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Lee C, Lee S, Kim A, Kwon Y. Nitro-Enabled Atroposelective Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of 2-Arylindoles by Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:681-686. [PMID: 38232328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the atroposelective alkylation of 2-arylindoles catalyzed by a substituted cinchonium salt as a phase-transfer catalyst. Under the optimized reaction conditions, various substrates are employed to yield products with high enantioselectivity. The presence of an ortho-nitro group at the aromatic ring is essential for high atroposelectivity, because it facilitates favorable interactions between the catalyst and substrate. The origin of the enantioselectivity reveals favorable π-π interactions for both enantiomers and unfavorable steric strains for undesired enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhee Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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2
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Huang Y, Qi Z, Li X. Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of Heteroarenium Salts Enabled by Nucleophilic Cyclization of 2-Alkynylanilines. Org Lett 2023; 25:8439-8444. [PMID: 37985509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed cyclative coupling of 2-alkynylanilines provides a feasible routine for accessing functionalized indoles. Herein, a rhodium-catalyzed highly enantioselective addition of heteroarenium salts is presented, which is enabled by the nucleophilic cyclization of 2-alkynylanilines. It offers feasible protocols to access enantioenriched functionalized indoles tethered to 1,2-dihydropyridine and 1,2-dihydroquinoline motifs with excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zisong Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, People's Republic of China
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3
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Wang CS, Xiong Q, Xu H, Yang HR, Dang Y, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N, N'-pyrrolylindoles via de novo indole formation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12091-12097. [PMID: 37969599 PMCID: PMC10631393 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The first organocatalytic atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N,N'-pyrrolylindoles based on o-alkynylanilines was successfully established via de novo indole formation catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acid (CPA). This new synthetic strategy introduced CPA-catalyzed asymmetric 5-endo-dig cyclization of new well-designed o-alkynylanilines containing a pyrrolyl unit, resulting in a wide range of axially chiral N,N'-pyrrolylindoles in high yields with exclusive regioselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% yield, >20 : 1 rr, 95 : 5 er). Considering the potential biological significance of N-N atropisomers, preliminary biological activity studies were performed and revealed that these structurally important N,N'-pyrrolylindoles had a low IC50 value with promising impressive cytotoxicity against several kinds of cancer cell lines. DFT studies reveal that the N-nucleophilic cyclization mediated by CPA is the rate- and stereo-determining step, in which ligand-substrate dispersion interactions facilitate the axial chirality of the target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Qi Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Hao-Ran Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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4
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Zuccarello G, Nannini LJ, Arroyo-Bondía A, Fincias N, Arranz I, Pérez-Jimeno AH, Peeters M, Martín-Torres I, Sadurní A, García-Vázquez V, Wang Y, Kirillova MS, Montesinos-Magraner M, Caniparoli U, Núñez GD, Maseras F, Besora M, Escofet I, Echavarren AM. Enantioselective Catalysis with Pyrrolidinyl Gold(I) Complexes: DFT and NEST Analysis of the Chiral Binding Pocket. JACS AU 2023; 3:1742-1754. [PMID: 37388697 PMCID: PMC10301678 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of chiral gold(I) catalysts based on variations of complexes with JohnPhos-type ligands with a remote C2-symmetric 2,5-diarylpyrrolidine have been synthesized with different substitutions at the top and bottom aryl rings: from replacing the phosphine by a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to increasing the steric hindrance with bis- or tris-biphenylphosphine scaffolds, or by directly attaching the C2-chiral pyrrolidine in the ortho-position of the dialkylphenyl phosphine. The new chiral gold(I) catalysts have been tested in the intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of arylalkynes with alkenes and in the atroposelective synthesis of 2-arylindoles. Interestingly, simpler catalysts with the C2-chiral pyrrolidine in the ortho-position of the dialkylphenyl phosphine led to the formation of opposite enantiomers. The chiral binding pockets of the new catalysts have been analyzed by DFT calculations. As revealed by non-covalent interaction plots, attractive non-covalent interactions between substrates and catalysts direct specific enantioselective folding. Furthermore, we have introduced the open-source tool NEST, specifically designed to account for steric effects in cylindrical-shaped complexes, which allows predicting experimental enantioselectivities in our systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Zuccarello
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Leonardo J. Nannini
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Ana Arroyo-Bondía
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Nicolás Fincias
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Isabel Arranz
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Alba H. Pérez-Jimeno
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Matthias Peeters
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Torres
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Anna Sadurní
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Vázquez
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Yufei Wang
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Mariia S. Kirillova
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Marc Montesinos-Magraner
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Ulysse Caniparoli
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Gonzalo D. Núñez
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Maria Besora
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Imma Escofet
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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