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Stadel JT, Back TG. Asymmetric Synthesis with Organoselenium Compounds - The Past Twelve Years. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304074. [PMID: 38199954 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The discovery and synthetic applications of novel organoselenium compounds and their reactions proceeded rapidly during the past fifty years and such processes are now carried out routinely in many laboratories. At the same time, the growing demand for new enantioselective processes provided new challenges. The convergence of selenium chemistry and asymmetric synthesis led to key developments in the 1970s, although the majority of early work was based on stoichiometric processes. More recently, greater emphasis has been placed on greener catalytic variations, along with the discovery of novel reactions and a deeper understanding of their mechanisms. The present review covers the literature in this field from 2010 to early 2023 and encompasses asymmetric reactions mediated by chiral selenium-based reagents, auxiliaries, and especially, catalysts. Protocols based on achiral selenium compounds in conjunction with other species of chiral catalysts, as well as reactions that are controlled by chiral substrates, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T Stadel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - Thomas G Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
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2
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Sonego JM, de Diego SI, Szajnman SH, Gallo-Rodriguez C, Rodriguez JB. Organoselenium Compounds: Chemistry and Applications in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300030. [PMID: 37378970 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Selenium, originally described as a toxin, turns out to be a crucial trace element for life that appears as selenocysteine and its dimer, selenocystine. From the point of view of drug developments, selenium-containing drugs are isosteres of sulfur and oxygen with the advantage that the presence of the selenium atom confers antioxidant properties and high lipophilicity, which would increase cell membrane permeation leading to better oral bioavailability. In this article, we have focused on the relevant features of the selenium atom, above all, the corresponding synthetic approaches to access a variety of organoselenium molecules along with the proposed reaction mechanisms. The preparation and biological properties of selenosugars, including selenoglycosides, selenonucleosides, selenopeptides, and other selenium-containing compounds will be treated. We have attempted to condense the most important aspects and interesting examples of the chemistry of selenium into a single article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Sonego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sheila I de Diego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio H Szajnman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carola Gallo-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan B Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lee H, Jarhad DB, Lee A, Lee C, Jeong LS. 4′‐Selenonucleosides: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel Ribavirin and Acadesine Analogs as Anti‐Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Agents. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Seoul National University Seoul 08826 (Republic of Korea
| | - Dnyandev B. Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Seoul National University Seoul 08826 (Republic of Korea
| | - Ahrim Lee
- College of Pharmacy Dongguk University-Seoul Goyang 10326 (Republic of Korea
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy Dongguk University-Seoul Goyang 10326 (Republic of Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Seoul National University Seoul 08826 (Republic of Korea
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4
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Vitali Forconesi G, Banfi L, Basso A, Lambruschini C, Moni L, Riva R. Synthesis of Polyoxygenated Heterocycles by Diastereoselective Functionalization of a Bio-Based Chiral Aldehyde Exploiting the Passerini Reaction. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143227. [PMID: 32679733 PMCID: PMC7397154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A chiral bio-based building block, prepared by the lipase-mediated desymmetrization of an erythritol derivative, was further functionalized and then submitted to stereoselective Passerini reactions, allowing the synthesis of a small library of new molecules. Thanks to the presence of different functional groups, further cyclizations were performed providing bicyclic polyoxygenated heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Vitali Forconesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (G.V.F.); (L.B.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Luca Banfi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (G.V.F.); (L.B.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Andrea Basso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (G.V.F.); (L.B.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Chiara Lambruschini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (G.V.F.); (L.B.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Lisa Moni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy; (G.V.F.); (L.B.); (A.B.); (C.L.); (L.M.)
| | - Renata Riva
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, viale Cembrano 4, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-010-3536106
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Selenium bioisosteric replacement of adenosine derivatives promoting adiponectin secretion increases the binding affinity to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115226. [PMID: 31806266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
N6-(3-Iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (1a, IB-MECA) exhibited polypharmacological characteristics targeting A3 adenosine receptor (AR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, and PPARδ, simultaneously. The bioisosteric replacement of oxygen in 4'-oxoadenosines with selenium significantly increased the PPARδ-binding activity. 2-Chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-4'-selenoadenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (3e) and related 4'-selenoadenosine derivatives significantly enhanced adiponectin biosynthesis during adipogenesis in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). The PPARδ-binding affinity, but not the A3 AR binding affinity, of 4'-selenoadenosine derivatives correlated with their adiponectin secretion stimulation. Compared with the sugar ring of 4'-oxoadenosine, that of 4'-selenoadenosine was more favorable in forming the South sugar conformation. In the molecular docking simulation, the South sugar conformation of compound 3e formed additional hydrogen bonds inside the PPARδ ligand-binding pocket compared with the North conformation. Therefore, the sugar conformation of 4'-selenoadenosine PPAR modulators affects the ligand binding affinity against PPARδ.
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Lee H, Jarhad DB, Yu J, Lee C, Jeong LS. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2'- C-Methyl-4'-selenonucleosides as Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Agents. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14414-14426. [PMID: 31608633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In search of a new template for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents, we designed and synthesized the 2'-C-methyl-4'-selenopyrimidine and -purine nucleosides and their phosphoramidate prodrugs to replace a furanose oxygen of anti-HCV nucleos(t)ides with a selenium atom on the basis that selenium is a chemical isostere of oxygen. These nucleosides are expected to show different physicochemical properties such as better lipophilicity which might enhance the penetration across cell membranes and the conformational constraint induced by a bulky selenium atom in the sugar ring. The 2'-C-methyl-4'-selenopyrimidine and -purine nucleosides 8 and 9 were synthesized from 2-C-methyl-d-ribono-γ-lactone (14) via construction of 2-C-methyl-d-selenosugar 18 through C-4 epimerization and SN2 cyclization with Se2- as key steps. The key 4'-selenosugar was converted to the 2'-C-methyl-4'-selenopyrimidine and -purine nucleosides using Pummerer-type rearrangement and Vorbrüggen glycosylation, respectively. In addition, the ProTide strategy has been applied to synthesize the adenine and uracil phosphoramidate derivatives 10a and 10b to overcome the limitations associated with parent nucleosides such as inefficient conversion to their corresponding 5'-monophosphate form and poor cellular uptake. The regio- and stereochemistry of 4'-selenonucleosides were confirmed by 2D NOESY NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. None of the final pyrimidine and purine nucleosides and their prodrugs exhibited significant anti-HCV activity up to 100 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08820 , Korea
| | - Dnyandev B Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08820 , Korea
| | - Jinha Yu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08820 , Korea
| | - Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy , Dongguk University , Goyang , Gyeonggi-do 10326 , Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08820 , Korea
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Yoshimura Y, Wakamatsu H, Natori Y, Saito Y, Minakawa N. Glycosylation reactions mediated by hypervalent iodine: application to the synthesis of nucleosides and carbohydrates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1595-1618. [PMID: 30013687 PMCID: PMC6037013 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To synthesize nucleoside and oligosaccharide derivatives, we often use a glycosylation reaction to form a glycoside bond. Coupling reactions between a nucleobase and a sugar donor in the former case, and the reaction between an acceptor and a sugar donor of in the latter are carried out in the presence of an appropriate activator. As an activator of the glycosylation, a combination of a Lewis acid catalyst and a hypervalent iodine was developed for synthesizing 4'-thionucleosides, which could be applied for the synthesis of 4'-selenonucleosides as well. The extension of hypervalent iodine-mediated glycosylation allowed us to couple a nucleobase with cyclic allylsilanes and glycal derivatives to yield carbocyclic nucleosides and 2',3'-unsaturated nucleosides, respectively. In addition, the combination of hypervalent iodine and Lewis acid could be used for the glycosylation of glycals and thioglycosides to produce disaccharides. In this paper, we review the use of hypervalent iodine-mediated glycosylation reactions for the synthesis of nucleosides and oligosaccharide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Komatsushima 4-4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Hideaki Wakamatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Komatsushima 4-4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Komatsushima 4-4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yukako Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Komatsushima 4-4-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima University, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
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Sahu PK, Jarhad DB, Kim G, Jeong LS. Stereoselective Synthesis of 4'-Selenonucleosides via the Seleno-Michael Reaction. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY 2017. [PMID: 28628205 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
5'-Homo-4'-selenonucleosides, a class of next-generation nucleosides, are synthesized from D-ribose via a 4-selenosugar intermediate. The key step in synthesizing this intermediate is a seleno-Michael reaction. 5'-Homo-4'-selenouridine and -adenosine are prepared using Pummerer-type and Vorbrüggen condensation, respectively. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Sahu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dnyandev B Jarhad
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyudong Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Yu J, Zhao LX, Park J, Lee HW, Sahu PK, Cui M, Moss SM, Hammes E, Warnick E, Gao ZG, Noh M, Choi S, Ahn HC, Choi J, Jacobson KA, Jeong LS. N 6-Substituted 5'-N-Methylcarbamoyl-4'-selenoadenosines as Potent and Selective A 3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists with Unusual Sugar Puckering and Nucleobase Orientation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3422-3437. [PMID: 28380296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Potent and selective A3 adenosine receptor (AR) agonists were identified by the replacement of 4'-oxo- or 4'-thionucleosides with bioisosteric selenium. Unlike previous agonists, 4'-seleno analogues preferred a glycosidic syn conformation and South sugar puckering, as shown in the X-ray crystal structure of 5'-N-methylcarbamoyl derivative 3p. Among the compounds tested, N6-3-iodobenzyl analogue 3d was found to be the most potent A3AR full agonist (Ki = 0.57 nM), which was ≥800- and 1900-fold selective for A1AR and A2AAR, respectively. In the N6-cycloalkyl series, 2-Cl analogues generally exhibited better hA3AR affinity than 2-H analogues, whereas 2-H > 2-Cl in the N6-3-halobenzyl series. N7 isomers 3t and 3u were much weaker in binding than corresponding N9 isomers, but compound 3t lacked A3AR activation, appearing to be a weak antagonist. 2-Cl-N6-3-iodobenzyl analogue 3p inhibited chemoattractant-induced migration of microglia/monocytes without inducing cell death at ≤50 μM. This suggests the potential for the development of 4'-selenonucleoside A3AR agonists as novel antistroke agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinha Yu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Long Xuan Zhao
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University , Dalian 116-029, China
| | - Jongmi Park
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hyuk Woo Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Pramod K Sahu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Minghua Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Steven M Moss
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Eva Hammes
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Eugene Warnick
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Minsoo Noh
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University , Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, Korea
| | - Jungwon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Suwon , Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do 445-743, Korea
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Hyun YE, Kim HR, Choi Y, Jeong LS. Stereoselective Synthesis of Anti-Hepatitis B Drug, Entecavir, through Regio- and Stereoselective Epoxide Cleavage. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Eum Hyun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Hong-Rae Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Yongseok Choi
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul 024820 Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
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Qu S, Kim G, Yu J, Sahu PK, Choi Y, Naik SD, Jeong LS. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of 5′-Homo-2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydro-4′-selenonucleosides (5′-Homo-4′-Se-d4 Ns). ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Qu
- College of Pharmacy; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Gyudong Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Jinha Yu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Pramod K. Sahu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Yoojin Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - Siddhi D. Naik
- College of Pharmacy; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
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