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Yu H, Xu F. Advances in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds by in situ benzyne cycloaddition. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8238-8253. [PMID: 36922948 PMCID: PMC10010163 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00400g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are prevalent in various natural products, medicines, agrochemicals, and organic functional materials. Among strategies to prepare nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, pathways involving benzyne intermediates are attractive given that they can readily assemble highly diverse heterocyclic compounds in a step-economical manner under transition-metal-free conditions. The synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds from benzyne intermediates offers an alternative strategy to the conventional metal-catalyzed activation approaches. In the past years, chemists have witnessed the revival of benzyne chemistry, mainly attributed to the wide application of various novel benzyne precursors. The cycloaddition of benzynes is a powerful tool for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, which can be constructed by [n + 2] cyclization of benzyne intermediates in situ generated from benzyne precursors under mild reaction conditions. This review focuses on the application of cycloaddition reactions involving in situ benzynes in the construction of various nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shizhen College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang Guizhou 550200 China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guiyang University Guiyang Guizhou 550005 P. R. China
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2
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Roberts RA, Metze BE, Nilova A, Stuart DR. Synthesis of Arynes via Formal Dehydrogenation of Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3306-3311. [PMID: 36728842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Arynes offer immense potential for diversification of benzenoid rings, which occur in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and liquid crystals. However, accessing these high-energy intermediates requires synthetic precursors, which involve either harsh conditions or multistep syntheses. The development of alternative methods to access arynes using simpler substrates and milder conditions is necessary for a more streamlined approach. Here, we describe a two-step formal dehydrogenation of simple arenes to generate arynes at a remote position relative to traditionally reactive groups, e.g., halides. This approach is enabled by regioselective installation and ejection of an "onium" leaving group, and we demonstrate the compatibility of simple arenes (20 examples) and arynophiles (8 examples). Moreover, through direct comparison, we show that our formal dehydrogenation method is both more functional group tolerant and efficient in generating arynes than the current state-of-the-art aryne precursors. Finally, we show that aryne intermediates offer opportunities for regioselective C-H amination that are distinct from other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley A Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Bryan E Metze
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Aleksandra Nilova
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - David R Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
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3
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McCormick TM, Stuart DR, Metze BE, Bhattacharjee A. Parameterization of Arynophiles: Experimental Investigations towards a Quantitative Understanding of Aryne Trapping Reactions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1845-3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArynes are highly reactive intermediates that may be used strategically in synthesis by trapping with arynophilic reagents. However, ‘arynophilicity’ of such reagents is almost completely anecdotal and predicting which ones will be efficient traps is often challenging. Here, we describe a systematic study to parameterize the arynophilicity of a wide range of reagents known to trap arynes. A relative reactivity scale, based on one-pot competition experiments, is presented by using furan as a reference arynophile and 3-chlorobenzyne as a the aryne. More than 15 arynophiles that react in pericyclic reactions, nucleophilic addition, and σ-bond insertion reactions are parameterized with arynophilicity (A) values, and multiple aryne precursors are applicable.
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4
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Miyabe H. Regiocontrol by Halogen Substituent on Arynes: Generation of 3-Haloarynes and Their Synthetic Reactions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1814-9853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe use of arynes as highly reactive intermediates has attracted substantial attention in organic synthesis. To enhance the utility of arynes, the regiocontrol in the reactions of unsymmetrically substituted arynes is an important task. The introduction of halogen substituent at 3-position of arynes leads to sufficient regiocontrol for various synthetic reactions. This short review highlights the utility of 3-haloarynes in organic synthesis and discusses the distortion models used to explain regioselectivity, representative reactions of 3-haloarynes generated from polyhaloarenes, and the preparation and reactions of easily activatable aryne precursors.1 Introduction2 Distortion Models3 Reaction of Precursors Activated by an Organometallic Reagent or Base4 Preparation of Easily Activatable Precursors5 Reactions of Easily Activatable Precursors6 Concluding Remarks
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5
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Le TV, Daugulis O. In situ ortho-lithiation/functionalization of pentafluorosulfanyl arenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:537-540. [PMID: 34908042 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06140b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A general method for ortho-functionalization of pentafluorosulfanyl arenes has been developed. ortho-Lithiation with lithium tetramethylpiperidide at -60 °C in the presence of silicon, germanium, and tin electrophiles affords trapped products in moderate to high yields. Precise temperature regimes and the presence of electrophiles during lithiation are important for successful reactions, since the pentafluorosulfanyl group acts as a competent leaving group at temperatures above -40 °C. Fluoro, bromo, iodo, enolizable keto, cyano, ester, amide, and unsubstituted amino functionalities are compatible with the reaction conditions. Conversion of 2-dimethylsilylpentafluorosulfanyl benzene to 2-halosubstituted derivatives, useful as starting materials in cross-coupling chemistry, was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh V Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA.
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA.
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6
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Jeon YK, Kim WS. 1,3-Aza-Brook Rearrangement of Aniline Derivatives: In Situ Generation of 3-Aminoaryne via 1,3-C-(sp 2)-to-N Silyl Migration. Org Lett 2021; 23:7545-7549. [PMID: 34553933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and validation of 3-aminobenzyne precursors induced by C-(sp2)-to-N 1,3-aza-Brook rearrangement have been achieved, allowing access to diverse aniline derivatives. Through crossover experiments, we demonstrated the intramolecular mechanism of 1,3-C-to-N silyl transfer. To gain insight into the regioselectivity observed in the reactions, we performed density functional theory calculations. Finally, the method was applied to the synthesis of xylanigripones A in five linear steps in an overall yield of 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyo Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Won-Suk Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
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7
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Synthesis of 1,5-diazocin-2-ones. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Mechanism of Anion-Catalyzed C–H Silylation Using TMSCF3: Kinetically-Controlled CF3-Anionoid Partitioning As a Key Parameter. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Lianggui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
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10
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Chen C, Sun W, Liu L, Zhao J, Huang Y, Shi X, Ding J, Jiao D, Zhu B. Palladium-catalyzed domino Heck-disilylation and Heck-monosilylation of alkene-tethered carbamoyl chlorides: synthesis of versatile silylated oxindoles. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report efficient domino Heck-disilylation and Heck-monosilylation of alkene-tethered carbamoyl chlorides with hexamethyldisilane under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
| | - Wan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
| | - Liying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
| | - Dequan Jiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- P. R. China
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11
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Miyabe H. Aryne-Mediated Synthesis of Oxygen Heterocycles and Application to Cysteine-Selective Trapping. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-20-934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Yoshioka E, Kakigi K, Miyoshi S, Kawasaki Y, Miyabe H. Aryne Precursors for Selective Generation of 3-Haloarynes: Preparation and Application to Synthetic Reactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13544-13556. [PMID: 32985890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and reaction of new 3-haloaryne precursors 2a-2h were studied. The ortho-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflate precursors 2a-2h were prepared by a simple procedure involving O-trimethylsilylation and migration of a trimethylsilyl group followed by triflation. The remarkable feature of new precursors is the selective generation of 3-haloarynes by suppressing the competitive thia-Fries rearrangement, which is the problem in the reaction using the well-known 3-haloaryne precursors. The advantage of new precursor 2a over a typical precursor 1 was confirmed by the direct comparisons in several reactions. The application of precursors 2a-2h to the syntheses of heterocycles was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eito Yoshioka
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Kengo Kakigi
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Shouta Miyoshi
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kawasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
| | - Hideto Miyabe
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan
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13
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Ikawa T, Sun J, Takagi A, Akai S. One-Pot Generation of Functionalized Benzynes from Readily Available 2-Hydroxyphenylboronic Acids. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3383-3392. [PMID: 32013426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a one-pot method for the generation of benzynes from a range of readily available 2-hydroxyphenylboronic acids. This method features the in situ activation of both boronic acid and hydroxyl groups of the substrate to enhance benzyne generation at 60 °C. Such mild conditions facilitate the generation of functionalized benzynes that immediately react with diverse arynophiles to produce multisubstituted fused benzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - JingKai Sun
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Takagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Muraca ACA, Raminelli C. Exploring Possible Surrogates for Kobayashi's Aryne Precursors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2440-2457. [PMID: 32064404 PMCID: PMC7017410 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A class of aryne precursors, that is, 2-(trimethylsilyl)aryl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonates, has been developed through well-established synthetic routes, which allow the formation of arynes under relatively mild conditions. All the aryne precursors were obtained from phenols and 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride, an inexpensive and easy-to-handle reagent with relatively low toxicity, and subjected to nucleophilic addition reactions, providing addition products in yields of 24 to 92%, and to cycloaddition reactions, affording cycloadducts in yields up to 80%. This work provides interesting insights into the mechanisms of aryne generation. In addition, 2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate was successfully employed in the total synthesis of (±)-aporphine.
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15
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Ito M, Tanaka A, Hatakeyama K, Kano E, Higuchi K, Sugiyama S. One-pot generation of benzynes from 2-aminophenylboronates via a Rh(ii)-catalyzed N–H amination/oxidation/elimination cascade process. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01115c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rh(ii)-Nitrene-mediated N–H amination of 2-aminophenylboronates triggered a cascade of oxidation/elimination processes resulting in the generation of benzynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Ito
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University
- Tokyo 204-8588
- Japan
| | - Arisa Tanaka
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University
- Tokyo 204-8588
- Japan
| | | | - Emi Kano
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University
- Tokyo 204-8588
- Japan
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16
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Nakamura Y, Ozawa S, Yoshida S, Hosoya T. Facile Synthesis of Diverse 2,6-Disubstituted Arylsilanes via Silylamination and Silylsulfanylation of Aryne Intermediates Generated from o-Iodoaryl Triflates. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Saki Ozawa
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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17
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Nakamura Y, Miyata Y, Uchida K, Yoshida S, Hosoya T. 3-Thioaryne Intermediates for the Synthesis of Diverse Thioarenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:5252-5258. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyata
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Keisuke Uchida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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18
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Devaraj K, Ingner FJL, Sollert C, Gates PJ, Orthaber A, Pilarski LT. Arynes and Their Precursors from Arylboronic Acids via Catalytic C-H Silylation. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5863-5871. [PMID: 30835118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new, operationally simple approach is presented to access arynes and their fluoride-activated precursors based on Ru-catalyzed C-H silylation of arylboronates. Chromatographic purification may be deferred until after aryne capture, rendering the arylboronates de facto precursors. Access to various new arynes and their derivatives is demonstrated, including, for the first time, those based on a 2,3-carbazolyne and 2,3-fluorenyne core, which pave the way for novel derivatizations of motifs relevant to materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, Uppsala 75-123 , Sweden
| | - Fredric J L Ingner
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, Uppsala 75-123 , Sweden
| | - Carina Sollert
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, Uppsala 75-123 , Sweden
| | - Paul J Gates
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories , Uppsala University , Box 523, Uppsala 75-120 , Sweden
| | - Lukasz T Pilarski
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, Uppsala 75-123 , Sweden
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19
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Serafini M, Pirali T. Arynes and isocyanides: Two close-knit partners in multicomponent reactions. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 29:35-41. [PMID: 30471672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite benzyne has been known since 1940, this fascinating species has received much attention only over the last decades. The renaissance of interest in aryne chemistry is ascribable to the seminal discovery that arynes can be generated in situ from stable and commercially available precursors under mild and neutral conditions. Thanks to their high reactivity, arynes are key intermediates in countless chemical transformations ranging from cycloadditions to insertions and, among all these approaches, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are currently standing out in this field. In particular, this short article is focused on MCRs involving the concomitant use of benzyne and isocyanides. Furthermore, the first overview on aryne MCRs triggered by α-isocyanoacetamides is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serafini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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20
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Mesgar M, Nguyen-Le J, Daugulis O. New Hindered Amide Base for Aryne Insertion into Si-P, Si-S, Si-N, and C-C Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13703-13710. [PMID: 30351137 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general method for a new, hindered lithium diadamantylamide (LDAM) base-promoted insertion of arynes into Si-P, Si-S, Si-N, and C-C bonds is described. Arynes are generated from easily available aryl triflates and halides. Subsequent reaction of the aryne with silylated phosphines, sulfides, or amines affords the insertion products. Furthermore, a one-step synthesis of anthracenes from aryl halides and aryl ketones is also demonstrated. Cyano, aryl, alkyl, trifluoromethyl, vinyl, methoxy, chloro, fluoro, and even formyl moieties are compatible with the reaction conditions. The new lithium amide affords higher yields compared with lithium tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP)-promoted reactions. Furthermore, the bulkiness of LDAM base essentially suppresses aryne reaction with base, allowing use of aryl halides and triflates as the limiting reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mesgar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
| | - Justin Nguyen-Le
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
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21
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Miyabe H. Transition-Metal-Free Activation of Amide Bond by Arynes. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092145. [PMID: 30150534 PMCID: PMC6225192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly reactive arynes activate the N–C and C=O bonds of amide groups under transition metal-free conditions. This review highlights the insertion of arynes into the N–C and C=O bonds of the amide group. The insertion of arynes into the N–C bond gives the unstable four-membered ring intermediates, which are easily converted into ortho-disubstituted arenes. On the other hand, the selective insertion of arynes into the C=O bond is observed when the sterically less-hindered formamides are employed to give a reactive transient intermediate. Therefore, the trapping reactions of transient intermediates with a variety of reactants lead to the formation of oxygen atom-containing heterocycles. As relative functional groups are activated, the reactions of arynes with sulfinamides, phosphoryl amides, cyanamides, sulfonamides, thioureas, and vinylogous amides are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Miyabe
- School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Minatojima 1-3-6, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan.
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22
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Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Heck/Silylation Reaction for the Synthesis of (2-Oxoindolin-3-yl)methylsilanes via
Trapping of the σ-Alkylpalladium Intermediates with Disilanes. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Li W, Xiao G, Deng G, Liang Y. Pd-Catalyzed disilylation: an efficient route to 2,2′-bis(trimethylsilyl)biphenyls via trapping transient dibenzopalladacyclopentadienes with hexamethyldisilane. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed disilylation reaction of 2-iodobiphenyls with hexamethyldisilane via trapping transient dibenzopalladacyclopentadienes has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hunan Normal University
| | - Genhua Xiao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hunan Normal University
| | - Guobo Deng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hunan Normal University
| | - Yun Liang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hunan Normal University
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24
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Hein SJ, Lehnherr D, Arslan H, J. Uribe-Romo F, Dichtel WR. Alkyne Benzannulation Reactions for the Synthesis of Novel Aromatic Architectures. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2776-2788. [PMID: 29112367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds and polymers are integrated into organic field effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices, and redox-flow batteries. These compounds and materials feature increasingly complex designs, and substituents influence energy levels, bandgaps, solution conformation, and crystal packing, all of which impact performance. However, many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of interest are difficult to prepare because their substitution patterns lie outside the scope of current synthetic methods, as strategies for functionalizing benzene are often unselective when applied to naphthalene or larger systems. For example, cross-coupling and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions rely on prefunctionalized arenes, and even directed metalation methods most often modify positions near Lewis basic sites. Similarly, electrophilic aromatic substitutions access single regioisomers under substrate control. Cycloadditions provide a convergent route to densely functionalized aromatic compounds that compliment the above methods. After surveying cycloaddition reactions that might be used to modify the conjugated backbone of poly(phenylene ethynylene)s, we discovered that the Asao-Yamamoto benzannulation reaction is notably efficient. Although this reaction had been reported a decade earlier, its scope and usefulness for synthesizing complex aromatic systems had been under-recognized. This benzannulation reaction combines substituted 2-(phenylethynyl)benzaldehydes and substituted alkynes to form 2,3-substituted naphthalenes. The reaction tolerates a variety of sterically congested alkynes, making it well-suited for accessing poly- and oligo(ortho-arylene)s and contorted hexabenzocoronenes. In many cases in which asymmetric benzaldehyde and alkyne cycloaddition partners are used, the reaction is regiospecific based on the electronic character of the alkyne substrate. Recognizing these desirable features, we broadened the substrate scope to include silyl- and halogen-substituted alkynes. Through a combined experimental and computational approach, we have elucidated mechanistic insight and key principles that govern the regioselectivity outcome of the benzannulation of structurally diverse alkynes. We have applied these methods to prepare sterically hindered, shape-persistent aromatic systems, heterocyclic aromatic compounds, functionalized 2-aryne precursors, polyheterohalogenated naphthalenes, ortho-arylene foldamers, and graphene nanoribbons. As a result of these new synthetic avenues, aromatic structures with interesting properties were uncovered such as ambipolar charge transport in field effect transistors based on our graphene nanoribbons, conformational aspects of ortho-arylene architectures resulting from intramolecular π-stacking, and modulation of frontier molecular orbitals via protonation of heteroatom containing aromatic systems. Given the availability of many substituted 2-(phenylethynyl)benzaldehydes and the regioselectivity of the benzannulation reaction, naphthalenes can be prepared with control of the substitution pattern at seven of the eight substitutable positions. Researchers in a range of fields are likely to benefit directly from newly accessible molecular and polymeric systems derived from polyfunctionalized naphthalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hasan Arslan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Fernando J. Uribe-Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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25
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Hein SJ, Lehnherr D, Dichtel WR. Rapid access to substituted 2-naphthyne intermediates via the benzannulation of halogenated silylalkynes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5675-5681. [PMID: 28989606 PMCID: PMC5621055 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A ZnCl2-catalyzed, regioselective benzannulation of halogenated silylacetylenes provides access to 2-naphthyne precursors.
Aryne intermediates are versatile and important reactive intermediates for natural product and polymer synthesis. 2-Naphthynes are relatively unexplored because few methods provide precursors to these intermediates, especially for those bearing additional substituents. Here we report a general synthetic strategy to access 2-naphthyne precursors through an Asao-Yamamoto benzannulation of ortho-(phenylethynyl)benzaldehydes with halo-silylalkynes. This transformation provides 2-halo-3-silylnaphthalenes with complete regioselectivity. These naphthalene products undergo desilylation/dehalogenation in the presence of F– to generate the corresponding 2-naphthyne intermediate, as evidenced by furan trapping experiments. When these 2-naphthynes are generated in the presence of a copper catalyst, ortho-naphthalene oligomers, trinaphthalene, or binaphthalene products are formed selectively by varying the catalyst loading and reaction temperature. The efficiency, mild conditions, and versatility of the naphthalene products and naphthyne intermediates will provide efficient access to many new functional aromatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hein
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA . .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , USA
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA .
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26
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Mesgar M, Daugulis O. Synthesis of 1,2-Bis(trifluoromethylthio)arenes via Aryne Intermediates. Org Lett 2017; 19:4247-4250. [PMID: 28753015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A general method for synthesis of 1,2-bis-trifluoromethylthioarenes has been developed. Arynes generated from silyl aryl triflates or halides react with bis(trifluoromethyl)disulfide to afford 1,2-bis-trifluoromethylthioarenes. Aryl, alkyl, ester, halide, and methoxy functionalities are compatible with reaction conditions. Use of bis(perfluoroaryl)disulfides gave moderate yields of aryne disulfenylation or cyclization to fluorinated dibenzothiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mesgar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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27
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Asgari P, Dakarapu US, Nguyen HH, Jeon J. Aryne cycloaddition reactions of benzodioxasilines as aryne precursors generated by catalytic reductive ortho-C-H silylation of phenols with traceless acetal directing groups. Tetrahedron 2017; 73:4052-4061. [PMID: 28694551 PMCID: PMC5501486 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diversely substituted arylsilyl triflates, as aryne precursors for aryne cycloaddition reactions, were accessed from benzodioxasilines. Catalytic reductive C-H ortho-silylation of phenols with traceless acetal directing groups was exploited to prepare benzodioxasilines. Sequential addition of MeLi and then trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride to benzodioxasilines provided arylsilyl triflates in a single pot. Notably, this approach was successfully utilized to prepare sterically hindered 1,2,3-trisubstituted arylsilyl triflates, which ultimately underwent fluoride-mediated aryne cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Asgari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Udaya Sree Dakarapu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Hiep H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Junha Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, United States
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28
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Ikawa T, Masuda S, Nakajima H, Akai S. 2-(Trimethylsilyl)phenyl Trimethylsilyl Ethers as Stable and Readily Accessible Benzyne Precursors. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4242-4253. [PMID: 28247765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stable 2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl trimethylsilyl ethers, readily obtained from the corresponding halogenated phenols in two steps, were identified as novel benzyne precursors. These species were converted to benzynes by a domino reaction of O-desilylation, O-nonaflylation, and β-elimination under mild conditions using nonafluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (NfF) and tetrabutylammonium triphenyldifluorosilicate (TBAT). The generated benzynes were trapped by various arynophiles to afford a wide variety of benzo-fused heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Masuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University , 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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29
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Fier PS, Whittaker AM. An Atom-Economical Method To Prepare Enantiopure Benzodiazepines with N-Carboxyanhydrides. Org Lett 2017; 19:1454-1457. [PMID: 28272893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of a rapid, one-pot synthesis of diazepinones with simple reagents is described. N-Carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) are employed as amino acid building blocks that react with o-ketoanilines sequentially as electrophiles and nucleophiles to form diazepinones with water and carbon dioxide as byproducts. Notably, these reactions enable the coupling of stereodefined amino acid derived NCAs without racemization. This method is demonstrated by an improved synthesis of a key intermediate toward a bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) bromodomain inihibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Fier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Aaron M Whittaker
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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30
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Singh KN, Singh P, Kaur M, Sharma E. Intermolecular Nucleophilic Addition of N-Diaminophosphinoyl-Protected α-Carbanions Derived from Secondary Amines to Arynes: Synthesis of 1-Aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal N. Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; Chandigarh India 160014
| | - Paramjit Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; Chandigarh India 160014
| | - Manjot Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; Chandigarh India 160014
| | - Esha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; Chandigarh India 160014
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31
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Cao WB, Chu XQ, Zhou Y, Yin L, Xu XP, Ji SJ. Copper-catalyzed construction of eight-membered rings via oxidative ring expansion and intermolecular cyclization sequencing of indoles with amidines: efficient synthesis of benzo[1,3,5]triazocin-6(5H)-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6601-6604. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02815f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel and efficient synthesis of eight-membered nitrogen heterocycles in one pot by copper-catalyzed oxidative ring expansion and intermolecular cyclization sequencing of indoles with amidines has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Xue-Qiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Ling Yin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Xiao-Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Shun-Jun Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
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32
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Abstract
The synthesis of biaryls from benzyne intermediates offers an alternative strategy to conventional metal-catalyzed cross-coupling approaches.
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