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Luo Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Luo M, Zeng X. Mild ketyl radical generation and coupling with alkynes enabled by Cr catalysis: stereoselective access to E-exocyclic allyl alcohols. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11428-11434. [PMID: 39054998 PMCID: PMC11268464 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02967d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The mild catalytic generation of ketyl radicals for organic transformations remains an unsolved issue, although it facilitates the discovery of metal-catalyzed reactions with the features of high functional group tolerance. Here, we report the generation of the ketyl radicals and coupling with alkynes that was enabled by cost-effective chromium catalysis, allowing for the formation of valuable E-exocyclic allyl alcohols with high stereo- and chemoselectivity. A broad range of synthetically useful functional groups that are sensitive to strong reductants are compatible with the catalytic system, providing access to diverse substituted E-exocyclic allyl alcohols under mild conditions. Appended hydroxyl groups in products are facilely late-stage functionalized in accessing numerous derivatives, as well as the enantio-enrichment of exocyclic allyl alcohol using chiral ligands. Mechanistic studies suggest that bipyridine-ligated Cr(ii) complex serves as a reactive catalyst enabling the generation of the ketyl radical for coupling, giving vinyl radical, followed by the combination of Cr and transmetalation with Cp2ZrCl moiety in affording oxazirconiumacycle. This reaction provides a new opportunity for the mild formation of transient ketyl radicals from widely accessible aliphatic aldehydes for coupling with Earth-abundant metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Zaiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Meiming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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2
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Liu R, Qu Y, Sun Z, Yang L, Xi Z, Dong B, Guo M, Fedushkin IL, Yang XJ. Reduction of Ketones and Coupling of Ketyls by a Zn-Zn-Bonded Compound. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13558-13567. [PMID: 38962945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The α-diimine-ligated Zn-Zn-bonded compound [K(THF)2]2[LZn-ZnL] (1, L = [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)]22-) displays diverse reactivities toward a variety of ketones. In the reaction of 1 with benzophenone or 4,4'-di-tert-butylbenzophenone, a multielectron transfer process was observed to give bimetallic (Zn/K) complexes with both ketyl radical fragments and C-C coupled pinacolate moieties (products 2 and 3). In contrast, treating 1 with 9-fluorenone only afforded pinacolate complex 5. Moreover, the reactions of 1 with N- or O-heterocycle-functionalized ketones, i.e., di(2-pyridyl)ketone, 2,2-pyrrolidinone, 9-xanthenone, or 10-methyl-9(10H)-acridone, were also carried out. Besides different transformations of the ketone moiety, the heteroatoms (nitrogen or oxygen) are also involved in coordination with zinc or potassium ions, yielding discrete aggregates or polymeric structures of products 6-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenzhou Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhixian Xi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ben Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Igor L Fedushkin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Li NN, Li M, Gao JN, Zhang Z, Xie JB. Revisiting the Mg/TMSCl/Dipolar Solvent System for Dearomatic Silylation of Aryl Carbonyl Compounds: Substrate Scope, Transformations, and Mechanistic Studies. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10876-10889. [PMID: 35905447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatic silylation of arene derivatives is an intriguing synthetic target, which represents an elegant extension of Birch reduction and produces silylated cyclohexene derivatives with great potential of further transformation. Herein, we report a systematic study on dearomatic silylation of aryl carbonyl compounds with Mg and the TMSCl/NMP adduct. The protocol displays a wide range of substrate scope, including alkyl aryl ketones, aromatic amides, benzonitriles, tert-butyl benzoates, and even 2,2'-bipyridines. Synthetic utility is demonstrated using the products as versatile substrate in various transformations. The detailed mechanism is presented with both control experimental analyses and theoretical calculations. An unusual five-coordinated silicon dianion intermediate is first proposed and described here. The selectivity is influenced by the relative rates of single electron reductions (the TMSCl/NMP adduct versus the substrate) and the steric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Meng Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jia-Ni Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jian-Bo Xie
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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4
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Ishida N, Ito M, Murakami M. Thermal Metathesis of C–C Single Bonds Induced by Steric Frustration. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ishida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Misato Ito
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510
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5
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Péter Á, Agasti S, Knowles O, Pye E, Procter DJ. Recent advances in the chemistry of ketyl radicals. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5349-5365. [PMID: 33972956 PMCID: PMC8111543 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketyl radicals are valuable reactive intermediates for synthesis and are used extensively to construct complex, functionalized products from carbonyl substrates. Single electron transfer (SET) reduction of the C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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O bond of aldehydes and ketones is the classical approach for the formation of ketyl radicals and metal reductants are the archetypal reagents employed. The past decade has, however, witnessed significant advances in the generation and harnessing of ketyl radicals. This tutorial review highlights recent, exciting developments in the chemistry of ketyl radicals by comparing the varied contemporary – for example, using photoredox catalysts – and more classical approaches for the generation and use of ketyl radicals. The review will focus on different strategies for ketyl radical generation, their creative use in new synthetic protocols, strategies for the control of enantioselectivity, and detailed mechanisms where appropriate. Ketyl radicals are valuable reactive intermediates for synthesis. This review highlights exciting recent developments in the chemistry of ketyl radicals by comparing contemporary and more classical approaches for their generation and use.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Áron Péter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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6
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Lübbesmeyer M, Mackay EG, Raycroft MAR, Elfert J, Pratt DA, Studer A. Base-Promoted C-C Bond Activation Enables Radical Allylation with Homoallylic Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2609-2616. [PMID: 31941267 PMCID: PMC7021447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
Cα–Cβ bond in homoallylic
alcohols can be activated under basic conditions, qualifying these
nonstrained acyclic systems as radical allylation reagents. This reactivity
is exemplified by photoinitiated (with visible light and/or blue LEDs)
allylation of perfluoroalkyl and alkyl radicals generated from perfluoroalkyl
iodides and alkylpyridinium salts, respectively, with homoallylic
alcohols. C-radical addition to the double bond of the title reagents
and subsequent base-promoted homolytic Cα–Cβ cleavage leads to the formation of the corresponding
allylated products along with ketyl radicals that act as single electron
reductants to sustain the chain reactions. Substrate scope is documented
and the role of base in the C–C bond activation is studied
by computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lübbesmeyer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Emily G Mackay
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Mark A R Raycroft
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Jonas Elfert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Corrensstraße 40 , 48149 Münster , Germany
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7
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Ishida N, Masuda Y, Liao W, Murakami M. Photo-assisted Fixation of CO2 onto Aryl Bromides Producing Aromatic Esters. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ishida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Masuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Wenqing Liao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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8
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Seath CP, Vogt DB, Xu Z, Boyington AJ, Jui NT. Radical Hydroarylation of Functionalized Olefins and Mechanistic Investigation of Photocatalytic Pyridyl Radical Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15525-15534. [PMID: 30354095 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the photoredox alkylation of halopyridines using functionalized alkene and alkyne building blocks. Selective single-electron reduction of the halogenated pyridines provides the corresponding heteroaryl radicals, which undergo anti-Markovnikov addition to the alkene substrates. The system is shown to be mild and tolerant of a variety of alkene and alkyne subtypes. A combination of computational and experimental studies support a mechanism involving proton-coupled electron transfer followed by medium-dependent alkene addition and rapid hydrogen atom transfer mediated by a polarity-reversal catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran P Seath
- Department of Chemistry and Winship Cancer Institute , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - David B Vogt
- Department of Chemistry and Winship Cancer Institute , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Winship Cancer Institute , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Allyson J Boyington
- Department of Chemistry and Winship Cancer Institute , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Nathan T Jui
- Department of Chemistry and Winship Cancer Institute , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
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9
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Mondal A, Kundu P, Jash M, Chowdhury C. Palladium-catalysed stereoselective synthesis of 4-(diarylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones: expedient access to 4-substituted isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and isoquinolines. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:963-980. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02788e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalysed stereoselective synthesis of 4-(diarylmethylidene)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and their straightforward transformations to 4-substituted isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and isoquinolines are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mondal
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR)
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Priyanka Kundu
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR)
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Moumita Jash
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR)
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Chinmay Chowdhury
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR)
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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10
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Huang Y, Chan GH, Chiba S. Amide-Directed C−H Sodiation by a Sodium Hydride/Iodide Composite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Guo Hao Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
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11
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Huang Y, Chan GH, Chiba S. Amide-Directed C-H Sodiation by a Sodium Hydride/Iodide Composite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6544-6547. [PMID: 28449253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new protocol for amide-directed ortho and lateral C-H sodiation is enabled by sodium hydride (NaH) in the presence of either sodium iodide (NaI) or lithium iodide (LiI). The transient organosodium intermediates could be transformed into functionalized aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Huang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Guo Hao Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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12
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Mao X, Tong T, Fan S, Fang L, Wu J, Wang X, Kang H, Lv X. One-pot synthesis of thiazino[2,3,4-hi]indole derivatives through a tandem oxidative coupling/heteroannulation process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4718-4721. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00992e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel and expedient one-pot synthesis of thiazino[2,3,4-hi]indole derivatives was developed through a tandem oxidative coupling/heteroannulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Mao
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tong
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Senbao Fan
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Honglan Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences
- Zhejiang Normal University
- Jinhua 321004
- People's Republic of China
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