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Sato K, Teranishi S, Sakaue A, Karuo Y, Tarui A, Kawai K, Takeda H, Kinashi T, Omote M. Rhodium-catalyzed homo-coupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents and its application for the synthesis of an integrin inhibitor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1341-1347. [PMID: 38887571 PMCID: PMC11181203 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel Rh-catalyzed one-pot homo-coupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents was achieved. The reaction with bromobenzenes having an electron-donating group or a halogen substituent gave the corresponding homo-coupling products in good yields, although the reaction using heterocyclic or aliphatic bromides scarcely proceeded. A Rh(III)-bis(aryl) complex, which might be formed from RhCl(PPh3)3 and the aryl Grignard reagents, plays an important role in giving the homo-coupling products in this reaction. Furthermore, we applied the reaction to the synthesis of a novel inhibitor for integrins which is critical for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Satoki Teranishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakaue
- Kyowa Marina Hospital, 4-15-1 Nishinomiyahama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662-0934, Japan
| | - Yukiko Karuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tarui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Division of Proteo-Drug-Discovery Sciences, Ehime University Proteo-Science Center
- Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan,
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masaaki Omote
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
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2
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Zubkov MO, Dilman AD. Radical reactions enabled by polyfluoroaryl fragments: photocatalysis and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4741-4785. [PMID: 38536104 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00889d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Polyfluoroarenes have been known for a long time, but they are most often used as fluorinated building blocks for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. At the same time, due to peculiar fluorine effect, they have unique properties that provide applications in various fields ranging from synthesis to materials science. This review summarizes advances in the radical chemistry of polyfluoroarenes, which have become possible mainly with the advent of photocatalysis. Transformations of the fluorinated ring via the C-F bond activation, as well as use of fluoroaryl fragments as activating groups and hydrogen atom transfer agents are discussed. The ability of fluoroarenes to serve as catalysts is also considred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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3
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Fujioka S, Hirano K, Hoshiya N, Yamauchi A, Kishikawa Y, Uchiyama M. Perfluoroalkoxylation reaction via dual concurrent catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37318512 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic amount of CsI enables dual concurrent activation of poorly reactive perfluoroalkoxide and alkyl halides, especially alkyl chlorides, leading to the formation of diverse perfluoroalkoxylated organic compounds. Installation of perfluoroalkoxy groups by this methodology is cost-effective, circumventing the need for over-stoichiometric cesium or silver salts. This methodology also provides high functional group compatibility and tolerance of sterically hindered substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Fujioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Hoshiya
- Technology Innovation Center, DAIKIN Industries, Ltd., 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamauchi
- Technology Innovation Center, DAIKIN Industries, Ltd., 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kishikawa
- Technology Innovation Center, DAIKIN Industries, Ltd., 1-1 Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 566-8585, Japan
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4
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Kuzhalmozhi Madarasi P, Sivasankar C. Grignard reagent dictated copper(I) phosphines catalyzed reductive coupling of diazo compounds: The chemistry beyond carbene generation. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinnappan Sivasankar
- Catalysis and Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Pondicherry University Pondicherry India
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5
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Yamada S, Nishizawa A, Agou T, Kubota T, Konno T. 1,2-Disubstituted 3,3,4,4,5,5-Hexafluorocyclopentenes as Bent Light-Emitting π-Conjugated Luminophores. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku 606-8585 Kyoto Japan
| | - Akito Nishizawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku 606-8585 Kyoto Japan
| | - Tomohiro Agou
- Department of Quantum Beam Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ibaraki University; 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi 316-8511 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Toshio Kubota
- Department of Quantum Beam Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ibaraki University; 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi 316-8511 Ibaraki Japan
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku 606-8585 Kyoto Japan
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6
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Yamada S, Nishizawa A, Morita M, Hosokai T, Okabayashi Y, Agou T, Hosoya T, Kubota T, Konno T. Synthesis and characterization of bent fluorine-containing donor-π-acceptor molecules as intense luminophores with large Stokes shifts. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6911-6919. [PMID: 31271184 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01300h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we prepared novel bent fluorine-containing donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) molecules from commercially available octafluorocyclopentene using a facile two-step procedure, revealing that the above molecules absorb UV-light and exhibit yellow photoluminescence (PL) with high PL efficiencies (ΦPL) in solution. The corresponding Stokes shifts exceeded 10 000 cm-1, and the maximum PL wavelength (λPL) strongly depended on solvent polarity or intermolecular interactions in the solid state. On the basis of a Lippert-Mataga plot, PL was confidently assigned to radiative relaxation from an intramolecular charge-transfer excited state. Moreover, the synthesized luminophores showed intense PL even in the crystalline state and exhibited alkoxy chain length-dependent PL behavior (e.g., high ΦPL, λPL = 486-540 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Akito Nishizawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Masato Morita
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Takuya Hosokai
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8560, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okabayashi
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba 305-8560, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Agou
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hosoya
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Toshio Kubota
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Naka-narusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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7
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Kaldhi D, Vodnala N, Gujjarappa R, Nayak S, Ravichandiran V, Gupta S, Hazra CK, Malakar CC. Organocatalytic oxidative synthesis of C2-functionalized benzoxazoles, naphthoxazoles, benzothiazoles and benzimidazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Gujjarappa R, Maity SK, Hazra CK, Vodnala N, Dhiman S, Kumar A, Beifuss U, Malakar CC. Divergent Synthesis of Quinazolines Using Organocatalytic Domino Strategies under Aerobic Conditions. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Manipur; 795004 Langol, Imphal Manipur India
| | - Suvik K. Maity
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Manipur; 795004 Langol, Imphal Manipur India
| | - Chinmoy K. Hazra
- Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); 34141 Daejeon 305 - 701 South Korea
| | - Nagaraju Vodnala
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Manipur; 795004 Langol, Imphal Manipur India
| | - Shiv Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry; BITS Pilani; Pilani Campus 333031 Pilani Rajasthan India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; BITS Pilani; Pilani Campus 333031 Pilani Rajasthan India
| | - Uwe Beifuss
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Hohenheim; Garbenstr. 30 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Department of Chemistry; National Institute of Technology Manipur; 795004 Langol, Imphal Manipur India
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Korenaga T, Nitatori K, Muraoka H, Ogawa S, Shimada K. Perfluorocyclopentadienyl Radical Derivative as an Organocatalyst for Oxidative Coupling of Aryl- and Thienylmagnesium Compounds under Atmospheric Oxygen. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4835-4839. [PMID: 29557173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative homocoupling reaction of Grignard reagents in the presence of atmospheric oxygen molecules proceeded in the presence of a heptafluorotolyl-substituted perfluorocyclopentadienyl radical. The turnover number (TON) was over 30 for the coupling reactions of PhMgBr to give biphenyl. The organocatalyst could couple thienylmagnesium compounds to give bithiophene derivatives in up to 94% yield. Furthermore, a gram-scale synthesis of 6,6'-dimethoxybiphenyl-2,2'-diyl-bis(phosphonic acid diethyl ester) was demonstrated. Stabilization of the phenyl radical for the inhibition of the side reaction was also considered using DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Korenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
| | - Kaoru Nitatori
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
| | - Hiroki Muraoka
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering , Iwate University , 4-3-5 Ueda , Morioka , Iwate 020-8551 , Japan
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10
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Wu X, Xie F, Gridnev ID, Zhang W. A Copper-Catalyzed Reductive Defluorination of β-Trifluoromethylated Enones via Oxidative Homocoupling of Grignard Reagents. Org Lett 2018. [PMID: 29513540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An efficient copper-catalyzed reductive defluorination of β-trifluoromethylated enones via an oxidative homocoupling of Grignard reagents is reported. The reaction proceeded smoothly with a wide range of substrates, including the ones bearing aromatic heterocycles, such as furyl and thienyl ring systems in high yields (80-92%, except one example) under mild conditions. This provides a practical method for synthesis of gem-difluoroolefin ketones. It is also worth noting that this homocoupling process of Grignard reagents using β-trifluoromethylated enones as "oxidizing reagents" is effective for both the Csp2-Csp2 and Csp3-Csp3 bond formations, including for substrates whose β-hydride elimination of the corresponding transition metal alkyl complex is particularly facile, affording coupling products with high yields (83-95%), simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Fang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
| | - Ilya D Gridnev
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578 , Japan
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P. R. China
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11
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Sudoh K, Satoh T, Amaya T, Furukawa K, Minoura M, Nakano H, Matano Y. Syntheses, Properties, and Catalytic Activities of Metal(II) Complexes and Free Bases of Redox-Switchable 20π, 19π, and 18π 5,10,15,20-Tetraaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrinoids. Chemistry 2017; 23:16364-16373. [PMID: 28895212 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In spite of significant advances in redox-active porphyrin-based materials and catalysts, little attention has been paid to 20π and 19π porphyrins because of their instability in air. Here we report the meso-modification of 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrin with two nitrogen atoms, which led to redox-switchable 20π, 19π, and 18π 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrinoids (TADAPs). Three kinds of metal(II) complexes and free bases of TADAP were prepared by the metal-templated annulation of the corresponding metal-bis(dipyrrin) complexes. The inductive and resonance effects of the meso-nitrogen atoms on the aromatic, optical, electrochemical, and magnetic properties of the entire TADAP π-systems were assessed by using various spectroscopic measurements and density functional theory calculations. The aromaticity and π-π* electronic transition energies of the TADAPs varied considerably, and were shown to be dependent on the oxidation states of the π-systems. In contrast to the isoelectronic 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrin derivatives, the 20π and 19π TADAPs were chemically stable under air. In particular, the 19π TADAP radical cations were extremely stable towards dioxygen, moisture, and silica gel. This reflected the low-lying singly occupied molecular orbitals of their π-systems and the efficient delocalization of their unshared electron spin. The capability of MgTADAP to catalyze aerobic biaryl formation from aryl Grignard reagents was demonstrated, which presumably involved a 19π/20π redox cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sudoh
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takaharu Satoh
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Toru Amaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Institute for Research Promotion, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Mao Minoura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Nakano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
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12
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Ghaleshahi HG, Antonacci G, Madsen R. Manganese-Catalyzed Aerobic Heterocoupling of Aryl Grignard Reagents. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Antonacci
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Robert Madsen
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Denmark; 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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13
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Amaya T, Suzuki R, Hirao T. Quinonediimines as redox-active organocatalysts for oxidative coupling of aryl- and alkenylmagnesium compounds under molecular oxygen. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7790-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N,N′-Diphenyl-p-benzoquinonediimine worked as a redox-active organocatalyst for the oxidative homo-coupling of aryl- and alkenylmagnesium compounds under molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Amaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Riyo Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Toshikazu Hirao
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
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14
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Teo WJ, Wang Z, Xue F, Andy Hor TS, Zhao J. Cyclopentadienyl nickel(ii) N,C-chelating benzothiazolyl NHC complexes: synthesis, characterization and application in catalytic C–C bond formation reactions. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:7312-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00252h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CpNi(ii) N,C-chelating benzothiazolyl NHC complexes have been synthesized. They are efficient catalysts for the homo-coupling of benzyl bromide in the presence of MeMgCl at r.t. with good function group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie Teo
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research
- Singapore 138634
- Singapore
| | - Fei Xue
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| | - T. S. Andy Hor
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
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