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Liu J, Hong J, Liao Z, Tan J, Liu H, Dmitrieva E, Zhou L, Ren J, Cao XY, Popov AA, Zou Y, Narita A, Hu Y. Negatively Curved Octagon-Incorporated Aza-nanographene and its Assembly with Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400172. [PMID: 38345140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
A negatively curved aza-nanographene (NG) containing two octagons was synthesized by a regioselective and stepwise cyclodehydrogenation procedure, in which a double aza[7]helicene was simultaneously formed as an intermediate. Their saddle-shaped structures with negative curvature were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography, thereby enabling the exploration of the structure-property relationship by photophysical, electrochemical and conformational studies. Moreover, the assembly of the octagon-embedded aza-NG with fullerenes was probed by fluorescence spectral titration, with record-high binding constants (Ka=9.5×103 M-1 with C60, Ka=3.7×104 M-1 with C70) found among reported negatively curved polycyclic aromatic compounds. The tight association of aza-NG with C60 was further elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis of their co-crystal, which showed the formation of a 1 : 1 complex with substantial concave-convex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Hong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenxing Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyun Tan
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Haoliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Long Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Center of Spectroelectrochemistry, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yingping Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yunbin Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 410083, Changsha, China
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Yi X, Gao J, Qin H, Zheng L, Zeng W, Chen H. Double [4]Helicene-like Naphthobisbenzothiophene Diimides and Their Thienyl-S,S-dioxidized Derivatives with Attractive Solid-State Fluorescence and High Electron Affinity. Org Lett 2023; 25:972-976. [PMID: 36732283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of double [4]helicene-like naphthobisbenzothiophene diimides and their thienyl-S,S-dioxidized derivatives are synthesized via MoCl5-catalyzed cyclization and m-CPBA-mediated oxidation reactions. The functional five-membered ring diimides show a helicene-like geometry, strong solid-state fluorescence, and deep LUMO of -4.37 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Yi
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Junxiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Hanwen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Huajie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
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Nose K, Yoshioka K, Yamaji M, Tani F, Goto K, Okamoto H. Solvent-dependent fluorescence behaviour of imide-fused [ n]phenacenes ( n = 3, 5, 7). RSC Adv 2023; 13:4096-4101. [PMID: 36756556 PMCID: PMC9890965 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07771j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Imide-fused [n]phenacenes (nPDIs, n = 3, 5, 7) were systematically synthesised and their electronic features were investigated by electrochemical and electronic spectral measurements. nPDIs showed two reduction waves attributed to formation of radical ions and dianions. 3PDI produced blue fluorescence independent of solvent polarity. In contrast, 5PDI and 7PDI displayed marked positive solvatofluorochromism due to intramolecular charge transfer characters between the imide moieties and phenacene π cores in the excited state. The spectral features were analyzed by the Lippert-Mataga relationship and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keito Nose
- Division of Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Kaito Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Minoru Yamaji
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Gunma UniversityOta 373-0057Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka 819-0395Japan
| | - Kenta Goto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka 819-0395Japan
| | - Hideki Okamoto
- Division of Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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Wang M, Dang L, Xu W, Ma Z, Shao L, Wang G, Li C, Wang H. Thiophene/selenophene-based S-shaped double helicenes: regioselective synthesis and structures. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:809-817. [PMID: 35875710 PMCID: PMC9273980 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5-Di(trimethylsilanyl)dithieno[2,3-b:3′,2′-d]thiophene ((TMS)2-bb-DTT), 2,5-di(trimethylsilanyl)diseleno[2,3-b:3′,2′-d]thiophene ((TMS)2-bb-DST), and 2,5-di(trimethylsilanyl)diseleno[2,3-b:3′,2′-d] selenophene ((TMS)2-bb-DSS) were used as starting materials to synthesize three S-shaped double helicenes (i.e., DH-1, DH-2, and DH-3) through monobromination, formylation, the Wittig reaction, and double oxidative photocyclization. The photocyclization was a highly regioselective process. The molecular structures of DH-1 and DH-2 were confirmed by X-ray single-crystal analysis. Multiple intermolecular interactions, such as C–S, C–Se, S–S, S–Se, and Se–Se, were observed in the crystal packing structures of these compounds. Spectroscopic results and our previous work showed that the combination of molecular structure change and heteroatom replacement from S to Se could precisely modulate molecular energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Lanping Dang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Wan Xu
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Liuliu Shao
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Guangxia Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chunli Li
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
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Takemura K, Imato K, Ooyama Y. Mechanofluorochromism of (D-π-) 2A-type azine-based fluorescent dyes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13797-13809. [PMID: 35558838 PMCID: PMC9089242 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bathochromic or hypsochromic shift-type mechanofluorochromism (b-MFC or h-MFC) was found for (D–π–)2A-type azine-based fluorescent dyes OUY-2, OUK-2, and OUJ-2 possessing intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) characteristics from two (diphenylamino)carbazole–thiophene units as D (electron-donating group)–π (π-conjugated bridge) moieties to a pyridine, pyrazine, or triazine ring as A (electron-withdrawing group): grinding of the recrystallized dyes induced red or blue shifts of the fluorescent colors, that is, bathochromic or hypsochromic shifts of the fluorescence maximum wavelengths (λfl-solidmax). The degrees of MFC evaluated by the absolute value of differences (Δλfl-solidmax) in λfl-solidmax before and after grinding of the recrystallized dyes increased in the order of OUY-2 (+7 nm) < OUK-2 (−17 nm) < OUJ-2 (+45 nm), so that OUJ-2 exhibits obvious b-MFC, but OUK-2 exhibits h-MFC. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that the recrystallized dyes were in the crystalline state but the ground dyes were in the amorphous state. When the ground solids were heated above their crystallization temperatures (Tc), the colors and fluorescent colors recovered to the original ones before grinding or converted to other ones, that is, heating the ground solids in the amorphous state induced the recrystallization to recover the original microcrystals or to form other microcrystals due to polymorph transformation. However, (D–π–)2Ph-type fluorescent dye OTK-2 having a phenyl group as a substitute for the azine rings exhibited non-obvious MFC. Molecular orbital (MO) calculations indicated that the values of the dipole moments (μg) in the ground state were 4.0 debye, 1.4 debye, 3.2 debye, and 2.9 debye for OTK-2, OUY-2, OUK-2, and OUJ-2, respectively. Consequently, on the basis of experimental results and MO calculations, we have demonstrated that the MFC of the (D–π–)2A-type azine-based fluorescent dyes is attributed to reversible switching between the crystalline state of the recrystallized dyes and the amorphous state of the ground dyes with changes in the intermolecular dipole–dipole and π–π interactions before and after grinding. Moreover, this work reveals that (D–π–)2A fluorescent dyes possessing dipole moments of ca. 3 debye as well as moderate or intense ICT characteristics make it possible to activate the MFC. Bathochromic or hypsochromic shift-type mechanofluorochromism (b-MFC of h-MFC) was found for (D–π–)2A-type azine-based fluorescent dyes: grinding of the recrystallized dyes induced bathochromic or hypsochromic shifts of the fluorescence bands.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takemura
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
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Zhao H, Xu X, Zhou L, Hu Y, Huang Y, Narita A. Water-Soluble Nanoparticles with Twisted Double [7]Carbohelicene for Lysosome-Targeted Cancer Photodynamic Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105365. [PMID: 34741415 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Helicene-based therapeutic agents for organelle-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) involving both type I and II are challenging and still underexplored. Herein, water-soluble nanoparticles containing twisted double [7]carbohelicene (D7H-NPs) are prepared through self-assembly with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] by a nanoprecipitation method. D7H-NPs display high water solubility with an average size of 46 ± 2 nm. Notably, D7H-NPs can generate efficient singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) and superoxide anion (O2· - ) upon white light irradiation, forming the basis of PDT. Moreover, the typical accumulation in lysosomes of 4T1 cancer cells paves the way to use D7H-NPs for lysosome-targeted cancer phototherapeutics. This paper reports a promising helicene-based phototherapeutic agent involving both type I and II PDT for organelle-targeted biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhao
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiushang Xu
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Long Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yunbin Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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Zhu Q. Optical Characteristics and Applications of AIE Racemic C6-Unsubstituted Tetrahydropyrimidines. Front Chem 2021; 9:800177. [PMID: 34900949 PMCID: PMC8664540 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.800177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Racemic C6-unsubstituted tetrahydropyrimidines (THPs) are the products of an efficient five-component reaction that we developed. THPs show strong AIE characteristics, that is, completely no fluorescence in different solvents but strong emission with fluorescence quantum yields (Φ F) up to 100% upon aggregation. However, the Φ F values of their pure enantiomers are lower than 46%. Unlike common AIE compounds with crowded aryl rotors on a π-bond or on an aryl ring, THPs have three completely non-crowded aryl rotors on a non-aromatic chiral central ring (tetrahydropyrimidine). In this mini review, we first discuss the AIE characteristics of THPs and the influences of molecular structures on their molecular packing modes and optical properties, and then present their applications and forecast the development of other racemic AIE compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Ravat P, Saal F. Imide-Functionalized Helical PAHs: A Step towards New Chiral Functional Materials. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1616-5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAttachment of cyclic imide groups to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leads to fascinating electronic and luminescence properties, with rylene diimides being a representative example. The close to unity fluorescence quantum yields and electron-acceptor properties render them suitable for application in organic electronics and photovoltaics. Recent reports show that, in line with planar PAHs, the imide functionalization has also endowed helical three-dimensional PAHs with similar beneficial photophysical properties. In this article, we have summarized the state-of-the-art research developments in the field of helicene–imide hybrid functional molecules, with a particular focus on synthesis, (chir)optical and redox properties, and applications in electronics. Additionally, we have highlighted our recent work, introducing a novel family of functional chiral molecules, namely, [n]helicene diimides, as three-dimensional relatives of rylene diimides.
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