1
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Kleinpeter E, Koch A. Identification and quantification of local antiaromaticity in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on the magnetic criterion. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3035-3044. [PMID: 38534070 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The spatial magnetic properties, through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRSs, actually the ring current effect in 1H NMR spectroscopy), of a selection of entirely antiaromatic and aromatic polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons (PCHs), and aromatic PCHs with antiaromatic components, have been calculated using the GIAO perturbation method employing the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) concept and visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSSs) of various sizes and directions. Using both in-plane and above/below-plane ICSS data, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be readily distinguished from polycyclic antiaromatic ones, even when antiaromatic components are present in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These antiaromatic zones can also be attributed to internal components of the in-plane deshielding belt present in aromatic compounds and possible partial antiaromatic ring current effects in the same place. This makes it possible to unequivocally confirm correctly assigned or adjust incorrectly assigned antiaromaticity of individual rings in the same molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Kleinpeter
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam (Golm), Germany.
| | - Andreas Koch
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Chemie, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam (Golm), Germany.
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2
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Seitz P, Bhosale M, Rzesny L, Uhlmann A, Wössner JS, Wessling R, Esser B. Conjugated Nanohoop Polymers based on Antiaromatic Dibenzopentalenes for Charge Storage in Organic Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306184. [PMID: 37606286 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
With their bent π-systems, cyclic conjugation and inherent cavities, conjugated nanohoops are attractive for organic electronics applications. For ease of processing and morphological stability, an incorporation into polymers is desirable, but to date was hampered with few exceptions by synthetic difficulties. We herein present a unique strategy for the synthesis of conjugated nanohoop polymers using a dibenzo[a,e]pentalene (DBP) as central connector. We demonstrate this versatility by synthesizing three electronically diverse copolymers with dithienyldiketo(pyrrolopyrrol), fluorene and carbazole comonomers, and report the first donor-acceptor nanohoop polymer. Optoelectronic investigations reveal the prevalence of cyclic or linear conjugation, depending on the comonomer unit, and ambipolar electrochemical properties through the antiaromatic character of the DBP units. As the first report on using conjugated nanohoops for charge storage as positive electrode materials, we show a significant improvement in battery performance in a nanohoop-containing polymer compared to an equivalent nanohoop-free reference polymer. We believe this study will pave the way for the synthesis of a diverse range of nanohoop polymers and further stimulate their exploration for charge storage in batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Seitz
- Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manik Bhosale
- Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Luisa Rzesny
- Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anselm Uhlmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan S Wössner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Wessling
- Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Jhang SJ, Pandidurai J, Chu CP, Miyoshi H, Takahara Y, Miki M, Sotome H, Miyasaka H, Chatterjee S, Ozawa R, Ie Y, Hisaki I, Tsai CL, Cheng YJ, Tobe Y. s-Indacene Revisited: Modular Synthesis and Modulation of Structures and Molecular Orbitals of Hexaaryl Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4716-4729. [PMID: 36796008 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Though s-indacene is an intriguing antiaromatic hydrocarbon of 12 π-electrons, it has been underrepresented due to the lack of efficient and versatile methods to prepare stable derivatives. Herein we report a concise and modular synthetic method for hexaaryl-s-indacene derivatives bearing electron-donating/-accepting groups at specific positions to furnish C2h-, D2h-, and C2v-symmetric substitution patterns. We also report the effects of substituents on their molecular structures, frontier molecular orbital (MO) levels, and magnetically induced ring current tropicities. Both theoretical calculations and X-ray structure analyses indicate that the derivatives of the C2h-substitution pattern adopt different C2h structures with significant bond length alternation depending on the electronic property of the substituents. Due to the nonuniform distribution of the frontier MOs, their energy levels are selectively modulated by the electron-donating substituents. This leads to the inversion of the HOMO and HOMO-1 sequences with respect to those of the intrinsic s-indacene as theoretically predicted and experimentally proven by the absorption spectra at visible and near-infrared regions. The NICS values and the 1H NMR chemical shifts of the s-indacene derivatives indicate their weak antiaromaticity. The different tropicities are explained by the modulation of the HOMO and HOMO-1 levels. In addition, for the hexaxylyl derivative, weak fluorescence from the S2 excited state was detected due to the large energy gap between the S1 and S2 states. Notably, an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) fabricated using the hexaxylyl derivative exhibited moderate hole carrier mobility, a result which opens the door for optoelectronic applications of s-indacene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Jie Jhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jayabalan Pandidurai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Piao Chu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Hirokazu Miyoshi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masahito Miki
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shreyam Chatterjee
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Rumi Ozawa
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Chia-Lin Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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4
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Sprachmann J, Wachsmuth T, Bhosale M, Burmeister D, Smales GJ, Schmidt M, Kochovski Z, Grabicki N, Wessling R, List-Kratochvil EJW, Esser B, Dumele O. Antiaromatic Covalent Organic Frameworks Based on Dibenzopentalenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2840-2851. [PMID: 36701177 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite their inherent instability, 4n π systems have recently received significant attention due to their unique optical and electronic properties. In dibenzopentalene (DBP), benzanellation stabilizes the highly antiaromatic pentalene core, without compromising its amphoteric redox behavior or small HOMO-LUMO energy gap. However, incorporating such molecules in organic devices as discrete small molecules or amorphous polymers can limit the performance (e.g., due to solubility in the battery electrolyte solution or low internal surface area). Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), on the contrary, are highly ordered, porous, and crystalline materials that can provide a platform to align molecules with specific properties in a well-defined, ordered environment. We synthesized the first antiaromatic framework materials and obtained a series of three highly crystalline and porous COFs based on DBP. Potential applications of such antiaromatic bulk materials were explored: COF films show a conductivity of 4 × 10-8 S cm-1 upon doping and exhibit photoconductivity upon irradiation with visible light. Application as positive electrode materials in Li-organic batteries demonstrates a significant enhancement of performance when the antiaromaticity of the DBP unit in the COF is exploited in its redox activity with a discharge capacity of 26 mA h g-1 at a potential of 3.9 V vs. Li/Li+. This work showcases antiaromaticity as a new design principle for functional framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Sprachmann
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tommy Wachsmuth
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manik Bhosale
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - David Burmeister
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRIS Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Glen J Smales
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Grabicki
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Wessling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, IRIS Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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George G, Stasyuk OA, Voityuk AA, Stasyuk AJ, Solà M. Aromaticity controls the excited-state properties of host-guest complexes of nanohoops. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1221-1229. [PMID: 36537223 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated organic molecules have exciting applications as materials for batteries, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, etc. Among these systems, antiaromatic compounds are of particular interest because of their smaller HOMO-LUMO energy gap compared to aromatic compounds. A small HOMO-LUMO gap is expected to facilitate charge transfer in the systems. Here we report the ground and excited-state properties of two model nanohoops that are nitrogen-doped analogs of recently synthesized [4]cyclodibenzopentalenes - tetramers of benzene-fused aromatic 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole ([4]DHPP) and antiaromatic pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole ([4]PP). Their complexes with C60 fullerene show different behavior upon photoexcitation, depending on the degree of aromaticity. [4]DHPP acts as an electron donor, whereas [4]PP is a stronger electron acceptor than C60. The ultrafast charge separation combined with the slow charge recombination that we found for [4]PP⊃C60 indicates a long lifetime of the charge transfer state.
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Affiliation(s)
- G George
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - O A Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - A A Voityuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - A J Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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6
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Abstract
A novel class of stable monoareno-pentalenes is introduced that have an olefinic proton on each five-membered ring of the pentalene subunit. Their synthesis was accomplished via a regioselective carbopalladation cascade reaction between ortho-arylacetyleno gem-dibromoolefins and TIPS-acetylene. These molecules could be experimental probes of magnetic (anti)aromaticity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter
J. Mayer
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary,Institute
of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich tér 1., Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Gábor London
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt 2., Budapest, 1117, Hungary,E-mail:
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7
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Esser B, Wössner JS, Hermann M. Conjugated Nanohoops with Dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes as Non-alternant and Antiaromatic π-Systems. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1740-7139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated nanohoops are excellent candidates to study structure-property relationships, as optoelectronic materials and as hosts for supramolecular chemistry. While carbon nanohoops containing aromatics are well studied, antiaromatic units had not been incorporated until recently by our group using dibenzo[a,e]pentalene (DBP). The non-alternant electronic character of the DBP units significantly influences the optoelectronic properties of such nanohoops. We herein summarize our synthetic strategies to DBP-containing nanohoops, their structural and electronic properties, chirality and host-guest chemistry. We demonstrate how incorporating antiaromatic units leads to unique properties and opens new synthetic avenues, making such nanohoops attractive as potential electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Esser
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jan S Wössner
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Mathias Hermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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