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Jiao R, Liu N, Zong Z, Ke XS. A Triply Linked Copper(III) Dicarbacorrole Dimer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401240. [PMID: 38632105 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A triply linked dicarbacorrole dimer (7) was synthesized from a new meso-meso singly linked dicarbacorrole dimer precursor (6) via an oxidative fusion reaction by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH). Single crystal X-ray structure of 7 adopts a flat conformation with a length as ca. 15.946 Å and a width as 6.903 Å, which can be regarded as a short carbaporphyrinoid tape. Two coordinated Cu ions keeps the +3 oxidation state in 7, as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This is in sharp contrast to the Osuka's triply linked tetrapyrrolic corrole dimers, where the inner 3NH form is not stable and thus can only act as a divalent ligand. Due to the non-aromatic nature of dicarbacorrole macrocycle, the largely decreased HOMO-LUMO gap and red-shifted absorption of 7 are best ascribed to the strong electronic interaction between two dipyrromethene-type chromophores. To our knowledge, this is the first fully fused carbaporphyrinoid dimer with β-β, meso-meso, β-β triply linkages prepared to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ningchao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhaohui Zong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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2
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He H, Lee J, Zong Z, Kim J, Lynch VM, Oh J, Kim D, Sessler JL, Ke XS. A Janus carbaporphyrin pseudo-dimer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2913. [PMID: 38575609 PMCID: PMC10994945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbaporphyrin dimers, investigated for their distinctive electronic structures and exceptional properties, have predominantly consisted of systems containing identical subunits. This study addresses the associated knowledge gap by focusing on asymmetric carbaporphyrin dimers with Janus-like characteristics. The synthesis of a Janus-type carbaporphyrin pseudo-dimer 5 is presented. It displays antiaromatic characteristics on the fused side and nonaromatic behavior on the unfused side. A newly synthesized tetraphenylene (TPE) linked bis-dibenzihomoporphyrin 8 and a previously reported dibenzo[g,p]chrysene (DBC) linked bis-dicarbacorrole 9 were prepared as controls. Comprehensive analyses, including 1H NMR spectral studies, single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, and DFT calculations, validate the mixed character of 5. A further feature of the Janus pseudo-dimer 5 is that it may be transformed into a heterometallic complex, with one side coordinating a Cu(III) center and the other stabilizing a BODIPY complex. This disparate regiochemical reactivity underscores the potential of carbaporphyrin dimers as versatile frameworks, with electronic features and site-specific coordination chemistry controlled through asymmetry. These findings position carbaporphyrin dimers as promising candidates for advances in electronic structure studies, coordination chemistry, materials science, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodan He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- School of Integrated Technology, College of Computing, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Korea
| | - Zhaohui Zong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiwon Kim
- School of Integrated Technology, College of Computing, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Korea
- Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Korea
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Korea.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Yadav B, Ravikanth M. Porphyrinoid framework embedded with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: new synthetic marvels. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1932-1960. [PMID: 38376865 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The highly conjugated tetrapyrrolic porphyrin macrocycle and its contracted and expanded congeners have been extensively used for a wide range of applications across diverse research domains because of their captivating and intriguing features. Over the years, the porphyrin framework and electronic properties of porphyrinoids have been modified and tuned by replacing one or more pyrrole ring(s) with five- and six-membered heterocycles/carbacycles, and their resulting properties have been explored. In recent times, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene and dibenzo[g,p]chrysene, have been used to replace one or more pyrrole rings of porphyrinoids, and resulting polycyclic-aromatic-embedded porphyrinoids show unique features that differ from those of other modified porphyrinoids. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the porphyrinoid macrocyclic framework induce different π-conjugation pathways in macrocycles, exhibit variable degrees of aromaticity from nonaromatic to aromatic and antiaromatic and provide a unique ligand environment to form stable coordination and organometallic complexes in which metals show uncommon oxidation states and unusual reactivity. This review presents an overview of the synthesis, coordination chemistry, structure and properties of various porphyrinoids with an embedded PAH that have been reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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He H, Lee YJ, Zong Z, Liu N, Lynch VM, Kim J, Oh J, Kim D, Sessler JL, Ke XS. Nanographene-Fused Expanded Carbaporphyrin Tweezers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:543-551. [PMID: 38147538 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
A nanographene-fused expanded carbaporphyrin (5) and its BF2 complex (6) were synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray structures revealed that 5 and 6 are connected by two hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) units and two dipyrromethene or BODIPY units, respectively. As prepared, 5 and 6 both show nonaromatic character with figure-of-eight carbaoctaphyrin (1.1.1.0.1.1.1.0) cores and adopt tweezers-like conformations characterized by a partially confined space between the two constituent HBC units. The distance between the HBC centers is >10 Å, while the dihedral angles between the two HBC planes are 30.5 and 35.2° for 5 and 6, respectively. The interactions between 5 and 6 and fullerene C60 were studied both in organic media and in the solid state. Proton NMR spectral titrations of 5 and 6 with C60 revealed a 1:1 binding mode for both macrocycles. In toluene-d8, the corresponding binding constants were determined to be 1141 ± 17 and 994 ± 10 M-1 for 5 and 6, respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural analyses confirmed the formation of 1:1 fullerene inclusion complexes in the solid state. The C60 guests in both complexes are found within triangular pockets composed of two HBC units from the tweezers-like receptor most closely associated with the bound fullerene, as well as an HBC unit from an adjacent host. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements revealed subpicosecond ultrafast charge separation between 5 (and 6) and C60 in the complexes. To the best of our knowledge, the present report provides the first example wherein a nanographene building block is incorporated into the core of a porphyrinic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodan He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Zhaohui Zong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ningchao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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He H, Lee S, Liu N, Zhang X, Wang Y, Lynch VM, Kim D, Sessler JL, Ke XS. Cyclic Carbaporphyrin Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3047-3054. [PMID: 36693015 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two cyclic carbaporphyrin arrays (trimer 6 and tetramer 7) were synthesized from a dibrominated carbaporphyrin precursor (5) via a one-pot Yamamoto-type coupling. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that 6 and 7 contain three and four covalently linked carbaporphyrin (formally dicarbacorrole) units, respectively. Trimer 6 adopts a roughly planar conformation and tetramer 7 adopts an up-and-down zig-zag conformation. Both 6 and 7 contain a [n]cyclo-meta-phenylene ([n]CMP) core, namely, [6]- and [8]CMP for 6 and 7, respectively. Transient absorption (TA) anisotropy and pump-power-dependent excited-state decay studies provided evidence for excitation energy transfer (EET) within both trimer 6 and tetramer 7. The exciton energy hopping (EEH) times were estimated to be 18 and 35 ps for 6 and 7, respectively, as inferred from pump-power-dependent TA measurements. Since the center-to-center distances between adjacent carbaporphyrin units are similar in 6 and 7, the different EEH times are attributed to differences in the orientation of the transition dipoles in these two congeneric arrays. The orientation factor κ2, the key parameter defining the Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency, was calculated to be 2.15 and 1.03 for 6 and 7, respectively, a finding that supports the shorter excitation energy hopping time seen in the case of trimer 6. To our knowledge, this is the first time that covalently linked cyclic carbaporphyrin arrays were synthesized using a single carbaporphyrin as the starting point and that EET between carbaporphyrin subunits constrained within a well-defined polycyclic framework has been correlated with structural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodan He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Seokwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ningchao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Xian-Sheng Ke
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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Ko MS, Hong JH, Aslam AS, Lee YH, Cho DG. Synthesis of Dioxa-1,7-naphthicorrole and Its Oxidized Porphyrinoid as a Potential Built-In Linker for Biomolecules. J Org Chem 2023; 88:722-726. [PMID: 36538876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The first aromatic benzicorrole termed naphthicorrole was synthesized with a carbon donor containing more than six members. Its oxidized (enedione-embedded) porphyrinoid was also obtained using different meso-aryl substitutions under sequential oxidation conditions. The resulting enedione motif of the nonaromatic porphyrinoid was regioselective to the C2 position for S or N nucleophiles. Thus, the oxidized porphyrinoid was tested as a built-in linker for biomolecules. The progress of the reaction was visually monitored due to their different conjugation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Adil S Aslam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Ko MS, Hong JH, Aslam AS, Rao PS, Desale PP, Choi J, Lee Y, Cho DG. o-(2-Thienyl)vinylarene as an Alternative Synthetic Motif for Porphyrinoids: o-Arene-Connected Porphyrinoids. Org Lett 2022; 24:8812-8815. [PMID: 36417689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
o-Arene-connected porphyrinoids were synthesized with o-(2-thienyl)vinylarene motif as a new building block for porphyrinoids. This motif can replace meso-aryl-substituted dipyrromethene and serve as a command key arranging o-connectivity of porphyrinoid. While 6a (benzene version) is very weak, 6b (pyridine version) shows a substantial amount of diatropic ring current due to reduced steric hindrance (without H23) and rigidified Pd-6a became more aromatic than 6b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Adil S Aslam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - P Sankara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep P Desale
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Ipe RM, Nag P, Mori S, Nambiar AP, Vennapusa SR, Gokulnath S. Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties of a Bis-Macrocycle Derived from a Highly Emissive 1,3,6,8-Tetra(1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyrene. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15022-15030. [PMID: 36321998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-functionalized pyrene precursor 4b is prepared using the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromopyrene with N-Boc-2-pyrroleboronic acid. 4b displayed a blue emission with a high quantum yield (ϕF = 0.89). 4b is subjected to [3 + 2] Lewis acid-catalyzed condensation with 2,2'-bithiophene-dialcohol 5, affording a planar bis-N2S2 internally linked with pyrene. The single-crystal X-ray structure of bis-N2S2 revealed a planar conformation with all of the pyrrolic nitrogens and thiophenic sulfurs pointing toward the macrocyclic core. Further, the reduction of bis-N2S2 was attempted in the presence of Zn/NH4Cl at room temperature in CHCl3. A sharp color change from pink to brown was observed presumably due to the formation of its reduced congener bis-N2S2-2H. However, the reduced species was found to revert back to its oxidized form over a period of 25 min in CHCl3. Density functional theory (DFT) studies reveal that the two monocyclic halves of bis-N2S2-2H exhibit differences in aromaticity depending on amino and imino pyrroles present inside each individual core. Such a conversion was also monitored by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectral studies, and the exact composition of bis-N2S2-2H was confirmed by High-resolution/mass spectrometry (HR/MS) analysis. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal a weak aromatic character of bis-N2S2 due to the absence of global conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Mariam Ipe
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
| | - Probal Nag
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Division of Material Science, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Anjana P Nambiar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
| | - Sabapathi Gokulnath
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695-551, India
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Szyszko B. Phenanthrene‐Embedded Carbaporphyrinoids and Related Systems: From Ligands to Cages and Molecular Switches. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Chemistry 14 F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wroclaw POLAND
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Abstract
The polyaromatic hydrocarbon containing expanded porphyrins, bis-(fluorene)-embedded hexaphyrins, were synthesized by condensing fluorene-based tripyrrane with pentafluorobenzaldehyde in CH2Cl2 in the presence of 1 equiv of BF3·OEt2 under an inert atmosphere followed by oxidation with DDQ in open air at room temperature. The reaction worked only when 1 equiv of BF3·OEt2 was added to the reaction mixture under concentrated reaction conditions. The bis-(fluorene)-embedded macrocycles were characterized and studied by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), absorption, electrochemical, and density functional theory (DFT)/time-dependent (TD)-DFT techniques. In 1H NMR, the hexaphyrins showed a few broad unresolved resonances at room temperature, but the NMR spectra were well-resolved at lower temperatures, indicating that the hexaphyrins were very flexible. The DFT-optimized structures indicated that the two fluorene units at the crossing point of the figure-eight loop makes an angle of ∼79.73° with each other, the fluorene moieties maintained their own planarity, and one of the fluorene moieties was not involved in conjugation with the rest of the macrocycle. The absorption spectra of hexaphyrins showed one intense sharp band in the higher energy region and a broad band in the lower energy region. The electrochemical studies indicated that expanded hexaphyrins are relatively electron-rich and showed three easier oxidations and one reduction. The DFT/TD-DFT studies are in agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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