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Posada Urrutia M, Dyrager C. Tuning the Emission Properties of 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazoles via Regioselective Substitution. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400644. [PMID: 38619336 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) unit is a prominent building block commonly used in various research areas such as optoelectronics and bioimaging. Despite its great versatility, the development of strategies to elaborate BTD has been largely neglected, including exploring its reactivity and understanding how regioselective functionalization can be used to tune the fluorescence emission. Previous focus has primarily been on C4- or C4,C7-substitutions. Here, a series of unsymmetrical mono - and disubstituted BTDs was synthesized and characterized for their photophysical properties. The reaction scope includes all six possible substituent patterns on the BTD benzoid ring (C4-, C5-, C4,C5-, C4,C6-, C4,C7- and C5,C6-substitution), which comprise arrangements that previously been synthetically challenging to access. By introducing a methoxy and/or a phenyl group we demonstrate that the emissive behavior of BTD derivatives strongly depends on the position of the substituent (s). We show that regioselective substitution on BTD can engender long-lived fluorescence and circumvent strong fluorescence quenching in polar protic solvents, which is a limitation of many previously described BTD derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Kunz S, Barnå F, Urrutia MP, Ingner FJL, Martínez-Topete A, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT, Dyrager C. Derivatization of 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole via Regioselective C-H Functionalization and Aryne Reactivity. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6138-6148. [PMID: 38648018 PMCID: PMC11077497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) as an integral component of many functional molecules, methods for the functionalization of its benzenoid ring have remained limited, and many even simply decorated BTDs have required de novo synthesis. We show that regioselective Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation allows access to versatile 5-boryl or 4,6-diboryl BTD building blocks, which undergo functionalization at the C4, C5, C6, and C7 positions. The optimization and regioselectivity of C-H borylation are discussed. A broad reaction scope is presented, encompassing ipso substitution at the C-B bond, the first examples of ortho-directed C-H functionalization of BTD, ring closing reactions to generate fused ring systems, as well as the generation and capture reactions of novel BTD-based heteroarynes. The regioselectivity of the latter is discussed with reference to the Aryne Distortion Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kunz
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Barnå
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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3
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Zahara AJ, Haines BE, Wilkerson-Hill SM. Programmed Heterocycle Synthesis Using Halomucononitriles as Pyridinimine Precursors. Org Lett 2024; 26:2976-2981. [PMID: 38557087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein we report a method to convert primary amines, ubiquitous motifs found in pharmaceutical libraries, to either imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines or 7-alkyl azaindoles in two steps from known compounds. Using halomucononitrile reagents, we can directly access 5-bromo-6-imino-1-alkyl-1,6-dihydropyridine-2-carbonitriles (pyridinimines) in a single step from primary amines (25-93% yield) through the cyclization of transient aminomucononitrile intermediates. We then demonstrate that these compounds can be readily converted to 7-alkylazaindoles using Sonogashira cross-coupling conditions (13 examples, up to 91% yield). Under oxidative conditions, the pyridinimines serve as directing groups for C-H functionalization reactions to afford imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. We also studied the mechanism of the cyclization event using DFT calculations and propose that this takes place via sequential base-mediated E/Z isomerization and cyclization steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Zahara
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Brandon E Haines
- Department of Chemistry, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, United States
| | - Sidney M Wilkerson-Hill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Li J, Chen Z, Wang J, Young Jeong S, Yang K, Feng K, Yang J, Liu B, Woo HY, Guo X. Semiconducting Polymers Based on Simple Electron-Deficient Cyanated trans-1,3-Butadienes for Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307647. [PMID: 37525009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Developing high-performance but low-cost n-type polymers remains a significant challenge in the commercialization of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). To achieve this objective, it is essential to design the key electron-deficient units with simple structures and facile preparation processes, which can facilitate the production of low-cost n-type polymers. Herein, by sequentially introducing fluorine and cyano functionalities onto trans-1,3-butadiene, we developed a series of structurally simple but highly electron-deficient building blocks, namely 1,4-dicyano-butadiene (CNDE), 3-fluoro-1,4-dicyano-butadiene (CNFDE), and 2,3-difluoro-1,4-dicyano-butadiene (CNDFDE), featuring a highly coplanar backbone and deep-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels (-3.03-4.33 eV), which render them highly attractive for developing n-type semiconducting polymers. Notably, all these electron-deficient units can be easily accessed by a two-step high-yield synthetic procedure from low-cost raw materials, thus rendering them highly promising candidates for commercial applications. Upon polymerization with diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), three copolymers were developed that demonstrated unipolar n-type transport characteristics in OFETs with the highest electron mobility of >1 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Hence, CNDE, CNFDE, and CNDFDE represent a class of novel, simple, and efficient electron-deficient units for constructing low-cost n-type polymers, thereby providing valuable insight for OFET applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhicai Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 02841, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 02841, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, 523808, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Zhan SC, Fang RJ, Sun J, Yan CG. Copper-catalyzed multicomponent reactions for the efficient synthesis of diverse spirotetrahydrocarbazoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:796-808. [PMID: 35875709 PMCID: PMC9273986 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of copper sulfate, three- or four-component reactions of 2-methylindole, aromatic aldehydes and various cyclic dienophiles in refluxing toluene afforded diverse spirotetrahydrocarbazoles. This reaction is an important development of the Levy reaction by using 2-methylindole to replace ethyl indole-2-acetate and successfully provides facile access to important polysubstituted spiro[carbazole-3,3'-indolines], spiro[carbazole-2,3'-indolines], spiro[carbazole-3,5'-pyrimidines] and spiro[carbazole-3,1'-cycloalkanes] in satisfactory yields and with high diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Zhan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Ren-Jie Fang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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Ishigaki Y, Shimomura K, Asai K, Shimajiri T, Akutagawa T, Fukushima T, Suzuki T. Chalcogen Bond versus Halogen Bond: Changing Contributions in Determining the Crystal Packing of Dihalobenzochalcogenadiazoles. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kai Shimomura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kota Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takuya Shimajiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akutagawa
- Institute of Multidisiplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Takanori Fukushima
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Das SK, Shyamal S, Das M, Mondal S, Chowdhury A, Chakraborty D, Dey RS, Bhaumik A. Metal-Free Pyrene-Based Conjugated Microporous Polymer Catalyst Bearing N- and S-Sites for Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Front Chem 2022; 9:803860. [PMID: 35004623 PMCID: PMC8739966 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.803860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficient, sustainable, and inexpensive metal-free catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) via photoelectrochemical water splitting is very demanding for energy conversion processes such as green fuel generators, fuel cells, and metal-air batteries. Herein, we have developed a metal-free pyrene-based nitrogen and sulfur containing conjugated microporous polymer having a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (761 m2 g−1) and a low bandgap of 2.09 eV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solution. The π-conjugated as-synthesized porous organic material (PBTDZ) has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), solid-state 13C (cross-polarization magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance) CP-MAS NMR, N2 adsorption/desorption analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments. The material acts as an efficient catalyst for photoelectrochemical OER with a current density of 80 mA/cm2 at 0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl and delivered 104 µmol of oxygen in a 2 h run. The presence of low bandgap energy, π-conjugated conducting polymeric skeleton bearing donor heteroatoms (N and S), and higher specific surface area associated with inherent microporosity are responsible for this admirable photoelectrocatalytic activity of PBTDZ catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabuj Kanti Das
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India.,Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Sanjib Shyamal
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Manisha Das
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Saptarsi Mondal
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute of Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Avik Chowdhury
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Debabrata Chakraborty
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Asim Bhaumik
- School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
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8
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Zhan SC, Fang RJ, Sun J, Yan CG. Multicomponent Reaction for Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spiro[carbazole-3,4'-pyrazoles] and Spiro[carbazole-3,4'-thiazoles]. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8726-8741. [PMID: 34111925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of copper sulfate, the three-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, ethylindole-3-acetate and 4-arylidene-5-methyl-2-phenylpyrazol-3-ones, in refluxing toluene afforded spiro[carbazole-3,4'-pyrazoles] in good yields with high diastereoselectivity. More importantly, the similar CuSO4 promoted the four-component reaction of two molecular aromatic aldehydes with ethylindole-3-acetate and 5-methyl-2-phenyl-pyrazol-3-one resulted in 2,4-diarylspiro[carbazole-3,4'-pyrazoles] in satisfactory yields. Additionally, CuSO4 promoted the four-component reaction of two molecular aromatic aldehydes, ethylindole-3-acetate and 2-phenylthiazol-4-one, in refluxing toluene gave 2,4-diarylspiro[carbazole-3,4'-thiazoles] with diastereomeric ratios in the range of 3:1 to 20:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Zhan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Ren-Jie Fang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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9
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Zhan SC, Fang RJ, Yang RY, Zhao RF, Wang Y, Sun J, Yan CG. DDQ dehydrogenative Diels–Alder reaction for the synthesis of functionalized spiro[carbazole-1,3′-indolines] and spiro[carbazole-1,5′-pyrimidines]. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02836g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive 3-vinylindoles were generated by in situ DDQ oxidative dehydrogenation of 3-(indol-3-yl)-1,3-diphenylpropan-1-ones, and underwent sequential Diels–Alder reaction to give novel heterocyclic spirocarbazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Zhan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Ren-Jie Fang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Ren-Yin Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Ru-Fang Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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