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Swoboda A, Zwölfer S, Duhović Z, Bürgler M, Ebner K, Glieder A, Kroutil W. Multistep Biooxidation of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid with H 2O 2 by Unspecific Peroxygenases. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400156. [PMID: 38568785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is a key platform chemical derived from renewable biomass sources, holding great potential as starting material for the synthesis of valuable compounds, thereby replacing petrochemical-derived counterparts. Among these valorised compounds, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has emerged as a versatile building block. Here we demonstrate the biocatalytic synthesis of FDCA from HMF via a one-pot three-step oxidative cascade performed via two operative steps under mild reaction conditions employing two unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) using hydrogen peroxide as the only oxidant. The challenge of HMF oxidation by UPOs is the chemoselectivity of the first step, as one of the two possible oxidation products is only a poor substrate for further oxidation. The unspecific peroxygenase from Marasmius oreades (MorUPO) was found to oxidize 100 mM of HMF to 5-formyl-2-furoic acid (FFCA) with 95 % chemoselectivity. In the sequential one-pot cascade employing MorUPO (TON up to 13535) and the UPO from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO, TON up to 7079), 100 mM of HMF were oxidized to FDCA reaching up to 99 % conversion and yielding 861 mg isolated pure crystalline FDCA, presenting the first example of a gram scale biocatalytic synthesis of FDCA involving UPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Swoboda
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvie Zwölfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Zerina Duhović
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Moritz Bürgler
- Bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstätten an der Raab, Austria
| | - Katharina Ebner
- Bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstätten an der Raab, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Bisy GmbH, Wünschendorf 292, 8200, Hofstätten an der Raab, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Agosto-Maldonado A, Guo J, Niu W. Engineering carboxylic acid reductases and unspecific peroxygenases for flavor and fragrance biosynthesis. J Biotechnol 2024; 385:1-12. [PMID: 38428504 PMCID: PMC11062483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Emerging consumer demand for safer, more sustainable flavors and fragrances has created new challenges for the industry. Enzymatic syntheses represent a promising green production route, but the broad application requires engineering advancements for expanded diversity, improved selectivity, and enhanced stability to be cost-competitive with current methods. This review discusses recent advances and future outlooks for enzyme engineering in this field. We focus on carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) and unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) that enable selective productions of complex flavor and fragrance molecules. Both enzyme types consist of natural variants with attractive characteristics for biocatalytic applications. Applying protein engineering methods, including rational design and directed evolution in concert with computational modeling, present excellent examples for property improvements to unleash the full potential of enzymes in the biosynthesis of value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States; The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States; The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.
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Zuo S, Liu T, Li L, Xu H, Guo J, Wang Q, Yang Y, He Z, Sun J, Sun B. Tetrasulfide bond boosts the anti-tumor efficacy of dimeric prodrug nanoassemblies. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101432. [PMID: 38387464 PMCID: PMC10982979 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Dimeric prodrug nanoassemblies (DPNAs) stand out as promising strategies for improving the efficiency and safety of chemotherapeutic drugs. The success of trisulfide bonds (-SSS-) in DPNAs makes polysulfide bonds a worthwhile focus. Here, we explore the comprehensive role of tetrasulfide bonds (-SSSS-) in constructing superior DPNAs. Compared to trisulfide and disulfide bonds, tetrasulfide bonds endow DPNAs with superlative self-assembly stability, prolonged blood circulation, and high tumor accumulation. Notably, the ultra-high reduction responsivity of tetrasulfide bonds make DPNAs a highly selective "tumor bomb" that can be ignited by endogenous reducing agents in tumor cells. Furthermore, we present an "add fuel to the flames" strategy to intensify the reductive stress at tumor sites by replenishing exogenous reducing agents, making considerable progress in selective tumor inhibition. This work elucidates the crucial role of tetrasulfide bonds in establishing intelligent DPNAs, alongside the combination methodology, propelling DPNAs to new heights in potent cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Lingxiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Hezhen Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jiayu Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yinxian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China.
| | - Bingjun Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China.
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Leopold J, Prabutzki P, Engel KM, Schiller J. From Oxidized Fatty Acids to Dimeric Species: In Vivo Relevance, Generation and Methods of Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:7850. [PMID: 38067577 PMCID: PMC10708296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of free fatty acids (FFAs) and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (HO●) or hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is characteristic of inflammatory diseases, for instance, rheumatoid arthritis. Unsaturated fatty acids react with ROS yielding a variety of important products such as peroxides and chlorohydrins as primary and chain-shortened compounds (e.g., aldehydes and carboxylic acids) as secondary products. These modified fatty acids are either released from phospholipids by phospholipases or oxidatively modified subsequent to their release. There is increasing evidence that oligomeric products are also generated upon these processes. Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are considered as very important products, but chlorinated compounds may be converted into dimeric and (with smaller yields) oligomeric products, as well. Our review is structured as follows: first, the different types of FFA oligomers known so far and the mechanisms of their putative generation are explained. Industrially relevant products as well as compounds generated from the frying of vegetable oils are also discussed. Second, the different opinions on whether dimeric fatty acids are considered as "friends" or "foes" are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Leopold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany; (P.P.); (K.M.E.); (J.S.)
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