N, Li X, Cheng D, Xu X. The coupling reaction of α-silylamines with Baylis-Hillman adducts by visible light photoredox catalysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
33
|
Phosphoric Acid Mediated Light‐Induced Minisci C−H Alkylation of
N
‐Heteroarenes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
34
|
Yuan F, Yan D, Gao P, Shi D, Xiao W, Chen J. Photoredox‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Cyclization of 2‐Vinyl Phenols,
N
‐Alkoxypyridinium Salts, and Sulfur Ylides for Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofurans. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yuan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Dong‐Mei Yan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Pan‐Pan Gao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - De‐Qing Shi
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rammal F, Gao D, Boujnah S, Hussein AA, Lalevée J, Gaumont AC, Morlet-Savary F, Lakhdar S. Photochemical C–H Silylation and Hydroxymethylation of Pyridines and Related Structures: Synthetic Scope and Mechanisms. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Rammal
- Normandie Université, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Di Gao
- Normandie Université, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Sondes Boujnah
- Normandie Université, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | | | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Annie-Claude Gaumont
- Normandie Université, LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS, 6, Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14000 Caen, France
| | | | - Sami Lakhdar
- Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069), 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim I, Park S, Hong S. Functionalization of Pyridinium Derivatives with 1,4-Dihydropyridines Enabled by Photoinduced Charge Transfer. Org Lett 2020; 22:8730-8734. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|