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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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2
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Alami M, Provot O. Recent advances in the synthesis of dibenzofurans. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1323-1345. [PMID: 38258989 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01736b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This review reports recent accesses to the dibenzofuran nucleus described in the literature since 2008. This article starts with synthesizing dibenzofurans by creating the C-O bond of the furan ring. In the following section, we evoke the formation of dibenzofurans by cyclizing diarylether derivatives. The last part of this update concerns the construction of dibenzofurans from benzofuran or phenol derivatives. Representative examples showing the scope of these processes illustrate new approaches and biological activities of dibenzofurans. Reaction mechanisms explaining certain dibenzofuran formation are described, as suggested by their authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Alami
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 94400, Orsay, France.
| | - Olivier Provot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 94400, Orsay, France.
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3
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Li J, Tanaka H, Imagawa T, Tsushima T, Nakamoto M, Tan J, Yoshida H. Ethynyl-B(dan) in [3+2] Cycloaddition and Larock Indole Synthesis: Synthesis of Stable Boron-Containing Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303403. [PMID: 38109084 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with ethynyl-B(dan) (dan=naphthalene-1,8-diaminato) allowed the facile preparation of diverse isoxazolyl-B(dan) compounds, all of which displayed excellent protodeborylation-resistant properties. The dan-installation on the boron center proves vital to the high stability of the products as well as the perfect regioselectivity arising from hydrogen bond-directed orientation in the cycloaddition. The diminished boron-Lewis acidity of ethynyl-B(dan) also renders it amenable to azide-alkyne cycloaddition, Larock indole synthesis and related heteroannulations. The obtained boron-containing triazole, indoles, benzofuran and indenone exhibit sufficient resistance toward protodeborylation. Despite the commonly accepted transmetalation-inactive property derived from the diminished Lewis acidity, the synthesized heteroaryl-B(dan) compound was still found to be convertible to the oligoarene via sequential Suzuki-Miyaura coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialun Li
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hideya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Taiki Imagawa
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takumi Tsushima
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Jiajing Tan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hiroto Yoshida
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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Clamor N, Damrath M, Kuczmera TJ, Duvinage D, Nachtsheim BJ. Synthesis of N-acyl carbazoles, phenoxazines and acridines from cyclic diaryliodonium salts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:12-16. [PMID: 38213840 PMCID: PMC10777325 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
N-Acyl carbazoles can be efficiently produced through a single-step process using amides and cyclic diaryliodonium triflates. This convenient reaction is facilitated by copper iodide in p-xylene, using the commonly found activating ligand diglyme. We have tested this method with a wide range of amides and iodonium triflates, proving its versatility with numerous substrates. Beyond carbazoles, we also produced a variety of other N-heterocycles, such as acridines, phenoxazines, or phenazines, showcasing the robustness of our technique. In a broader sense, this new method creates two C-N bonds simultaneously based on a mono-halogenated starting material, thus allowing heterocycle formation with diminished halogen waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Clamor
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mattis Damrath
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas J Kuczmera
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institute for Inorganic and Crystallographic Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Boris J Nachtsheim
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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Peng X, Rahim A, Peng W, Jiang F, Gu Z, Wen S. Recent Progress in Cyclic Aryliodonium Chemistry: Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1364-1416. [PMID: 36649301 PMCID: PMC9951228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent aryliodoumiums are intensively investigated as arylating agents. They are excellent surrogates to aryl halides, and moreover they exhibit better reactivity, which allows the corresponding arylation reactions to be performed under mild conditions. In the past decades, acyclic aryliodoniums are widely explored as arylation agents. However, the unmet need for acyclic aryliodoniums is the improvement of their notoriously low reaction economy because the coproduced aryl iodides during the arylation are often wasted. Cyclic aryliodoniums have their intrinsic advantage in terms of reaction economy, and they have started to receive considerable attention due to their valuable synthetic applications to initiate cascade reactions, which can enable the construction of complex structures, including polycycles with potential pharmaceutical and functional properties. Here, we are summarizing the recent advances made in the research field of cyclic aryliodoniums, including the nascent design of aryliodonium species and their synthetic applications. First, the general preparation of typical diphenyl iodoniums is described, followed by the construction of heterocyclic iodoniums and monoaryl iodoniums. Then, the initiated arylations coupled with subsequent domino reactions are summarized to construct polycycles. Meanwhile, the advances in cyclic aryliodoniums for building biaryls including axial atropisomers are discussed in a systematic manner. Finally, a very recent advance of cyclic aryliodoniums employed as halogen-bonding organocatalysts is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou510060, P. R. China
| | - Abdur Rahim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei230026, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Peng
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- College
of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Province
Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou341000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei230026, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation
Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen
University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou510060, P. R. China
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Spils J, Wirth T, Nachtsheim BJ. Two-step continuous-flow synthesis of 6-membered cyclic iodonium salts via anodic oxidation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:27-32. [PMID: 36686040 PMCID: PMC9830492 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a multi-step continuous-flow procedure for the generation of six-membered diaryliodonium salts. The accompanying scalability and atom economy are significant improvements to existing batch methods. Benzyl acetates are submitted to this two-step procedure as highly available and cheap starting materials. An acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation followed by an anodic oxidative cyclization yielded a defined set of cyclic iodonium salts in a highly substrate-dependent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Spils
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Boris J Nachtsheim
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Kuczmera TJ, Dietz A, Boelke A, Nachtsheim BJ. Synthesis and reactivity of azole-based iodazinium salts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:317-324. [PMID: 36960303 PMCID: PMC10028571 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic investigation of imidazo- and pyrazoloiodazinium salts is presented. Besides a robust synthetic protocol that allowed us to synthesize these novel cyclic iodonium salts in their mono- and dicationic forms, we gained in-depth structural information through single-crystal analysis and demonstrated the ring opening of the heterocycle-bridged iodonium species. For an exclusive set of dicationic imidazoiodaziniums, we show highly delicate post-oxidation functionalizations retaining the hypervalent iodine center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Kuczmera
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Annalena Dietz
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Boelke
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Boris J Nachtsheim
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Linde E, Knippenberg N, Olofsson B. Synthesis of Cyclic and Acyclic ortho-Aryloxy Diaryliodonium Salts for Chemoselective Functionalizations. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202453. [PMID: 36083826 PMCID: PMC10092902 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two regioselective, high-yielding one-pot routes to oxygen-bridged cyclic diaryliodonium salts and ortho-aryloxy-substituted acyclic diaryliodonium salts are presented. Starting from easily available ortho-iodo diaryl ethers, complete selectivity in formation of either the cyclic or acyclic product could be achieved by varying the reaction conditions. The complimentary reactivities of these novel ortho-oxygenated iodonium salts were demonstrated through a series of chemoselective arylations under metal-catalyzed and metal-free conditions, to deliver a range of novel, ortho-functionalized diaryl ether derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Linde
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels Knippenberg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Synthesis and structural characterization of nitro-functionalized cyclic hypervalent iodine compounds. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Kuczmera TJ, Boelke A, Nachtsheim BJ. Stabilization of Ethynyl‐Substituted Aryl‐λ3‐Iodanes by Tethered N‐Heterocylces. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Kuczmera
- University of Bremen: Universitat Bremen Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Andreas Boelke
- University of Bremen: Universitat Bremen Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Boris J Nachtsheim
- University of Bremen: Universitat Bremen Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen GERMANY
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