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Chiu CH, Tan JJY, Mondal S, Lin CH, Mong KKT. Sulfoglycolipids and Related Analogues of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Chemical Synthesis and Immunological Studies. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300399. [PMID: 37788979 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes tuberculosis as one major threat to human health, which has been deteriorated owing to the emerging multidrug resistance. Mtb contains a complex lipophilic cell wall structure that is important for bacterial persistence. Among the lipid components, sulfoglycolipids (SGLs), known to induce immune cell responses, are composed of a trehalose core attached with a conserved sulfate group and 1-4 fatty acyl chains in an asymmetric pattern. At least one of these acyl chains is polymethylated with 3-12 methyl branches. Although Mtb SGL can be isolated from bacterial culture, resulting SGL is still a homologous mixture, impeding accurate research studies. This up-to-date review covers the chemical synthesis and immunological studies of Mtb SGLs and structural analogues, with an emphasis on the development of new glycosylation methods and the asymmetric synthesis of polymethylated scaffolds. Both are critical to advance further research on biological functions of these complicated SGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsin Chiu
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan (China
| | - Janet Jia-Yin Tan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, 11529, Taiwan (China
| | - Soumik Mondal
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan (China
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, 11529, Taiwan (China
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (China
| | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- Applied Chemistry Department, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu City, 30010, Taiwan (China
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2
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Nalpe SS, Jana S, Kulkarni SS. Total Synthesis and Structure Confirmation of Fusaroside. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37291052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we synthesized the proposed structure of the fungal glycolipid fusaroside and suggested corrections in its structure with respect to the positions of the double bonds in the lipid portion. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of the proposed revised structure of fusaroside and thereby confirm its structure. The synthesis involved Julia-Kocienski olefination for the construction of fatty acid and its coupling with trehalose at the O4 position followed by late-stage gem-dimethylation as key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar S Nalpe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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3
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Nalpe SS, Jana S, Kulkarni SS. Total Synthesis of a Trehalose-Containing Lipooligosaccharide Analogue from Mycobacterium linda. Org Lett 2023; 25:1717-1721. [PMID: 36867005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
A short and efficient methodology has been developed to synthesize an analogue of a lipooligosaccharide from Mycobacterium linda isolated from Crohn's disease. The total synthesis of the tetrasaccharide was achieved via a convergent [2 + 2] glycosylation approach. The key features of the synthesis involve the selective functionalization of a trehalose core via highly regioselective acylations and regioselective glycosylations. The synthesis was completed via a longest linear sequence of 14 steps in a 14.2% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar S Nalpe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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4
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Jana S, Sarpe VA, Kulkarni SS. Total Synthesis and Structure Revision of a Fungal Glycolipid Fusaroside. Org Lett 2021; 23:1664-1668. [PMID: 33591200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a strategy for the total synthesis of a structurally unique fungal glycolipid fusaroside. The first total synthesis of the proposed structure involved construction of the complex, branched lipid chain having a variety of alkenes with E stereochemistry and attachment of the masked α,β-unsaturated β-keto acid at the O-4 position of trehalose as key steps. We propose a revision in the structure of fusaroside, particularly the position of olefins in the lipid chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Vikram A Sarpe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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5
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Abstract
Chemical synthesis of trehalose glycolipids such as DAT, TDM, SL-1, SL-3, and Ac2SGL from MTb, emmyguyacins from fungi, succinoyl trehalose from rhodococcus, and maradolipids from worms, as well as mycobacterial oligosaccharides is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai
- India
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Serafini A, Tan L, Horswell S, Howell S, Greenwood DJ, Hunt DM, Phan MD, Schembri M, Monteleone M, Montague CR, Britton W, Garza-Garcia A, Snijders AP, VanderVen B, Gutierrez MG, West NP, de Carvalho LPS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires glyoxylate shunt and reverse methylcitrate cycle for lactate and pyruvate metabolism. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1284-1307. [PMID: 31389636 PMCID: PMC6851703 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial nutrition is an essential aspect of host–pathogen interaction. For the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans, fatty acids derived from lipid droplets are considered the major carbon source. However, many other soluble nutrients are available inside host cells and may be used as alternative carbon sources. Lactate and pyruvate are abundant in human cells and fluids, particularly during inflammation. In this work, we study Mtb metabolism of lactate and pyruvate combining classic microbial physiology with a ‘multi‐omics’ approach consisting of transposon‐directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS), RNA‐seq transcriptomics, proteomics and stable isotopic labelling coupled with mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics. We discovered that Mtb is well adapted to use both lactate and pyruvate and that their metabolism requires gluconeogenesis, valine metabolism, the Krebs cycle, the GABA shunt, the glyoxylate shunt and the methylcitrate cycle. The last two pathways are traditionally associated with fatty acid metabolism and, unexpectedly, we found that in Mtb the methylcitrate cycle operates in reverse, to allow optimal metabolism of lactate and pyruvate. Our findings reveal a novel function for the methylcitrate cycle as a direct route for the biosynthesis of propionyl‐CoA, the essential precursor for the biosynthesis of the odd‐chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Serafini
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Steven Howell
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Daniel J Greenwood
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Deborah M Hunt
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Mercedes Monteleone
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Warwick Britton
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Acely Garza-Garcia
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Brian VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Luiz Pedro S de Carvalho
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
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Shimada N, Fukuhara K, Urata S, Makino K. Total syntheses of seminolipid and its analogues by using 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid as protective reagent. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7325-7329. [PMID: 31353379 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01445d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A concise total synthesis of seminolipid, a sulfoglycolipid, has been achieved; key features include regioselective, tin-free sulfation of allyl β-d-galactopyranoside using 2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid as protective reagent, stereoselective epoxidation, and site-selective acylation. The utility of this divergent synthetic approach to introduce 2,2,2-trichloroethyl-protected sulfate group at an early stage without toxic and environmentally unfavorable tin reagents was demonstrated by the syntheses of three seminolipid analogues with different side-chains from the common intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Shimada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minatao-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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Gorelik D, Lin YC, Briceno-Strocchia AI, Taylor MS. Diarylborinic Acid-Catalyzed, Site-Selective Sulfation of Carbohydrate Derivatives. J Org Chem 2019; 84:900-908. [PMID: 30620184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated carbohydrates have been implicated in diverse biological processes, with the position and extent of sulfation of a glycoside often playing important roles in determining the affinity and specificity of its binding to a biomolecular partner. Methods for the site-selective introduction of sulfate groups to carbohydrates are thus of interest. Here, we describe the development of a diarylborinic acid-catalyzed protocol for selective sulfation of pyranoside derivatives at the equatorial position of a cis-1,2-diol group. This method, which employs the sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex as the electrophile, has been employed for installation of a sulfate group at the 3-position of a range of galacto- and mannopyranosides, including substrates having a free primary OH group. By using a full equivalent of the diarylborinic acid, selective syntheses of more complex monosulfated glycosides, namely, a 3'-sulfolactose derivative and 3'-sulfo-β-galactosylceramide, have been accomplished. Preliminary kinetics experiments suggested that the catalyst resting state is a tetracoordinate diarylborinic ester that reacts with the SO3 complex in the turnover-limiting step. Catalyst inhibition by the pyranoside sulfate product and trialkylamine byproduct of the reaction was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gorelik
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George St. , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Yu Chen Lin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George St. , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | | | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George St. , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada
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Dimakos V, Taylor MS. Site-Selective Functionalization of Hydroxyl Groups in Carbohydrate Derivatives. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11457-11517. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Dimakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark S. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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Podilapu AR, Emmadi M, Kulkarni SS. Expeditious Synthesis of Ieodoglucomides A and B from the Marine-Derived Bacterium Bacillus licheniformis. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Rao Podilapu
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
| | - Madhu Emmadi
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Mumbai India
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11
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O'Neill MK, Piligian BF, Olson CD, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. Tailoring Trehalose for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications. PURE APPL CHEM 2017; 89:1223-1249. [PMID: 29225379 PMCID: PMC5718624 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar whose ability to stabilize biomolecules has brought about its widespread use in biological preservation applications. Trehalose is also an essential metabolite in a number of pathogens, most significantly the global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though it is absent in humans and other mammals. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in modifying the structure of trehalose to generate analogues that have applications in biomedical research and biotechnology. Non-degradable trehalose analogues could have a number of advantages as bioprotectants and food additives. Trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors are already useful as research tools and may have future value in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, among other uses. Underlying the advancements made in these areas are novel synthetic methods that facilitate access to and evaluation of trehalose analogues. In this review, we focus on both aspects of the development of this class of molecules. First, we consider the chemical and chemoenzymatic methods that have been used to prepare trehalose analogues and discuss their prospects for synthesis on commercially relevant scales. Second, we describe ongoing efforts to develop and deploy detectable trehalose analogues, trehalose-based inhibitors, and non-digestible trehalose analogues. The current and potential future uses of these compounds are discussed, with an emphasis on their roles in understanding and combatting mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Brent F Piligian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Claire D Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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Jana S, Mondal S, Kulkarni SS. Chemical Synthesis of Biosurfactant Succinoyl Trehalose Lipids. Org Lett 2017; 19:1784-1787. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sumana Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Chaube MA, Sarpe VA, Jana S, Kulkarni SS. First total synthesis of trehalose containing tetrasaccharides from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5595-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00412a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Total synthesis of three important trehalose containing tetrasaccharides isolated fromMycobacterium smegmatisis reported for the first time, using regioselective opening of benzylidene acetals and stereoselective glycosylations as key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikram A. Sarpe
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
| | - Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
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