1
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Yadav MK, Chowdhury S. Recent advances in the electrochemical functionalization of N-heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39564858 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01187b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic cores are of immense importance due to their high abundance in naturally occurring or synthetic molecules having wide applications in different fields of basic and applied sciences. The functionalities introduced in an N-heterocyclic core play an important role in regulating the physiochemical behavior of the particular N-heterocycles to alter their chemical and biological reactivity. Suitably functionalized N-heterocycles demonstrate their widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, agronomy, materials sciences, synthetic chemistry, pigments, etc. During the last decade, electrochemistry has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional synthetic approaches by minimizing reagent uses and chemical waste. Synthetic chemists have extensively utilized the tool to functionalize N-heterocycles. This is evidenced by the appearance of more than a hundred methods on the topic over recent years, signifying the importance of the synthetic area. This review is focused on the accumulation of synthetic methods based on the electrochemical functionalization of N-heterocycles developed over the recent decade. Literature reports on the C-/N-H-functionalization and functional modifications of N-heterocycles that are accessible through the available search engines are included in the review. Relevant mechanistic details in support of the reported reactions are discussed to present a clear picture of the reaction pathways. The review aims to provide a clear picture of the possible pathways of electron transfer, the electrochemical behavior of different N-heterocyclic cores, functionalization reagents, and the chemical processes that occur during the electrochemical functionalization/modification of N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sushobhan Chowdhury
- University School of Automation and Robotics, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, East Delhi Campus, Patel Street, Vishwas Nagar Extension, Shahdara, Delhi-110032, India.
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2
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Maeda B, Akiyoshi R, Tanaka D, Sato K, Murakami K. Synthesis of N-β-brominated alkenyl isothiocyanates via dehydrogenation of alkyl isothiocyanates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6015-6018. [PMID: 38771143 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01666a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a new dehydrogenative synthesis of alkenyl isothiocyanates, providing compounds with bromo and isothiocyanate groups. These reactive functionalities offer versatility for further transformations. Application in an amine sensor utilizing a coumarin-attached product demonstrates practical utility. This streamlined approach facilitates access to alkenyl isothiocyanates, valuable tools for biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumpei Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Akiyoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Kohei Sato
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Kei Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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3
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Gao X, He H, Miao K, Zhang L, Ni SF, Li M, Guo W. Electrochemical Allylic C(sp 3)-H Isothiocyanation via [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement. Org Lett 2024; 26:4554-4559. [PMID: 38767297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The direct allylic C(sp3)-H functionalization provides a straightforward protocol for the synthesis of valuable molecules. We report herein the first chemo- and site-selective method for allylic C(sp3)-H isothiocyanation of various internal alkenes under mild electrochemical conditions. This method exhibits broad functional group tolerance and excellent selectivity and can be applied for late-stage isothiocyanation of bioactive molecules. Combined experimental and computational studies indicate that the reaction proceeds via an unexpected [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhuang Gao
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Miao
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Linbao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Weisi Guo
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
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4
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Tang D, Zhang W, Ji J, Jiang R, Wan Y, Ma W, Zhou P. Selected Electrosynthesis of 3-Aminopyrazoles from α,β-Alkynic Hydrazones and Secondary Amines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6520-6526. [PMID: 38602497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
An available and simple electromediated cyclization method for 3-amino-substituted pyrazoles by using α,β-alkynic hydrazone and secondary amine is described. The strategy utilizes KI as an electrolyte in an undivided cell with a constant current, generating the desired products in moderate-to-good yield. The method features selective amination at the 3-position of the pyrazole skeleton. The results indicate that α,β-alkynic hydrazones functionalized with aromatic groups and secondary amines functionalized with electron-rich groups were better tolerated in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Ji
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China
| | - Yaya Wan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China
| | - Pengjuan Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan 750004, P. R. China
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5
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Maeda B, Murakami K. Recent advancement in the synthesis of isothiocyanates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2839-2864. [PMID: 38380440 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates exhibit various biological characteristics, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Their significance extends to synthetic chemistry, where they serve as valuable platforms for versatile transformations. Consequently, they have attracted the attention of biologists and chemists. This review summarizes recent advancements in the synthesis of isothiocyanates. Access to a variety of starting materials is important to prepare isothiocyanates with diverse structures. This review categorizes synthetic methods into three types based on the starting materials and functional groups: (i) type A, derived from primary amines; (ii) type B, derived from other nitrogen functional groups; and (iii) type C, derived from non-nitrogen groups. Recent trends in synthetic methods have revealed the prevalence of type-A reactions derived from primary amines. However, type B reactions have rarely been reported. Notably, over the past four years, there has been a notable increase in type C reactions, indicating a growing interest in non-nitrogen-derived isothiocyanates. Overall, this review not only outlines the advancements in the synthesis of isothiocyanates but also highlights trends in the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumpei Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Kei Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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Nguyen KT, Huynh TNT, Ratanathawornkiti K, Juthathan M, Thamyongkit P, Sukwattanasinitt M, Wacharasindhu S. NaI-Mediated Electrochemical Cyclization-Desulfurization for the Synthesis of N-Substituted 2-Aminobenzimidazoles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1591-1608. [PMID: 38102091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the synthesis of N-substituted 2-aminobenzimidazoles through a NaI-mediated desulfurization-cyclization process is reported. This electrosynthesis method utilizes cost-effective NaI as both a mediator and an electrolyte in a catalytic amount (0.2 equiv), replacing traditional oxidizing reagents. N-Substituted o-phenylenediamines and isothiocyanates undergo a thiourea formation/cyclization/desulfurization process to provide N-substituted 2-aminobenzimidazoles (55 examples, up to 98% yield) in a single reaction vessel. Importantly, this electrochemical methodology is applicable to gram-scale synthesis, maintaining reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuyen Thu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thao Nguyen Thanh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Methasit Juthathan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Patchanita Thamyongkit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Chen L, Hu Y, Lu Z, Lin Z, Li L, Wu JQ, Yu ZL, Wang C, Chen WH, Hu J. Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Efficacy of Substituted 2-Amino[1,2,4]triazolopyrimidines and Related Heterocycles as Dual Inhibitors for Microtubule Polymerization and Janus Kinase 2. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15006-15024. [PMID: 37856840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the synergistic effect of microtubule-targeting agents in combination with Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors, prompting the development of single agents with enhanced therapeutic efficacy by dually inhibiting tubulin polymerization and JAK2. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of substituted 2-amino[1,2,4]triazolopyrimidines and related heterocycles as dual inhibitors for tubulin polymerization and JAK2. Most of these compounds exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against the selected cancer cells, with compound 7g being the most active. This compound effectively inhibits both tubulin assembly and JAK2 activity. Furthermore, phosphorylated compound 7g (i.e., compound 7g-P) could efficiently convert to compound 7g in vivo. Compound 7g, whether it was administered directly or in the form of a phosphorylated prodrug (i.e., compound 7g-P), significantly inhibited the growth of A549 xenografts in nude mice. The present findings strongly suggest that compound 7g represents a promising chemotherapeutic agent with high antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Zeyin Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Lanqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qiang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 852, P. R. China
| | - Chunye Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huizhou First Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Huizhou 516000, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
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Jiang W, Wang B, Song C, Liu J. Electrocatalytic Desulfurizative Amination of Thioureas to Guanidines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14601-14609. [PMID: 37788335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Guanidine has been known as an important class of N-containing molecules with a wide range of applications. Described here is a selective and efficient electrochemical approach to the synthesis of guanidines from easily accessible thioureas and amines. The key to success for this reaction is the in situ generation of a hypervalent iodine reagent as a catalyst from iodoarene by anodic oxidation. This mild desulfurizative amination presents ample substrate scope and good functional group tolerance without the use of extra stoichiometric chemical oxidants. As only electrons serve as the oxidation reagents, this method offers a more straightforward and sustainable manner toward versatile guanidines, including late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, China
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Wen J, Zeng T, Yan K, Zhao L, Zhu S, Yang J. Base-promoted one-pot three-component desulphurization cross-coupling access to 4-cyanoimidazole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11077-11080. [PMID: 37641562 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel, straightforward, and scalable base-mediated one-pot three-component desulphurization cross-coupling strategy is reported for the synthesis of 4-cyanoimidazole derivatives. Over 35 examples are provided and achieved yields exceeding 85%. Notably, the majority of these readily available compounds can be isolated through simple filtration, thereby circumventing the need for laborious column chromatography. Besides, the present protocol can be scaled up to 10 mmol with a yield of 87%, demonstrating promising potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Kelu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Lulu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China.
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Maeda B, Aihara Y, Sato A, Kinoshita T, Murakami K. Photoinduced Synthesis of Thiocyanates through Hydrogen Atom Transfer and One-Pot Derivatization to Isothiocyanates. Org Lett 2022; 24:7366-7371. [PMID: 36194477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced benzylic C-H thiocyanation is described. A series of alkyl thiocyanates were efficiently obtained by using Selectfluor as the oxidant. Moreover, we accomplished the one-pot isothiocyanation following the C-H thiocyanation. The thiocyanates and isothiocyanates were applied to the divergent transformation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumpei Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuin, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yusuke Aihara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ayato Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuin, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.,JST-PRESTO, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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Zeng T, Yang J, Yan K, Wang S, Zhu S, Zhao XE, Li D, Wen J. Electrooxidation-induced selective cleavage of C–N bonds of tertiary amines to access thioureas, selenoureas, and 2-aminated benzoselenazoles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free, operationally simple, and scalable electrooxidation-induced selective cleavage of C–N bonds of tertiary amines to access thiourea, selenourea, and 2-aminated benzoselenazole derivatives has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Kelu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Shibo Wang
- Institute of Smart Biomaterial Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang SciTech University, P. R. China
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Xian-En Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, P. R. China
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