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Garello M, Piombo E, Buonsenso F, Prencipe S, Valente S, Meloni GR, Marcet-Houben M, Gabaldón T, Spadaro D. Several secondary metabolite gene clusters in the genomes of ten Penicillium spp. raise the risk of multiple mycotoxin occurrence in chestnuts. Food Microbiol 2024; 122:104532. [PMID: 38839238 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Penicillium spp. produce a great variety of secondary metabolites, including several mycotoxins, on food substrates. Chestnuts represent a favorable substrate for Penicillium spp. development. In this study, the genomes of ten Penicillium species, virulent on chestnuts, were sequenced and annotated: P. bialowiezense. P. pancosmium, P. manginii, P. discolor, P. crustosum, P. palitans, P. viridicatum, P. glandicola, P. taurinense and P. terrarumae. Assembly size ranges from 27.5 to 36.8 Mb and the number of encoded genes ranges from 9,867 to 12,520. The total number of predicted biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in the ten species is 551. The most represented families of BGCs are non ribosomal peptide synthase (191) and polyketide synthase (175), followed by terpene synthases (87). Genome-wide collections of gene phylogenies (phylomes) were reconstructed for each of the newly sequenced Penicillium species allowing for the prediction of orthologous relationships among our species, as well as other 20 annotated Penicillium species available in the public domain. We investigated in silico the presence of BGCs for 10 secondary metabolites, including 5 mycotoxins, whose production was validated in vivo through chemical analyses. Among the clusters present in this set of species we found andrastin A and its related cluster atlantinone A, mycophenolic acid, patulin, penitrem A and the cluster responsible for the synthesis of roquefortine C/glandicoline A/glandicoline B/meleagrin. We confirmed the presence of these clusters in several of the Penicillium species conforming our dataset and verified their capacity to synthesize them in a chestnut-based medium with chemical analysis. Interestingly, we identified mycotoxin clusters in some species for the first time, such as the andrastin A cluster in P. flavigenum and P. taurinense, and the roquefortine C cluster in P. nalgiovense and P. taurinense. Chestnuts proved to be an optimal substrate for species of Penicillium with different mycotoxigenic potential, opening the door to risks related to the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in the same food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Garello
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas Allé 5, 75651, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabio Buonsenso
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Prencipe
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Silvia Valente
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS), Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy; AGROINNOVA - Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Yang E, Yao Y, Su H, Sun Z, Gao SS, Sureram S, Kittakoop P, Fan K, Pan Y, Xu X, Sun ZH, Ma G, Liu G. Two Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Form the Tricyclic Nested Skeleton of Meroterpenoids by Sequential Oxidative Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38602511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Meroterpenoid clavilactones feature a unique benzo-fused ten-membered carbocyclic ring unit with an α,β-epoxy-γ-lactone moiety, forming an intriguing 10/5/3 tricyclic nested skeleton. These compounds are good inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase, attracting a lot of chemical synthesis studies. However, the natural enzymes involved in the formation of the 10/5/3 tricyclic nested skeleton remain unexplored. Here, we identified a gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of clavilactone A in the basidiomycetous fungus Clitocybe clavipes. We showed that a key cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ClaR catalyzes the diradical coupling reaction between the intramolecular hydroquinone and allyl moieties to form the benzo-fused ten-membered carbocyclic ring unit, followed by the P450 ClaT that exquisitely and stereoselectively assembles the α,β-epoxy-γ-lactone moiety in clavilactone biosynthesis. ClaR unprecedentedly acts as a macrocyclase to catalyze the oxidative cyclization of the isopentenyl to the nonterpenoid moieties to form the benzo-fused macrocycle, and a multifunctional P450 ClaT catalyzes a ten-electron oxidation to accomplish the biosynthesis of the 10/5/3 tricyclic nested skeleton in clavilactones. Our findings establish the foundation for the efficient production of clavilactones using synthetic biology approaches and provide the mechanistic insights into the macrocycle formation in the biosynthesis of fungal meroterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlan Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yongpeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Hao Su
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P.R. China
| | - Zhaocui Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Shan Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, P.R. China
| | - Sanya Sureram
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Keqiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Hao Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Quan Z, Awakawa T. Recent developments in the engineered biosynthesis of fungal meroterpenoids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:578-588. [PMID: 38505236 PMCID: PMC10949012 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Meroterpenoids are hybrid compounds that are partially derived from terpenoids. This group of natural products displays large structural diversity, and many members exhibit beneficial biological activities. This mini-review highlights recent advances in the engineered biosynthesis of meroterpenoid compounds with C15 and C20 terpenoid moieties, with the reconstruction of fungal meroterpenoid biosynthetic pathways in heterologous expression hosts and the mutagenesis of key enzymes, including terpene cyclases and α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent dioxygenases, that contribute to the structural diversity. Notable progress in genome sequencing has led to the discovery of many novel genes encoding these enzymes, while continued efforts in X-ray crystallographic analyses of these enzymes and the invention of AlphaFold2 have facilitated access to their structures. Structure-based mutagenesis combined with applications of unnatural substrates has further diversified the catalytic repertoire of these enzymes. The information in this review provides useful knowledge for the design of biosynthetic machineries to produce a variety of bioactive meroterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Quan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Yan D, Matsuda Y. Global genome mining-driven discovery of an unusual biosynthetic logic for fungal polyketide-terpenoid hybrids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3011-3017. [PMID: 38404388 PMCID: PMC10882540 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06001b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome mining has facilitated the efficient discovery of untapped natural products. We performed global genome mining in fungi and discovered a series of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that appeared to afford polyketide-terpenoid hybrids via a distinct biosynthetic mechanism from those adopted by known pathways. Characterization of one of the BGCs revealed that it yields the drimane-phthalide hybrid 1. During the biosynthesis of 1, the farnesyl group is unusually introduced by the dimethylallyltryptophan synthase-type prenyltransferase MfmD and is then cyclized by the Pyr4-family terpene cyclase MfmH. The replacement of MfmH with its homologue OcdTC gave another hybrid molecule with a monocyclic terpenoid moiety. Moreover, PsetPT, an MfmD homologue, was found to perform dimethylallylation and was then engineered to install a geranyl group. Our study unraveled an unusual biosynthetic mechanism for fungal phthalide-terpenoid hybrids and provided insights into how their structural diversification could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
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Yan LH, Li PH, Li XM, Yang SQ, Liu KC, Zhang Y, Wang BG, Li X. Bialorastins A-F, highly oxygenated and polycyclic andrastin-type meroterpenoids with proangiogenic activity from the deep-sea cold-seep-derived fungus Penicillium bialowiezense CS-283. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107073. [PMID: 38176375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Six new highly oxygenated and polycyclic andrastin-type meroterpenoids, namely, bialorastins A-F (1-6), were discovered from the culture of Penicillium bialowiezense CS-283, a fungus isolated from the deep-sea cold seep squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri. The planar structures and absolute configurations of these compounds were determined by detailed analysis of spectroscopic data, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and TDDFT-ECD calculations. Structurally, bialorastin A (1) represents a rare 17-nor-andrastin that possesses an unusual 2-oxaspiro[4.5]decane-1,4-dione moiety with a unique 6/6/6/6/5 polycyclic system, while bialorastin B (2) is also a 17-nor-andrastin featuring a gem-propane-1,2-dione moiety. Additionally, bialorastins C-E (3-5) possess a 6/6/6/6/5/5 fused hexacyclic skeleton, characterized by distinctive 3,23-acetal/lactone-bridged functionalities. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their proangiogenic activities in transgenic zebrafish. Compound 3 exhibited significant proangiogenic activity, which notably increased the number and length of intersegmental blood vessels in model zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 20 and 40 μM. On a molecular scale, the tested compounds were modeled through molecular docking to have insight into the interactions with the possible target VEGFR2. Mechanistically, RT-qPCR results revealed that compound 3 could promote angiogenesis via activating VEGFR2 and subsequently activating the downstream PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. These findings indicate that 3 could be a potential lead compound for developing angiogenesis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Yan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei-Hai Li
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, Key Laboratory for Biosensor of Shandong Province, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshi East Road 28789, Jinan 250103, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Sui-Qun Yang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ke-Chun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, Key Laboratory for Biosensor of Shandong Province, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshi East Road 28789, Jinan 250103, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biological Testing Technology, Key Laboratory for Biosensor of Shandong Province, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshi East Road 28789, Jinan 250103, China
| | - Bin-Gui Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xin Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanhai Road 7, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road 1, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Hill RA, Sutherland A. Hot off the Press. Nat Prod Rep 2022. [PMID: 35708284 DOI: 10.1039/d2np90019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A personal selection of 32 recent papers is presented covering various aspects of current developments in bioorganic chemistry and novel natural products such as chevalinulin A from Aspergillus chevalieri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ.
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Tang J, Matsuda Y. Discovery of branching meroterpenoid biosynthetic pathways in Aspergillus insuetus: involvement of two terpene cyclases with distinct cyclization modes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10361-10369. [PMID: 36277653 PMCID: PMC9473517 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02994d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching meroterpenoid biosynthetic pathways were discovered in the fungus Aspergillus insuetus CBS 107.25, in which two terpene cyclases, InsA7 and InsB2, accept the same substrate but generate distinctly cyclized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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