Diastereoselective Construction of Eight-Membered Carbocycles through Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp3)-H Functionalization

The Recent Advances in Iron-Catalyzed C(sp3 )-H Functionalization

The use of iron as a core metal in catalysis has become a research topic of interest over the last few decades. The reasons are clear. Iron is the most abundant transition metal on Earth's crust and it is widely distributed across the world. It has been extracted and processed since the dawn of civilization. All these features render iron a noncontaminant, biocompatible, nontoxic, and inexpensive metal and therefore it constitutes the perfect candidate to replace noble metals (rhodium, palladium, platinum, iridium, etc.). Moreover, direct C-H functionalization is one of the most efficient strategies by which to introduce new functional groups into small organic molecules. The majority of organic compounds contain C(sp3 )-H bonds. Given the enormous importance of organic molecules in so many aspects of existence, the utilization and bioactivity of C(sp3 )-H bonds are of the utmost importance. This review sheds light on the substrate scope, selectivity, benefits, and limitations of iron catalysts for direct C(sp3 )-H bond activations. An overview of the use of iron catalysis in C(sp3 )-H activation protocols is summarized herein up to 2022.

A Domino Radical Amidation/Semipinacol Approach to All-Carbon Quaternary Centers Bearing an Aminomethyl Group

A photoredox-mediated radical amidation ring-expansion sequence that enables the generation of all-carbon quaternary centers bearing a protected aminomethyl substituent is described. The methodology can be applied to both styrene and unactivated alkene substrates generating structurally diverse sp3 -rich amine derivatives in a concise manner.

Intermolecular Difunctionalization of C,C-Palladacycles Obtained by Pd(0)-Catalyzed C-H Activation

C,C-Palladacycles are an important class of organometallic compounds in which palladium is σ-bonded to two carbon atoms. They have three notable features that make them attractive in organic synthesis and organometallic chemistry: (1) C,C-Palladacycles are reactive intermediates that can be accessed via Pd(0)-catalyzed C-H activation of organic halides. Compared to Pd(II)-catalyzed heteroatom-directed C-H activation, C-H activation catalyzed by Pd(0) has some distinct advantages. In this type of catalytic reaction, the halo groups of readily available organic halides act as traceless directing groups. Furthermore, this strategy avoids the use of stoichiometric external oxidants. (2) C,C-Palladacycles have differentiated reactivities from common open-chain Pd(II) species. In particular, C,C-palladacycles have high reactivity toward electrophiles including alkyl halides. This unique reactivity can be utilized to develop novel reactions. (3) C,C-Palladacycles have two C-Pd bonds, providing a unique platform for developing novel reactions.Although a number of reactions of C,C-palladacycles had been developed prior to our work, the scope was largely limited to intramolecular cyclization reactions. Although Catellani reactions are intermolecular reactions of C,C-palladacycles, only one of the C-Pd bonds is functionalized. Our laboratory has sought to develop intermolecular difunctionalization reactions of C,C-palladacycles that exploit their unique reactivity and open new possibilities in organic synthesis. Aiming to develop synthetically useful reactions, we primarily focus on ring-forming reactions. In this Account, we summarize our laboratory's efforts to exploit intermolecular difunctionalization reactions of C,C-palladacycles that are obtained through Pd(0)-catalyzed C-H activation. We have developed a wide array of new reactions that represent facile and efficient methods for the synthesis of cyclic organic compounds, including functional materials and drug molecules. A range of C,C-palladacycles have been studied, including C(aryl),C(aryl)-palladacycles from 2-halobiaryls, C(aryl),C(alkyl)-palladacycles from ortho-iodo-tert-butylbenzenes or ortho-iodoanisole derivatives, and those obtained by cascade reactions. C,C-Palladacycles have been found to react with a variety of oxidants to furnish Pd(IV) intermediates, such as alkyl halides, aryl halides, diazo compounds, and N,N-di-tert-butyldiaziridinone, ultimately affording various cyclic structures, including 5-10-membered rings, carbo- and azacycles, spirocycles, and fused rings. Furthermore, novel reactivity of C,C-palladacycles has been discovered. For example, we found that C,C-palladacycles have unusually high reactivity toward disilanes, which can be leveraged to disilylate a variety of C,C-palladacycles with very high efficiency. These results should provide inspiration to develop other C-Si bond-forming reactions in the future. We hope that this Account will stimulate further research into the rich chemistry of C,C-palladacycles, in particular reactions that find practical applications in the synthesis of bioactive and functional molecules and those that advance the state of the art in C-H functionalization.

Remote C(sp3)–H activation: palladium-catalyzed intermolecular arylation and alkynylation with organolithiums and terminal alkynes

A 1,4-palladium shift is regarded as one of the solutions towards the challenging remote C(sp3)–H activation.

Palladium-catalyzed triple coupling of 2-iodoanisoles with aryl iodides to access 6H-dibenzopyrans

A palladium-catalyzed triple coupling of 2-iodoanisoles with aryl iodides has been developed. 3-Methyl-2-pyridone was used as a ligand to accelerate the cross-coupling and suppress the homo-coupling of 2-iodoanisoles. A variety...

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of 2-iodobiphenyls with ortho-chloroacetophenones through dual C–H arylation for the construction of tribenzo[a,c,f]cyclooctanones

A Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 2-iodobiphenyls with ortho-chloroacetophenones has been developed through C–H activation. The reaction provides a straightforward method for the construction of tribenzo[a,c,f]cyclooctanones.