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Wesp T, Bruckhoff T, Petry J, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Towards Nitrogen‐Rich N‐Heteropolycycles: Synthesis of Octaazaperopyrenes (OAPP). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200129. [PMID: 35137989 PMCID: PMC9306853 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ortho substituted octaazaperopyrenes (OAPPs) are a new class of functional dyes characterized by their strong electron‐accepting behavior. Herein, the synthesis, as well as the electrochemical and photo physical properties of an OAPP dye, is reported. The OAPP target was prepared via selective nucleophilic substitution at the peri position of a bay chlorinated tetraazaperylene by introduction of four amino‐substituents. The resulting tetraminoperylene was reacted with different acyl chlorides and anhydrides to give the twisted bay chlorinated OAPP derivatives which were isolated in their reduced dihydro‐form. The OAPP target could be obtained via a palladium catalyzed dehalogenation and a subsequent oxidation. The eightfold isosteric [CH→N] replacement within the peropyrene core structure results in a large decrease of the frontier orbital energies, rendering the target compound a potent oxidant while preserving the planarity of the aromatic core. The radical anion was obtained by reduction of the OAPP with KC8 and characterized by EPR spectroscopy. A general discussion of the number and location of [CH→N] replacements in peropyrene structures and their frontier orbital energies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wesp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Tim Bruckhoff
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Julian Petry
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Wollscheid N, Günther B, Rao VJ, Berger FJ, Lustres JLP, Motzkus M, Zaumseil J, Gade LH, Höfener S, Buckup T. Ultrafast Singlet Fission and Intersystem Crossing in Halogenated Tetraazaperopyrenes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7857-7868. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Wollscheid
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Günther
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vaishnavi J. Rao
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Luis Pérez Lustres
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Motzkus
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Höfener
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Höfener S, Günther BAR, Harding ME, Gade LH. Understanding UV–Vis Spectra of Halogenated Tetraazaperopyrenes (TAPPs): A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3160-3169. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höfener
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin A. R. Günther
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael E. Harding
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Hahn L, Hermannsdorfer A, Günther B, Wesp T, Bühler B, Zschieschang U, Wadepohl H, Klauk H, Gade LH. (Oligo-)Thiophene Functionalized Tetraazaperopyrenes: Donor–Acceptor Dyes and Ambipolar Organic Semiconductors. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12492-12502. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hahn
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - André Hermannsdorfer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Günther
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Wesp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bastian Bühler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Zschieschang
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hagen Klauk
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr.1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Advances in trifluoromethylation or trifluoromethylthiolation with copper $$\hbox {CF}_{3}$$ CF 3 or $$\hbox {SCF}_{3}$$ SCF 3 complexes. J CHEM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-017-1380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hahn L, Buurma NJ, Gade LH. A Water-Soluble Tetraazaperopyrene Dye as Strong G-Quadruplex DNA Binder. Chemistry 2016; 22:6314-22. [PMID: 26997208 PMCID: PMC5071672 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of the water-soluble tetraazaperopyrene dye 1 with ct-DNA, duplex-[(dAdT)12 ⋅(dAdT)12 ], duplex-[(dGdC)12 ⋅(dGdC)12 ] as well as with two G-quadruplex-forming sequences, namely the human telomeric 22AG and the promotor sequence c-myc, were investigated by means of UV/visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and molecular docking studies. Dye 1 exhibits a high affinity for G-quadruplex structures over duplex DNA structures. Furthermore, the ligand shows promising G-quadruplex discrimination, with an affinity towards c-myc of 2×10(7) m(-1) (i.e., Kd =50 nm), which is higher than for 22AG (4×10(6) m(-1) ). The ITC data reveal that compound 1 interacts with c-myc in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 but also indicate the presence of two identical lower affinity secondary binding sites per quadruplex. In 22AG, there are two high affinity binding sites per quadruplex, that is, one on each side, with a further four weaker binding sites. For both quadruplex structures, the high affinity interactions between compound 1 and the quadruplex-forming nucleic acid structures are weakly endothermic. Molecular docking studies suggest an end-stacking binding mode for compound 1 interacting with quadruplex structures, and a higher affinity for the parallel conformation of c-myc than for the mixed-hybrid conformation of 22AG. In addition, docking studies also suggest that the reduced affinity for duplex DNA structures is due to the non-viability of an intercalative binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hahn
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany), Fax
| | - Niklaas J Buurma
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK), Fax.
| | - Lutz H Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany), Fax.
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Hahn L, Maass F, Bleith T, Zschieschang U, Wadepohl H, Klauk H, Tegeder P, Gade LH. Core Halogenation as a Construction Principle in Tuning the Material Properties of Tetraazaperopyrenes. Chemistry 2015; 21:17691-700. [PMID: 26507207 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A detailed study on the effects of core halogenation of tetraazaperopyrene (TAPP) derivatives is presented. Its impact on the solid structure, as well as the photophysical and electrochemical properties, has been probed by the means of X-ray crystallography, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and DFT modeling. The aim was to assess the potential of this approach as a construction principle for organic electron-conducting materials of the type studied in this work. Although halogenation leads to a stabilization of the LUMOs compared to the unsubstituted parent compound, the nature of the halide barely affects the LUMO energy while strongly influencing the HOMO energies. In terms of band-gap engineering, it was demonstrated that the HOMO-LUMO gap is decreased by substitution of the TAPP core with halides, the effect being found to be most pronounced for the iodinated derivative. The performance of the recently reported core-fluorinated and core-iodinated TAPP derivatives in organic thin-film transistors (TFTs) was investigated on both a glass substrate, as well as on a flexible plastic substrate (PEN). Field-effect mobilities of up to 0.17 cm(2) Vs(-1) and on/off current ratio of >10(6) were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hahn
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221545609
| | - Friedrich Maass
- Physikalisch-Chemisches-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany)
| | - Tim Bleith
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221545609
| | - Ute Zschieschang
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221545609
| | - Hagen Klauk
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany)
| | - Lutz H Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6221545609.
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