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Manna S, Das K, Santra S, Nosova EV, Zyryanov GV, Halder S. Structural and Synthetic Aspects of Small Ring Oxa- and Aza-Heterocyclic Ring Systems as Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2023; 15:1826. [PMID: 37766233 PMCID: PMC10536032 DOI: 10.3390/v15091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral properties of different oxa- and aza-heterocycles are identified and properly correlated with their structural features and discussed in this review article. The primary objective is to explore the activity of such ring systems as antiviral agents, as well as their synthetic routes and biological significance. Eventually, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the heterocyclic compounds, along with their salient characteristics are exhibited to build a suitable platform for medicinal chemists and biotechnologists. The synergistic conclusions are extremely important for the introduction of a newer tool for the future drug discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibasish Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Emily V. Nosova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (S.S.); (E.V.N.); (G.V.Z.)
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskoy Street, 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sandipan Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
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2
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Sabourin A, Dufour J, Vors JP, Bernier D, Montchamp JL. Synthesis of Carbon‐ and Nitrogen‐Substituted 5‐ and 6‐Membered Benzo‐Phostams. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Sabourin
- Texas Christian University Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Luc Montchamp
- Texas Christian University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 2800 South University DriveSid Richardson Building Room 425 76129 Fort Worth UNITED STATES
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3
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Lin LZ, Yang S, Liu WH, Shie JJ. Dichotomous Selectivity in Indium-Mediated Aza-Barbier-Type Allylation of 2- N-Acetyl Glycosyl Sulfinylimines in Brine: Convenient Access to Potent Anti-Influenza Agents. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2324-2335. [PMID: 35075895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective indium-mediated allylation of 2-N-acetyl glycosyl sulfinylimines in brine under mild reaction conditions is reported. The method allows the achievement of a highly remarkable dichotomous selectivity for substrates, providing a single diastereoisomer of the product in 80-98% yield. With chiral (S)-homoallylic sulfinamide (RS)-5 and (RS)-8 formed as key intermediates, two potent anti-influenza agents, zanamivir and zanaphosphor, were synthesized in 50% and 41% overall yields, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Zhi Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Yang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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4
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Duan C, Liu W, Bi S, Chen L, Pan J, Zhou T, Lin K, Zhou W. Synthesis and characterization of 4(
R
)‐epimer impurities of zanamivir and laninamivir octanoate. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Duan
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti‐Infectives Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Weiyuan Liu
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti‐Infectives Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Siju Bi
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti‐Infectives Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti‐Infectives Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Jing Pan
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti‐Infectives Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti‐Infectives Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Kuaile Lin
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti‐Infectives Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
| | - Weicheng Zhou
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti‐Infectives Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai China
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5
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Wester A, Björkling F, Franzyk H. Evaluation of 1 H-Triazole-1-[ N, N'-Bis( tert-butoxycarbonyl)]carboxamidine in Solution-Phase and On-Resin Guanidinylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14371-14380. [PMID: 34661410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several guanidines and guanidinylated peptides have substantial potential as therapeutics, but efficient guanidinylation reagents are vital for easy access to these compounds. Presently, pyrazole-1-carboxamidine type reagents are commonly used in the transformations of amines into corresponding guanidines. Here, we report a comparative study of the utility of 1H-triazole-1-[N,N'-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)]carboxamidine, which was synthesized in two steps and readily upscaled to gram amounts. It exhibited excellent performance in solution-phase reactions, rapidly converting a set of representative aliphatic primary and unhindered secondary amines as well as aniline into the corresponding bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-protected guanidines. To enable a direct assessment of the reactivity of guanidinylation reagents, conversions were performed in deuterated solvents (d7-DMF or d8-THF), allowing for continuous analysis of the reaction mixtures by 1H and 13C NMR. Likewise, 1H-triazole-1-[N,N'-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)]carboxamidine proved to be a versatile reagent in solid-phase conversions, for example, a resin-bound test peptide (KFFKFFK) was fully guanidinylated in only 2 h by using 2 equivalents of the reagent per free amino group. Also, 1H-triazole-1-[N,N'-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)]carboxamidine proved capable of completely guanidinylating more sterically hindered N-terminal residues (e.g., N-methyl amino acids or a peptoid) in resin-bound peptides. Its superior reactivity and stability demonstrated under heating conditions make 1H-triazole-1-[N,N'-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)]carboxamidine a valuable guanidinylation reagent both in solution- and solid-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Wester
- Center for Peptide-Based Antibiotics, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Center for Peptide-Based Antibiotics, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Center for Peptide-Based Antibiotics, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark
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6
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Li M, Han GC, Chen Y, Du WX, Liu F, Chi YM, Du JF. Efficacy of oseltamivir compared with zanamivir in COPD patients with seasonal influenza virus infection: a randomized controlled trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 54:e9542. [PMID: 33263644 PMCID: PMC7695450 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses exacerbate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with considerable morbidity and mortality. Zanamivir and oseltamivir are effective in treating influenza. However, their efficacy in relieving influenza symptoms in COPD patients remains unknown, with the lack of controlled trials in this subject. Therefore, we conducted this randomized controlled trial to investigate the clinical efficacy of both interventions in this population. Patients were allocated to two groups (80 patients each): oseltamivir (OSELTA) and zanamivir (ZANA) groups. Oseltamivir (75 mg) was orally administered twice daily for 5 days, while zanamivir (10 mg) was inhaled twice daily for 5 days. Clinical parameters including body temperature, influenza symptoms (i.e., sore throat, cough, etc.), and serial blood tests were recorded on days 1, 3, and 7. We analyzed primary (changes in body temperature) and secondary outcomes (changes in non-specific symptoms) using the pre-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses. Differences between groups were assessed using t-test. Oseltamivir and zanamivir significantly reduced body temperature on the 3rd day after treatment; however, the number of patients who reported clinical improvement in influenza-like symptoms was significantly higher in the OSELTA group compared to the ZANA group on days 3 (85 vs 68.8%, P=0.015) and 7 (97.5 vs 83.8%, P=0.003). However, no significant changes in hematological (white blood cells and its subtypes) and inflammatory (C-reactive protein) parameters were noted (P>0.05). Our results suggested that oseltamivir and zanamivir are effective in reducing body temperature, while oseltamivir led to better clinical improvement regarding influenza-like symptoms in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Section 1, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Guang-Chao Han
- Section 1, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Section 1, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Du
- Section 1, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Section 1, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Min Chi
- Section 1, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Jun-Feng Du
- Section 1, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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7
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Yu Y, Qin HJ, Shi XX, Song JQ, Zhou JP, Yu P, Fan ZC, Zhong M, Yang Y. Thiosialoside-decorated polymers use a two-step mechanism to inhibit both early and late stages of influenza virus infection. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Faisca Phillips AM, Guedes da Silva MFC, Pombeiro AJL. The Stereoselective Nitro-Mannich Reaction in the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Other Biologically Active Compounds. Front Chem 2020; 8:30. [PMID: 32047742 PMCID: PMC6997535 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nitro-Mannich (aza-Henry) reaction, in which a nitroalkane and an imine react to form a β-nitroamine, is a versatile tool for target-oriented synthesis. Although the first stereoselective reaction was developed only 20 years ago, and enantioselective and diastereoselective versions for the synthesis of non-racemic compounds soon after, there are nowadays a variety of reliable methods which can be used for the synthesis of APIs and other biologically active substances. Hence many anticancer drugs, antivirals, antimicrobials, enzyme inhibitors and many more substances, containing C-N bonds, have been synthesized using this reaction. Several transition metal complexes and organocatalysts were shown to be compatible with the presence of a wide range of functional groups in these molecules, and very high levels of asymmetric induction have been achieved in some cases. The reaction has also been applied in cascade processes. The structural diversity of the products, ranging from simple heterocycles or azabicycles to complex alkaloids, iminosugars, amino acids or diamino acids and phosphonates, shows the versatility of the nitro-Mannich reaction and its potential for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Shie JJ, Fang JM. Development of effective anti-influenza drugs: congeners and conjugates - a review. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:84. [PMID: 31640786 PMCID: PMC6806523 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a long-standing health problem. For treatment of seasonal flu and possible pandemic infections, there is a need to develop new anti-influenza drugs that have good bioavailability against a broad spectrum of influenza viruses, including the resistant strains. Relenza™ (zanamivir), Tamiflu™ (the phosphate salt of oseltamivir), Inavir™ (laninamivir octanoate) and Rapivab™ (peramivir) are four anti-influenza drugs targeting the viral neuraminidases (NAs). However, some problems of these drugs should be resolved, such as oral availability, drug resistance and the induced cytokine storm. Two possible strategies have been applied to tackle these problems by devising congeners and conjugates. In this review, congeners are the related compounds having comparable chemical structures and biological functions, whereas conjugate refers to a compound having two bioactive entities joined by a covalent bond. The rational design of NA inhibitors is based on the mechanism of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the sialic acid (Neu5Ac)-terminated glycoprotein. To improve binding affinity and lipophilicity of the existing NA inhibitors, several methods are utilized, including conversion of carboxylic acid to ester prodrug, conversion of guanidine to acylguanidine, substitution of carboxylic acid with bioisostere, and modification of glycerol side chain. Alternatively, conjugating NA inhibitors with other therapeutic entity provides a synergistic anti-influenza activity; for example, to kill the existing viruses and suppress the cytokines caused by cross-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. .,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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10
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Marčeková M, Gerža P, Šoral M, Moncol J, Berkeš D, Kolarovič A, Jakubec P. Crystallization Does It All: An Alternative Strategy for Stereoselective Aza-Henry Reaction. Org Lett 2019; 21:4580-4584. [PMID: 31184186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and experimentally straightforward method for the stereoselective synthesis of a variety of β-nitro-α-amino carboxylic acids via aza-Henry (nitro-Mannich) reaction of aldimines is disclosed, yielding either anti- or a rarely reported syn-configuration. The reaction operates directly on free glyoxylic acid and generates imine species in situ. Crystallization-controlled diastereoselectivity enables isolation of the target compounds in high enantio- and diastereomeric purities by a simple filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Marčeková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Peter Gerža
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Michal Šoral
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Ján Moncol
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Dušan Berkeš
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kolarovič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education , Trnava University , Priemyselná 4 , 918 43 Trnava , Slovakia
| | - Pavol Jakubec
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
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11
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Asymmetric aza-Henry reaction of fluoromethylated imines catalyzed by cinchona-derived bifunctional thiourea. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Zhang L, Fang Y, Jin X, Guo T, Li R, Li Y, Li X, Ye Q, Luo X. Palladium-catalysed coupling of α-halo vinylphosphonate and α-phosphonovinyl sulfonate with alkylzincs: straightforward and versatile synthesis of α-alkyl vinylphosphonates. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Easy and efficient access to α-alkylated vinylphosphonates via Pd-catalysed Negishi coupling!
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- China
| | - Yewen Fang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315211
- China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
| | - Xiaoping Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College
- Ningbo 315100
- China
| | - Ting Guo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan 030024
- China
| | - Yan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Xie Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Qilin Ye
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Xiang Luo
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University of Technology
- Ningbo 315211
- China
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Kim M, Kim H, Kim H, Chin J. Synthesis of Enantiopure Mixed Alkyl-Aryl Vicinal Diamines by the Diaza-Cope Rearrangement: A Synthesis of (+)-CP-99,994. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12050-12058. [PMID: 29027460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of mixed alkyl-aryl vicinal diamines was demonstrated by the use of 1,2-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diaminoethene (hpen). A sequential addition of aryl and alkyl aldehyde to hpen gave a fused imidazolidine-dihydro-1,3-oxazine ring stereoselectively, which undergoes the diaza-Cope rearrangement to provide mixed vicinal diimines at elevated temperature in good yields and excellent stereoselectivity. We also showed that (+)-CP-99,994 can be readily prepared by the diaza-Cope rearrangement in overall 42% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyeseung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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