1
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Prabhakar Ganesh PSK, Muthuraja P, Gopinath P. Rh(III) Catalyzed Redox-Neutral C-H Activation/[5 + 2] Annulation of Aroyl Hydrazides and Sulfoxonium Ylides: Synthesis of Benzodiazepinones. Org Lett 2023; 25:8361-8366. [PMID: 37963274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the Rh(III) catalyzed redox-neutral C-H activation/[5 + 2] annulation of aroyl hydrazides with sulfoxonium ylides as safe carbene precursors. The reaction shows excellent functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and scalability. We demonstrated the synthetic utility of the protocol via the synthesis of various diazepam drug analogues, late-stage functionalization of probenecid drug, and large scale synthesis. Finally, kinetic studies revealed C-H activation as the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perumal Muthuraja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Purushothaman Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
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2
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Kosuge S, Araki Y, Tsuge K, Sugimoto K, Matsuya Y. One-Pot Synthesis of Pentasubstituted Pyridines following the Gold(I)-Catalyzed Aza-Enyne Metathesis/6π-Electrocyclization-Aromatization Sequence. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37191633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The one-pot de novo synthesis of pentasubstituted pyridines was realized following the process of Au(I)-autotandem catalysis and subsequent aromatization. The process involves aza-enyne metathesis with aryl propiolates to yield 1-azabutadienes and their addition/6π-electrocyclization sequence with the other propiolate units. The resultant 1,4-dihydropyridines were aromatized to furnish the pyridines in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. The aryl propiolates were regioselectively incorporated into the ring system to afford 2-arylpyridines as the sole product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuto Kosuge
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Araki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tsuge
- Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsuya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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3
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Lu MZ, Goh J, Maraswami M, Jia Z, Tian JS, Loh TP. Recent Advances in Alkenyl sp 2 C-H and C-F Bond Functionalizations: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17479-17646. [PMID: 36240299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkenes and their derivatives are featured widely in a variety of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials. Significant efforts have been made toward the development of new and practical methods to access this important class of compounds by selectively activating the alkenyl C(sp2)-H bonds in recent years. In this comprehensive review, we describe the state-of-the-art strategies for the direct functionalization of alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bonds until June 2022. Moreover, metal-free, photoredox, and electrochemical strategies are also covered. For clarity, this review has been divided into two parts; the first part focuses on currently available alkenyl sp2 C-H functionalization methods using different alkene derivatives as the starting materials, and the second part describes the alkenyl sp2 C-F bond functionalization using easily accessible gem-difluoroalkenes as the starting material. This review includes the scope, limitations, mechanistic studies, stereoselective control (using directing groups as well as metal-migration strategies), and their applications to complex molecule synthesis where appropriate. Overall, this comprehensive review aims to document the considerable advancements, current status, and emerging work by critically summarizing the contributions of researchers working in this fascinating area and is expected to stimulate novel, innovative, and broadly applicable strategies for alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bond functionalizations in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Lu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Goh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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4
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Fu Y, Shi H, Lei S, Shi L, Li H. Cu catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition for the synthesis of highly substituted 3-fluoropyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3731-3736. [PMID: 35467681 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A copper catalyzed annulation-aromatization of benzyl trifluoromethyl ketimines with 3-acryloyloxazolidin-2-ones for the synthesis of 3-fluoropyridines through double C-F bond cleavages has been developed. In this approach, the annulation occurred between the in situ formed dienes from trifluoromethyl ketimines via the first C-F bond cleavage and 3-acryloyloxazolidin-2-ones. Then the aromatization afforded 3-fluoropyridines in moderate yields through the second C-F bond cleavage. The 3-fluoropyridine products could be further hydrolyzed to multi-substituted 3-pyridinecarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Haoyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Shengshu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Huabao Flavours & Fragrances Co., Ltd., 1299 Yecheng Road, Shanghai 201822, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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5
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Zhao J, Chen M, Wu M, Shi L, Li H. Synthesis of Pentasubstituted meta‐Fluoropyridines via [4+2] Cycloaddition and Aromaticzation between Trifluoromethyl Ketimines and Maleimides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhao
- East China University of Science and Technology Pharmacy CHINA
| | - Mengzi Chen
- East China University of Science and Technology Pharmacy CHINA
| | - Min Wu
- East China University of Science and Technology Pharmacy CHINA
| | - Lei Shi
- Huabao Flavours & Fragrances Co., Ltd Research CHINA
| | - Hao Li
- East China University of Science and Technology School of Pharmacy 130 Meilong Road 200237 Shanghai CHINA
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6
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Ganesh PSKP, Muthuraja P, Gopinath P. Hydrazine-Directed Rh(III) Catalyzed (4+2) Annulation with Sulfoxonium Ylides: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Dihydrocinnolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4211-4214. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06353g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report hydrazine-directed, Rh(III) catalyzed (4+2) annulation of N-alkyl aryl hydrazines with sulfoxonium ylides as a safe carbene precursor. The reaction shows excellent functional group tolerance with broad substrate...
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7
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Sindhe H, Chaudhary B, Chowdhury N, Kamble A, Kumar V, Lad A, Sharma S. Recent advances in transition-metal catalyzed directed C–H functionalization with fluorinated building blocks. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the advances in transition-metal catalyzed reactions with fluorinated building blocks via directed C–H bond activation for the construction of diverse organic molecules with an insight into the probable mechanistic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Sindhe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Bharatkumar Chaudhary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Neelanjan Chowdhury
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Akshay Kamble
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Aishwarya Lad
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Satyasheel Sharma
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
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8
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Dinda S, Naskar S, Roy S, Pramanik K, Ganguly S. An insight into the coordination specificity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) grafted hydrazones towards rhodium(III). Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Murali K, Machado LA, Carvalho RL, Pedrosa LF, Mukherjee R, Da Silva Júnior EN, Maiti D. Decoding Directing Groups and Their Pivotal Role in C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:12453-12508. [PMID: 34038596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemistry has witnessed a plethora of functionalization and defunctionalization strategies. In this regard, C-H functionalization has been at the forefront due to the multifarious applications in the development of simple to complex molecular architectures and holds a brilliant prospect in drug development and discovery. Despite been explored tremendously by chemists, this functionalization strategy still enjoys the employment of novel metal catalysts as well metal-free organic ligands. Moreover, the switch to photo- and electrochemistry has widened our understanding of the alternative pathways via which a reaction can proceed and these strategies have garnered prominence when applied to C-H activation. Synthetic chemists have been foraging for new directing groups and templates for the selective activation of C-H bonds from a myriad of carbon-hydrogen bonds in aromatic as well as aliphatic systems. As a matter of fact, by varying the templates and directing groups, scientists found the answer to the challenge of distal C-H bond activation which remained an obstacle for a very long time. These templates have been frequently harnessed for selectively activating C-H bonds of natural products, drugs, and macromolecules decorated with multiple C-H bonds. This itself was a challenge before the commencement of this field as functionalization of a site other than the targeted site could modify and hamper the biological activity of the pharmacophore. Total synthesis and pharmacophore development often faces the difficulty of superfluous reaction steps towards selective functionalization. This obstacle has been solved by late-stage functionalization simply by harnessing C-H bond activation. Moreover, green chemistry and metal-free reaction conditions have seen light in the past few decades due to the rising concern about environmental issues. Therefore, metal-free catalysts or the usage of non-toxic metals have been recently showcased in a number of elegant works. Also, research groups across the world are developing rational strategies for directing group free or non-directed protocols that are just guided by ligands. This review encapsulates the research works pertinent to C-H bond activation and discusses the science devoted to it at the fundamental level. This review gives the readers a broad understanding of how these strategies work, the execution of various metal catalysts, and directing groups. This not only helps a budding scientist towards the commencement of his/her research but also helps a matured mind searching out for selective functionalization. A detailed picture of this field and its progress with time has been portrayed in lucid scientific language with a motive to inculcate and educate scientific minds about this beautiful strategy with an overview of the most relevant and significant works of this era. The unique trait of this review is the detailed description and classification of various directing groups and their utility over a wide substrate scope. This allows an experimental chemist to understand the applicability of this domain and employ it over any targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanidhi Murali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana A Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Pedrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rishav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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10
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Li J, Liu S, Zhong R, Yang Y, He Y, Yang J, Ma Y, Wang Z. Reversal of Regioselectivity in Nucleophilic Difluoroalkylation of α,β-Enones Employing In Situ-Formed Sterically Encumbered Silylium Catalyst. Org Lett 2021; 23:5859-5864. [PMID: 34282922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach for the reversal of regioselectivity in the nucleophilic introduction of difluorinated carbanion into α,β-enones has been developed via a silylium catalysis. The strong electron-withdrawing properties and bulky substituents of in situ-generated silyl triflic imide catalyst is the key for the 1,4-addition reaction to proceed smoothly. The synthetic utility is highlighted by the further use of this method for the synthesis of 2,4,6-triarylsubstituted 3-fluoropyridines in a one-pot manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Li
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Saimei Liu
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Yuru He
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, P. R. China
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11
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Dinda S, Patra SC, Samanta T, Basu A, Pramanik K, Ganguly S. Rhodium assisted peri-C–H activation in benzothiazolyl-hydrazone derivatized pyrene. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Ten years of progress in the synthesis of six-membered N-heterocycles from alkynes and nitrogen sources. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Sagara PS, Siril PF, Ravikumar PC. N-Amino-7-azaindole as the N,N′-Bidentate Directing Group: Ruthenium-Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of N-(7-Azaindole)benzamides with Alkynes via C–H Bond Activation. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12314-12323. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prateep Singh Sagara
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Prem Felix Siril
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Ponneri Chandrababu Ravikumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Jatani Campus, Odisha 752050, India
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14
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Qian J, Zhang J, Yang H, Kang L, Jiang G. Controlled chemoselective defluorination and non-defluorination for [5 + 1] aromatic annulation via Meisenheimer-type nitrogen anion and radical intermediates. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8812-8816. [PMID: 31803454 PMCID: PMC6853080 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported is a unique chemoselectivity approach to base-promoted defluorinative and Cu(i)-catalyzed aerobic oxidative non-defluorinative [5 + 1] condensation aromatizations of simple unsaturated ketones with ammonium salts via Meisenheimer-type nitrogen anion and radical intermediates. The CuBr/O2 catalysis provides a straightforward approach to diverse 3-fluoropyridines in high yields. The synthetic utility of the strategy is highlighted by the concise synthesis of several F-modified bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Suzhou Research Institute of LICP , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China .
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Suzhou Research Institute of LICP , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China .
| | - Huameng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Suzhou Research Institute of LICP , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China .
| | - Lei Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Suzhou Research Institute of LICP , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China . .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Gaoxi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation , Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , Suzhou Research Institute of LICP , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP) , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China .
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Uredi D, Motati DR, Watkins EB. A simple, tandem approach to the construction of pyridine derivatives under metal-free conditions: a one-step synthesis of the monoterpene natural product, (−)-actinidine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3270-3273. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
(−)-Actinidine, along with various diversely substituted pyridines were synthesized from simple starting materials, including natural products, using a mild and metal-free method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilipkumar Uredi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Union University
- Jackson
- USA
| | - Damoder Reddy Motati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Union University
- Jackson
- USA
| | - E. Blake Watkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Union University
- Jackson
- USA
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16
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Xiang Y, Wang C, Ding Q, Peng Y. Diazo Compounds: Versatile Synthons for the Synthesis of Nitrogen Heterocycles via
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Cascade C-H Activation/Carbene Insertion/Annulation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi's Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry; Jiangxi Normal University; Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022 People's Republic of China
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17
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Guin S, Gupta R, Majee D, Samanta S. DABCO- and DBU-promoted one-pot reaction of N-sulfonyl ketimines with Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates: a sequential approach to (2-hydroxyaryl)nicotinate derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2771-2778. [PMID: 30498526 PMCID: PMC6244423 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An intriguing DABCO-catalyzed and DBU-promoted one-pot synthesis of an important class of (2-hydroxyaryl)pyridine derivatives bearing a carboxylate or a nitrile group suitably placed at C3 position of the aza-ring has been achieved in acceptable chemical yields with a broad functional group tolerance. This sequential C-C/C-N bond making process proceeds through a regioselective allylic alkylation/aza-Michael reaction between MBH carbonates derived from an acrylate/acrylonitrile and N-sulfonyl ketimines as C,N-binucleophiles catalyzed by DABCO, followed by elimination of SO2 under the influence of base and subsequent aromatization in an open atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Guin
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Raman Gupta
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Debashis Majee
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sampak Samanta
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
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18
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Al-Noaimi M, Awwadi FF, Hammoudeh A, Abu-Hmaid S, Bader R. Ruthenium complexes of pyridine oxime and azoimine ligands: Syntheses, crystallography, electrochemical and catalytic properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Guin S, Majee D, Biswas S, Samanta S. Microwave-Assisted and Base-Promoted Domino Reaction of Cyclic N-Sulfonyl Ketimines with α,β-Disubstituted Nitroalkenes: A Green Access to 2-Hydroxyarylpyridines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Guin
- Discipline of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol; 453552 Indore India
| | - Debashis Majee
- Discipline of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol; 453552 Indore India
| | - Soumen Biswas
- Discipline of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol; 453552 Indore India
| | - Sampak Samanta
- Discipline of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol; 453552 Indore India
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20
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Yerri J, Baati R. Sonogashira Reaction of Bromofluoropyridinaldoxime Nuclei: Convergent Synthesis of Functionalized 2- and 3-Fluoropyridine Scaffolds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Yerri
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, ICPEES, UMR CNRS 7515; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, ICPEES, UMR CNRS 7515; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
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21
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Kondratov IS, Tolmachova NA, Haufe G. Diels-Alder Reaction in the Synthesis of Fluorinated (Hetero)Aromatic Compounds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Kondratov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry; National Ukrainian Academy of Science; Murmanska St. 1 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd; Chervonotkatska St. 79 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Nataliya A. Tolmachova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry; National Ukrainian Academy of Science; Murmanska St. 1 02660 Kyiv Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd; Chervonotkatska St. 79 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence; Universität Münster; Waldeyerstraße 15 48149 Münster Germany
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22
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Zhao Y, Yu C, Wang T, She Z, Zheng X, You J, Gao G. Tandem Rh-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Vinylic C–H O-Annulation of Exocyclic Enones with Alkynes and 1,5-H Shift. Org Lett 2018; 20:1074-1077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinsong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chuangui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Tianbao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie She
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jingsong You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry
and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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23
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Scherbinina SI, Fedorov OV, Levin VV, Kokorekin VA, Struchkova MI, Dilman AD. Synthesis of 3-Fluoropyridines via Photoredox-Mediated Coupling of α,α-Difluoro-β-iodoketones with Silyl Enol Ethers. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12967-12974. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofya I. Scherbinina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Higher Chemical College, Miusskaya sq.
9, 125047 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V. Fedorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V. Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Kokorekin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya st. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina I. Struchkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D. Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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24
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Bolotin DS, Bokach NA, Demakova MY, Kukushkin VY. Metal-Involving Synthesis and Reactions of Oximes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13039-13122. [PMID: 28991449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review classifies and summarizes the past 10-15 years of advancements in the field of metal-involving (i.e., metal-mediated and metal-catalyzed) reactions of oximes. These reactions are diverse in nature and have been employed for syntheses of oxime-based metal complexes and cage-compounds, oxime functionalizations, and the preparation of new classes of organic species, in particular, a wide variety of heterocyclic systems spanning small 3-membered ring systems to macroheterocycles. This consideration gives a general outlook of reaction routes, mechanisms, and driving forces and underlines the potential of metal-involving conversions of oxime species for application in various fields of chemistry and draws attention to the emerging putative targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda A Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Ya Demakova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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25
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Stivanin ML, Duarte M, Sartori C, Capreti NMR, Angolini CFF, Jurberg ID. An Aminocatalyzed Michael Addition/Iron-Mediated Decarboxylative Cyclization Sequence for the Preparation of 2,3,4,6-Tetrasubstituted Pyridines: Scope and Mechanistic Insights. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10319-10330. [PMID: 28905627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel, scalable strategy for the preparation of 2,3,4,6-tetrasubstituted pyridines is described. This protocol has two steps: an aminocatalyzed addition of ketones to alkylidene isoxazol-5-ones, followed by an iron-mediated decarboxylative cyclization event. Mechanistic insights for both steps are provided based on HRMS-ESI(+) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus L Stivanin
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas , 13083-970, C.P. 6154, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duarte
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas , 13083-970, C.P. 6154, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Sartori
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas , 13083-970, C.P. 6154, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Naylil M R Capreti
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas , 13083-970, C.P. 6154, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Celio F F Angolini
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas , 13083-970, C.P. 6154, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Igor D Jurberg
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas , 13083-970, C.P. 6154, Campinas SP, Brazil
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26
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Biswas S, Majee D, Guin S, Samanta S. Metal- and Solvent-Free Approach to Diversely Substituted Picolinates via Domino Reaction of Cyclic Sulfamidate Imines with β,γ-Unsaturated α-Ketocarbonyls. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10928-10938. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Biswas
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Debashis Majee
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Soumitra Guin
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sampak Samanta
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
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27
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Bardasov IN, Alekseeva AU, Chunikhin SS, Tafeenko VA, Ershov OV. Three-component synthesis and optical properties of triarylpyridines containing a buta-1,3-diene-1,1,3-tricarbonitrile fragment. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Ruthenium (II)-catalyzed synthesis of phthalides via the cascade addition and cyclization of aromatic acids with aldehydes. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Majee D, Guin S, Biswas S, Samanta S. A Metal-Free Based New Approach to 2,4-Disubstituted Pyridines via One-Pot Sequential Reaction of Cyclic Sulfamidate Imines with β-Substituted Acroleins. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Majee
- Discipline of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Simrol 453552, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Soumitra Guin
- Discipline of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Simrol 453552, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Soumen Biswas
- Discipline of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Simrol 453552, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Sampak Samanta
- Discipline of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Indore; Simrol 453552, Madhya Pradesh India
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30
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C–H activation reactions as useful tools for medicinal chemists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5378-5383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Zhang Q, Zhang L, Tang C, Luo H, Cai X, Chai Y. Cascade reaction of propargylic alcohols with hydroxylamine hydrochloride: facile synthesis of α,β-unsaturated oximes and nitriles. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Song Z, Huang X, Yi W, Zhang W. One-Pot Reactions for Modular Synthesis of Polysubstituted and Fused Pyridines. Org Lett 2016; 18:5640-5643. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Song
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Wenbin Yi
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Hilf
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Michael S. Holzwarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Scott D. Rychnovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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34
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Mizoguchi H, Oguri H. Development of an Artificial Assembly Line Generating Skeletally Diverse Indole Alkaloids Inspired by Biogenetic Strategy. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroki Oguri
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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35
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Martínez ÁM, Echavarren J, Alonso I, Rodríguez N, Gómez Arrayás R, Carretero JC. Rh I/Rh III catalyst-controlled divergent aryl/heteroaryl C-H bond functionalization of picolinamides with alkynes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5802-5814. [PMID: 29861907 PMCID: PMC5950197 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to establish switchable site-selectivity through catalyst control in the direct functionalization of molecules that contain distinct C-H bonds remains a demanding challenge that would enable the construction of diverse scaffolds from the same starting materials. Herein we describe the realization of this goal, namely a divergent heteroaryl/aryl C-H functionalization of aromatic picolinamide derivatives, targeting two distinct C-H sites, either at the pyridine ring or at the arene unit, to afford isoquinoline or ortho-olefinated benzylamine (or phenethylamine) derivatives. This complementary reactivity has been achieved on the basis of a RhIII/RhI switch in the catalyst, resulting in different mechanistic outcomes. Notably, a series of experimental and DFT mechanistic studies revealed important insights about the mechanism of the reaction and reasons behind the divergent regiochemical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Manu Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain . ; ;
| | - Javier Echavarren
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain . ; ;
| | - Inés Alonso
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain . ; ;
| | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain . ; ;
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain . ; ;
| | - Juan C Carretero
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain . ; ;
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36
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Rieckhoff S, Hellmuth T, Peters R. Regioselective Pd-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,3,6-Trisubstituted Pyridines from Isoxazolinones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6822-30. [PMID: 26101943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Substituted pyridines are prevalent heterocycles of fundamental importance. Their efficient regioselective preparation is often still a challenge despite a large number of reported synthetic methodologies. In this letter we report an operationally simple approach that makes use of readily accessible isoxazolinones. The protocol involves a Pd(II)-catalyzed C-regioselective 1,4-addition to vinylketones, followed by a Pd(0)-catalyzed transformation, which is assumed to proceed via vinylnitrene-Pd intermediates. Both hydrogen and air are necessary for the pyridine formation step and could be employed at ratios above the upper explosive limit thus avoiding a safety issue. This new strategy allows an effective, scalable and practical access to various previously unknown 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rieckhoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tina Hellmuth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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