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Tsybulin SV, Kaplanskiy MV, Antonov AS. Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzo[cd]Indoles via the Reaction of 1-Halo-8-lithionaphthalenes with Nitriles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303768. [PMID: 38197193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A simple and effective organolithium approach to the synthesis of 2-substituted benzo[cd]indoles from peri-dihalonaphthalenes and nitriles has been developed. The reaction proceeds via a surprisingly easy intramolecular aromatic nucleophilic substitution facilitated by the "clothespin effect". The discovered transformation provides good isolated yields, allows usage of an extensive range of nitriles, and demonstrates a good substituents tolerance. UV-absorption and NMR spectra of the obtained benzo[cd]indoles and their protonated forms demonstrated exclusive protonation to the indole nitrogen atom even in the presence of two NMe2 groups in positions 5 and 6 (i. e. "proton sponge" moiety).
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Affiliation(s)
- Semyon V Tsybulin
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Mark V Kaplanskiy
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Antonov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Inoue T, Matsuura Y, Horii K, Konishi A, Nishida JI, Yasuda M, Kawase T. N-2,6-Di(isopropyl)phenyl-2-azaphenalenyl radical cations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1735-1738. [PMID: 38240365 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05968e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
N-2,6-Di(isopropyl)phenyl-2-azaphenalenyl radical cations were obtained as a dark brown air-sensitive crystalline compound. The high HOMA values and the ACID calculation indicate relatively high aromatic character of a 5,8-di-tert-butyl derivative, and clean generation of a derivative without tert-butyl groups indicates that the di(isopropyl)phenyl group is sufficient for hampering the formation of the σ-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Yuuka Matsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Koki Horii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Nishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
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