1
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Kuan JY, Chen JH, Han JL. Switchable Synthesis of Tritylone Alcohols and 2-Benzoylbenzoate Esters from Spiroindane-1,3-diones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12360-12369. [PMID: 39132851 PMCID: PMC11382160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
A solvent-controlled regioselective rearrangement reaction of spiroindane-1,3-diones with a leaving group has been developed. In acetonitrile solvent, the spiroindane-1,3-diones 3 were rearranged to provide tritylone alcohols, while 2-benzoylbenzoate ester derivatives were obtained if the reactions were performed in alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yu Kuan
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan 40227, Republic of China
| | - Jing-Huei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan 40227, Republic of China
| | - Jeng-Liang Han
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan 40227, Republic of China
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2
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Garg P, Upreti GC, Singh A. Synthesis of Tritylones via Cascade Reaction of Arynes with 5-Ethoxyoxazoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7219-7228. [PMID: 35580308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A cascade reaction involving arynes and 5-ethoxyoxazoles has been developed toward the synthesis of 9-alkyl/aryl tritylones. 5-Ethoxyoxazoles undergo a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with arynes followed by retro-[4 + 2] cycloaddition, a second intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction, and hydrolytic ring cleavage to generate substituted tritylones in good yields. The conversion of tritylone products to a series of spirocyclic anthrone derivatives has been demonstrated. The reaction is expeditious, exhibits wide scope, and employs readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Garg
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Upreti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Anand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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3
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Guo Y, Dai M, Phillips DL, Xu W, Ma J. Photodeprotection Reaction Mechanisms of Caged Species Utilizing a Photochromism Function. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3417-3423. [PMID: 35404609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acetoxy-1,2,2-tri(aryl)ethanone (1) is a novel and visual release-and-report system that contains the photochromic diarylethylene function attached to the photocage dimethoxybenzoin platform. However, the mechanism of 1 cyclization and a subsequent deprotection remains unclear. Here, we use femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopies in combination with density functional theory computations to study the detailed reaction mechanism. The photodeprotection proceeds with competition between pathways initiated by two different configurations of the singlet excited state of 1 (labeled as 11LE and 11CT); the stepwise elimination after cyclization of 11LE constitutes the predominant pathway, whereas the concerted removal of acetic acid after cyclization of 11CT is the minor pathway. These results contribute to a detailed photodeprotection mechanism of 1 and provide new insights into the effect of geometric configurations of intermediates on the photodeprotection pathways. This new information can help in the further development of this type of the photolabile protecting group (PPG) for the protection of biorelevant molecules and in the design of an improved and versatile release-and-report PPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Mingdong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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4
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Shrestha P, Dissanayake KC, Gehrmann EJ, Wijesooriya CS, Mukhopadhyay A, Smith EA, Winter AH. Efficient Far-Red/Near-IR Absorbing BODIPY Photocages by Blocking Unproductive Conical Intersections. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15505-15512. [PMID: 32786742 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Photocages are light-sensitive chemical protecting groups that give investigators control over activation of biomolecules using targeted light irradiation. A compelling application of far-red/near-IR absorbing photocages is their potential for deep tissue activation of biomolecules and phototherapeutics. Toward this goal, we recently reported BODIPY photocages that absorb near-IR light. However, these photocages have reduced photorelease efficiencies compared to shorter-wavelength absorbing photocages, which has hindered their application. Because photochemistry is a zero-sum competition of rates, improvement of the quantum yield of a photoreaction can be achieved either by making the desired photoreaction more efficient or by hobbling competitive decay channels. This latter strategy of inhibiting unproductive decay channels was pursued to improve the release efficiency of long-wavelength absorbing BODIPY photocages by synthesizing structures that block access to unproductive singlet internal conversion conical intersections, which have recently been located for simple BODIPY structures from excited state dynamic simulations. This strategy led to the synthesis of new conformationally restrained boron-methylated BODIPY photocages that absorb light strongly around 700 nm. In the best case, a photocage was identified with an extinction coefficient of 124000 M-1 cm-1, a quantum yield of photorelease of 3.8%, and an overall quantum efficiency of 4650 M-1 cm-1 at 680 nm. This derivative has a quantum efficiency that is 50-fold higher than the best known BODIPY photocages absorbing >600 nm, validating the effectiveness of a strategy for designing efficient photoreactions by thwarting competitive excited state decay channels. Furthermore, 1,7-diaryl substitutions were found to improve the quantum yields of photorelease by excited state participation and blocking ion pair recombination by internal nucleophilic trapping. No cellular toxicity (trypan blue exclusion) was observed at 20 μM, and photoactivation was demonstrated in HeLa cells using red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Komadhie C Dissanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Gehrmann
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Chamari S Wijesooriya
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Atreyee Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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6
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Mishiro K, Kimura T, Furuyama T, Kunishima M. Phototriggered Active Alkyne Generation from Cyclopropenones with Visible Light-Responsive Photocatalysts. Org Lett 2019; 21:4101-4105. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mishiro
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University,
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Taniyuki Furuyama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Munetaka Kunishima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University,
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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7
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Zeppuhar AN, Hill-Byrne K, Falvey DE. Mechanism of the photorelease of alcohols from the 9-phenyl-9-tritylone protecting group. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1990-1995. [DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00183b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mechanistic investigation of the 9-phenyl-9-tritylone photoremovable protecting group for alcohols revealed that the anion radical is the key intermediate required for clean deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Zeppuhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Kevin Hill-Byrne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Daniel E. Falvey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
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8
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Peterson JA, Wijesooriya C, Gehrmann EJ, Mahoney KM, Goswami PP, Albright TR, Syed A, Dutton AS, Smith EA, Winter AH. Family of BODIPY Photocages Cleaved by Single Photons of Visible/Near-Infrared Light. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7343-7346. [PMID: 29775298 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photocages are light-sensitive chemical protecting groups that provide external control over when, where, and how much of a biological substrate is activated in cells using targeted light irradiation. Regrettably, most popular photocages (e.g., o-nitrobenzyl groups) absorb cell-damaging ultraviolet wavelengths. A challenge with achieving longer wavelength bond-breaking photochemistry is that long-wavelength-absorbing chromophores have shorter excited-state lifetimes and diminished excited-state energies. However, here we report the synthesis of a family of BODIPY-derived photocages with tunable absorptions across the visible/near-infrared that release chemical cargo under irradiation. Derivatives with appended styryl groups feature absorptions above 700 nm, yielding photocages cleaved with the highest known wavelengths of light via a direct single-photon-release mechanism. Photorelease with red light is demonstrated in living HeLa cells, Drosophila S2 cells, and bovine GM07373 cells upon ∼5 min irradiation. No cytotoxicity is observed at 20 μM photocage concentration using the trypan blue exclusion assay. Improved B-alkylated derivatives feature improved quantum efficiencies of photorelease ∼20-fold larger, on par with the popular o-nitrobenzyl photocages (εΦ = 50-100 M-1 cm-1), but absorbing red/near-IR light in the biological window instead of UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Chamari Wijesooriya
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Elizabeth J Gehrmann
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Kaitlyn M Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Pratik P Goswami
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Toshia R Albright
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Aleem Syed
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Andrew S Dutton
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50014 , United States
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9
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Thum MD, Falvey DE. Photoreleasable Protecting Groups Triggered by Sequential Two-Photon Absorption of Visible Light: Release of Carboxylic Acids from a Linked Anthraquinone-N-Alkylpicolinium Ester Molecule. J Phys Chem A 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Thum
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Daniel E. Falvey
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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10
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Walton DP, Dougherty DA. A General Strategy for Visible-Light Decaging Based on the Quinone Trimethyl Lock. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4655-4658. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Walton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dennis A. Dougherty
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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