1
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Chen TH, Ando A, Shamoto O, Fuse S. Effect of Brønsted Acids on the Activation of Mixed Anhydride/Mixed Carbonic Anhydride and C-Terminal-Free N-Methylated Peptide Synthesis in a Micro-Flow Reactor. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401402. [PMID: 38719730 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Amidations employing mixed (carbonic) anhydrides have long been favoured in peptide synthesis because of their cost-effectiveness and less waste generation. Despite their long history, no study has compared the effects of additives on the activation of mixed anhydrides and carbonic anhydrides. In this study, we investigated the amidation of mixed (carbonic) anhydride in the presence of a base and/or Brønsted acids. The use of NMI⋅HCl significantly improved the conversion of the mixed carbonic anhydride, while expediting nucleophilic attacks on the desired carbonyl group. In contrast, in the case of mixed anhydrides, neither the conversion nor the desired nucleophilic attack improved significantly. We developed a C-terminus-free N-methylated peptide synthesis method using mixed carbonic anhydrides in a micro-flow reactor. Fourteen N-alkylated peptides were synthesized in moderate to high yields (55-99 %) without severe racemization (<1 %). Additionally, a significant enhancement in the amidation between mixed carbonic anhydrides and bis-TMS-protected N-methyl amino acids with the inclusion of NMI⋅HCl was observed for the first time. In addition, we observed unexpected C-terminal epimerization of the C-terminus-free N-methyl peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ho Chen
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akira Ando
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Otoka Shamoto
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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2
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Hu L, Zhao J. Ynamide Coupling Reagents: Origin and Advances. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:855-869. [PMID: 38452397 PMCID: PMC10956395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Since the pioneering work of Curtius and Fischer, chemical peptide synthesis has witnessed a century's development and evolved into a routine technology. However, it is far from perfect. In particular, it is challenged by sustainable development because the state-of-the-art of peptide synthesis heavily relies on legacy reagents and technologies developed before the establishment of green chemistry. Over the past three decades, a broad range of efforts have been made for greening peptide synthesis, among which peptide synthesis using unprotected amino acid represents an ideal and promising strategy because it does not require protection and deprotection steps. Unfortunately, C → N peptide synthesis employing unprotected amino acids has been plagued by undesired polymerization, while N → C inverse peptide synthesis with unprotected amino acids is retarded by severe racemization/epimerization owing to the iterative activation and aminolysis of high racemization/epimerization susceptible peptidyl acids. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop innovative coupling reagents and strategies with novel mechanisms that can address the long-standing notorious racemization/epimerization issue of peptide synthesis.This Account will describe our efforts in discovery of ynamide coupling reagents and their application in greening peptide synthesis. Over an eight-year journey, ynamide coupling reagents have evolved into a class of general coupling reagents for both amide and ester bond formation. In particular, the superiority of ynamide coupling reagents in suppressing racemization/epimerization enabled them to be effective for peptide fragment condensation, and head-to-tail cyclization, as well as precise incorporation of thioamide substitutions into peptide backbones. The first practical inverse peptide synthesis using unprotected amino acids was successfully accomplished by harnessing such features and taking advantage of a transient protection strategy. Ynamide coupling reagent-mediated ester bond formation enabled efficient intermolecular esterification and macrolactonization with preservation of α-chirality and the configuration of the conjugated α,β-C-C double bond. To make ynamide coupling reagents readily available with reasonable cost and convenience, we have developed a scalable one-step synthetic method from cheap starting materials. Furthermore, a water-removable ynamide coupling reagent was developed, offering a column-free purification of the target coupling product. In addition, the recycle of ynamide coupling reagent was accomplished, thereby paving the way for their sustainable industrial application.As such, this Account presents the whole story of the origin, mechanistic insights, preparation, synthetic applications, and recycle of ynamide coupling reagents with a perspective that highlights their future impact on peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Hu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
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3
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Liu T, Peng Z, Lai M, Hu L, Zhao J. Inverse Peptide Synthesis Using Transient Protected Amino Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4270-4280. [PMID: 38316681 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Peptide therapeutics have experienced a rapid resurgence over the past three decades. While a few peptide drugs are biologically produced, most are manufactured via chemical synthesis. The cycle of prior protection of the amino group of an α-amino acid, activation of its carboxyl group, aminolysis with the free amino group of a growing peptide chain, and deprotection of the N-terminus constitutes the principle of conventional C → N peptide chemical synthesis. The mandatory use of the Nα-protecting group invokes two additional operations for incorporating each amino acid, resulting in poor step- and atom-economy. The burgeoning demand in the peptide therapeutic market necessitates cost-effective and environmentally friendly peptide manufacturing strategies. Inverse peptide chemical synthesis using unprotected amino acids has been proposed as an ideal and appealing strategy. However, it has remained unsuccessful for over 60 years due to severe racemization/epimerization during N → C peptide chain elongation. Herein, this challenge has been successfully addressed by ynamide coupling reagent employing a transient protection strategy. The activation, transient protection, aminolysis, and in situ deprotection were performed in one pot, thus offering a practical peptide chemical synthesis strategy formally using unprotected amino acids as the starting material. Its robustness was exemplified by syntheses of peptide active pharmaceutical ingredients. It is also amenable to fragment condensation and inverse solid-phase peptide synthesis. The compatibility to green solvents further enhances its application potential in large-scale peptide production. This study offered a cost-effective, operational convenient, and environmentally benign approach to peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zejun Peng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Manting Lai
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Long Hu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, No.1 Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, China
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4
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Glavaš M, Gitlin-Domagalska A, Ptaszyńska N, Starego D, Freza S, Dębowski D, Helbik-Maciejewska A, Łęgowska A, Gilon C, Rolka K. Synthesis of Novel Arginine Building Blocks with Increased Lipophilicity Compatible with Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Molecules 2023; 28:7780. [PMID: 38067510 PMCID: PMC10708530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine, due to the guanidine moiety, increases peptides' hydrophilicity and enables interactions with charged molecules, but at the same time, its presence in a peptide chain might reduce its permeability through biological membranes. This might be resolved by temporary coverage of the peptide charge by lipophilic, enzyme-sensitive alkoxycarbonyl groups. Unfortunately, such a modification of a guanidine moiety has not been reported to date and turned out to be challenging. Here, we present a new, optimized strategy to obtain arginine building blocks with increased lipophilicity that were successfully utilized in the solid-phase peptide synthesis of novel arginine vasopressin prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladena Glavaš
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (N.P.); (D.S.); (D.D.); (A.H.-M.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Agata Gitlin-Domagalska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (N.P.); (D.S.); (D.D.); (A.H.-M.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Natalia Ptaszyńska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (N.P.); (D.S.); (D.D.); (A.H.-M.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Dominika Starego
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (N.P.); (D.S.); (D.D.); (A.H.-M.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Sylwia Freza
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Dawid Dębowski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (N.P.); (D.S.); (D.D.); (A.H.-M.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Aleksandra Helbik-Maciejewska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (N.P.); (D.S.); (D.D.); (A.H.-M.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Anna Łęgowska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (N.P.); (D.S.); (D.D.); (A.H.-M.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel;
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (M.G.); (N.P.); (D.S.); (D.D.); (A.H.-M.); (A.Ł.); (K.R.)
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5
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Wang X, Li J, Hayashi Y. Highly Sterically Hindered Peptide Bond Formation between α,α-Disubstituted α-Amino Acids and N-Alkyl Cysteines Using α,α-Disubstituted α-Amidonitrile. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10145-10150. [PMID: 35658430 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins attract enormous attention in many fields of academia and industry. The introduction of unusual amino acids such as α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids or N-alkyl α-amino acids into normal peptide backbones is a well-utilized and useful tool for the modification of properties such as conformation, biological activity, and pharmacological profile. Despite the significant interest in sterically hindered peptides, research on peptides bearing an amide bond between an α,α-disubstituted α-amino acid and an N-alkyl α-amino acid remains underexplored because of the lack of an efficient synthetic approach. Herein, we describe a high-yielding synthetic method to access such extremely sterically hindered peptide bonds between amino acids. The reaction takes place between a peptide with an α,α-disubstituted α-amidonitrile and a second peptide bearing an N-alkyl cysteine, without a coupling reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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6
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Nagaya A, Murase S, Mimori Y, Wakui K, Yoshino M, Matsuda A, Kobayashi Y, Kurasaki H, Cary DR, Masuya K, Handa M, Nishizawa N. Extended Solution-phase Peptide Synthesis Strategy Using Isostearyl-Mixed Anhydride Coupling and a New C-Terminal Silyl Ester-Protecting Group for N-Methylated Cyclic Peptide Production. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nagaya
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi 274-8507, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shota Murase
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi 274-8507, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuji Mimori
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi 274-8507, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Wakui
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi 274-8507, Chiba, Japan
| | - Madoka Yoshino
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi 274-8507, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayumu Matsuda
- PeptiDream, Inc., 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kobayashi
- PeptiDream, Inc., 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Haruaki Kurasaki
- PeptiDream, Inc., 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Douglas R. Cary
- PeptiDream, Inc., 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Keiichi Masuya
- PeptiDream, Inc., 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Michiharu Handa
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi 274-8507, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishizawa
- Chemical Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, 2-10-1, Tsuboi-Nishi, Funabashi 274-8507, Chiba, Japan
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7
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Muramatsu W, Yamamoto H. Peptide Bond Formation of Amino Acids by Transient Masking with Silylating Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6792-6797. [PMID: 33929829 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A one-pot peptide bond-forming reaction has been developed using unprotected amino acids and peptides. Two different silylating reagents, HSi[OCH(CF3)2]3 and MTBSTFA, are instrumental for the successful implementation of this approach, being used for the activation and transient masking of unprotected amino acids and peptides at C-termini and N-termini, respectively. Furthermore, CsF and imidazole are used as catalysts, activating HSi[OCH(CF3)2]3 and also accelerating chemoselective silylation. This method is versatile as it tolerates side chains that bear a range of functional groups, while providing up to >99% yields of corresponding peptides without any racemization or polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Muramatsu
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamamoto
- Molecular Catalyst Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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