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Cao Q, Tibbetts JD, Wrigley GL, Smalley AP, Cresswell AJ. Modular, automated synthesis of spirocyclic tetrahydronaphthyridines from primary alkylamines. Commun Chem 2023; 6:215. [PMID: 37794068 PMCID: PMC10550966 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirocyclic tetrahydronaphthyridines (THNs) are valuable scaffolds for drug discovery campaigns, but access to this 3D chemical space is hampered by a lack of modular and scalable synthetic methods. We hereby report an automated, continuous flow synthesis of α-alkylated and spirocyclic 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridines ("1,8-THNs"), in addition to their regioisomeric 1,6-THN analogues, from abundant primary amine feedstocks. An annulative disconnection approach based on photoredox-catalysed hydroaminoalkylation (HAA) of halogenated vinylpyridines is sequenced in combination with intramolecular SNAr N-arylation. To access the remaining 1,7- and 1,5-THN isomers, a photoredox-catalysed HAA step is telescoped with a palladium-catalysed C-N bond formation. Altogether, this provides a highly modular access to four isomeric THN cores from a common set of unprotected primary amine starting materials, using the same bond disconnections. The simplifying power of the methodology is illustrated by a concise synthesis of the spirocyclic THN core of Pfizer's MC4R antagonist PF-07258669.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Joshua D Tibbetts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Gail L Wrigley
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
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2
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Adel M. Kamal El-Dean, Geies AA, Hassanien R, Abdel-Wadood FK, El-Naeem EEA. Novel Synthesis, Reactions, and Biological Study of New Morpholino-Thieno[2,3-c][2,7]Naphthyridines as Anti-Cancer and Anti-Microbial Agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Henry Blackwell J, Harris GR, Smith MA, Gaunt MJ. Modular Photocatalytic Synthesis of α-Trialkyl-α-Tertiary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15946-15959. [PMID: 34551248 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecules displaying an α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine motif provide access to an important and versatile area of biologically relevant chemical space but are challenging to access through existing synthetic methods. Here, we report an operationally straightforward, multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of a range of functionally and structurally diverse α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amines, which makes use of three readily available components: dialkyl ketones, benzylamines, and alkenes. The strategy relies on the of use visible-light-mediated photocatalysis with readily available Ir(III) complexes to bring about single-electron reduction of an all-alkyl ketimine species to an α-amino radical intermediate; the α-amino radical undergoes Giese-type addition with a variety of alkenes to forge the α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine center. The mechanism of this process is believed to proceed through an overall redox neutral pathway that involves photocatalytic redox-relay of the imine, generated from the starting amine-ketone condensation, through to an imine-derived product. This is possible because the presence of a benzylic amine component in the intermediate scaffold drives a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer step after the Giese addition to form a stable benzylic α-amino radical, which is able to close the photocatalytic cycle. These studies detail the evolution of the reaction platform, an extensive investigation of the substrate scope, and preliminary investigation of some of the mechanistic features of this distinct photocatalytic process. We believe this transformation will provide convenient access to previously unexplored α-trialkyl-α-tertiary amine scaffolds that should be of considerable interest to practitioners of synthetic and medicinal chemistry in academic and industrial institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henry Blackwell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia R Harris
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Milo A Smith
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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4
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Sierov D, Nazarenko K, Shvydenko K, Shvydenko T, Kostyuk A. Synthetic approaches to tetrahydro-2,7- and -1,6-naphthyridines. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Das P, Ray S, Saha R, Mukhopadhyay C. One‐Pot Synthesis of Densely Substituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐1,6‐naphthyridine Mediated by Isocyanide‐Assisted Reduction of C−C Double Bond. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Das
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Calcutta 92 APC Road Kolkata 700009 India
- Department of Chemistry Asutosh CollegeUniversity of Calcutta 92 S. P. Mukherjee Road Kolkata 700026 India
| | - Suman Ray
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Calcutta 92 APC Road Kolkata 700009 India
- Department of ChemistryPresidency University 86/1 College Street Kolkata 700073 India
| | - Rupak Saha
- Inorganic and PhysicalChemistry Department Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
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Buttard F, Berthonneau C, Hiebel MA, Brière JF, Suzenet F. Organocatalytic aza-Michael Reaction to 3-Vinyl-1,2,4-triazines as a Valuable Bifunctional Platform. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3702-3714. [PMID: 30791682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented catalytic aza-Michael addition to substituted 3-vinyl-1,2,4-triazines, as original bifunctional platforms for the domino conjugate addition inverse-electron-demand hetero-Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder ( ihDA/ rDA) reaction, was achieved using the highly acidic triflimide as an organocatalyst. Based on the use of alkoxyamine nucleophiles, this sequence not only highlights a rare example of the catalytic aza-Michael reaction to alkenylazaarenes but also proves to be useful for the elaboration of an array of biorelevant tetrahydro-[1,6]-naphthyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Buttard
- Université d'Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311 , Orléans 45067 , France
| | | | | | | | - Franck Suzenet
- Université d'Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311 , Orléans 45067 , France
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7
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Zhang W, Mo JY, He W, Kennepohl P, Sammis GM. Regiocontrolled and Stereoselective Syntheses of Tetrahydrophthalazine Derivatives using Radical Cyclizations. Chemistry 2019; 25:976-980. [PMID: 30350381 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrophthalazine derivatives have found important applications in pharmaceutical research, but existing synthetic methods are unable to access them regio- and stereoselectively. Here, a new approach is presented that addresses these challenges by utilizing a 6-endo-trig radical cyclization in the key step. The desired tetrahydrophthalazines can be accessed in high yields (55-98 %) and high diastereoselectivities for the trans-product (>95:5) starting either from readily accessible hydrazones, or from the corresponding aldehydes and substituted Boc-hydrazides in a one-pot process. The synthetic versatility of the tetrahydrophthalazine core was demonstrated by its straightforward conversion to dihydro-phthalazines, phthalazines, or pyrazolo dione derivatives. Furthermore, the N-N bond was reduced to afford a new route to 1,4-diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jia Yi Mo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Weiying He
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Glenn M Sammis
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Chatgilialoglu C, Ferreri C, Landais Y, Timokhin VI. Thirty Years of (TMS)3SiH: A Milestone in Radical-Based Synthetic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6516-6572. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Ferreri
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Yannick Landais
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5255, 351 cours de la libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Vitaliy I. Timokhin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
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Greiner R, Ziegler DS, Cibu D, Jakowetz AC, Auras F, Bein T, Knochel P. Preparation of Polyfunctional Naphthyridines by Cobalt-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Halogenated Naphthyridines with Magnesium and Zinc Organometallics. Org Lett 2017; 19:6384-6387. [PMID: 29152984 PMCID: PMC6400433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
CoCl2 (5%)
catalyzes cross-couplings of various halogenated
naphthyridines with alkyl- and arylmagnesium halides. Also, arylzinc
halides undergo smooth cross-couplings with various naphthyridines
in the presence of CoCl2·2LiCl (5%) and sodium formate
(50%), leading to polyfunctional arylated naphthyridines. Two of these
arylated naphthyridines are highly fluorescent, with quantum efficiencies
reaching 95% and long excited-state lifetimes of up to 12 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Greiner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothée S Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Denise Cibu
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas C Jakowetz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Auras
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Jouha J, Buttard F, Lorion M, Berthonneau C, Khouili M, Hiebel MA, Guillaumet G, Brière JF, Suzenet F. Domino Aza-Michael-ih-Diels–Alder Reaction to Various 3-Vinyl-1,2,4-triazines: Access to Polysubstituted Tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridines. Org Lett 2017; 19:4770-4773. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jabrane Jouha
- Université d’Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR
7311, 45067 Orléans, France
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane - Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, BP 523, 23000 Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Floris Buttard
- Université d’Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR
7311, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Magali Lorion
- Université d’Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR
7311, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Clément Berthonneau
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA
(UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Mostafa Khouili
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane - Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, BP 523, 23000 Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | | | | | - Jean-François Brière
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA
(UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Franck Suzenet
- Université d’Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR
7311, 45067 Orléans, France
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11
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Jackl MK, Legnani L, Morandi B, Bode JW. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Morpholines and Oxazepanes with Silicon Amine Protocol (SLAP) Reagents and Lewis Acid Facilitated Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2017; 19:4696-4699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz K. Jackl
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Legnani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Bill Morandi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kreituss I, Bode JW. Catalytic Kinetic Resolution of Saturated N-Heterocycles by Enantioselective Amidation with Chiral Hydroxamic Acids. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2807-2821. [PMID: 27936682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of enantioenriched chiral compounds by kinetic resolution dates back to the laboratories of Louis Pasteur in the middle of the 19th century. Unlike asymmetric synthesis, this process can always deliver enantiopure material (ee > 99%) if the reactions are allowed to proceed to sufficient conversion and the selectivity of the process is not unity (s > 1). One of the most appealing and practical variants is acylative kinetic resolution, which affords easily separable reaction products, and several highly efficient enzymatic and small molecule catalysts are available. Unfortunately, this method is applicable to limited substrate classes such as alcohols and primary benzylamines. This Account focuses on our work in catalytic acylative kinetic resolution of saturated N-heterocycles, a class of molecules that has been notoriously difficult to access via asymmetric synthesis. We document the development of hydroxamic acids as suitable catalysts for enantioselective acylation of amines through relay catalysis. Alongside catalyst optimization and reaction development, we present mechanistic studies and theoretical calculation accounting for the origins of selectivity and revealing the concerted nature of many amide-bond forming reactions. Immobilization of the hydroxamic acid to form a polymer supported reagent allows simplification of the experimental setup, improvement in product purification, and extension of the substrate scope. The kinetic resolutions are operationally straight forward: reactions proceed at room temperature and open to air conditions, without generation of difficult-to-remove side products. This was utilized to achieve decagram scale resolution of antimalarial drug mefloquine to prepare more than 50 g of (+)-erythro-meflqouine (er > 99:1) from the racemate. The immobilized quasienantiomeric acyl hydroxamic acid reagents were also exploited for a rare practical implementation of parallel kinetic resolution that affords both enantiomers of the amine products in high enantiopurity. The success of this process relied on identification of two cleavable acyl groups alongside implementation of flow-chemistry techniques to ensure reusability of the resolving agents. The work discussed in this Account has laid foundations for new catalyst design as well as development of desymmetrization and dynamic kinetic resolution processes. In the meantime, as all the requisite reagents are commercially available, we hope that hydroxamic acid promoted acylative kinetic resolution will become a method of choice for preparation of saturated N-heterocycles in enantiopure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imants Kreituss
- Laboratorium für
Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium für
Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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