1
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Chen H, Yang W, Zhang J, Lu B, Wang X. Divergent Geminal Alkynylation-Allylation and Acylation-Allylation of Carbenes: Evolution and Roles of Two Transition-Metal Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4727-4740. [PMID: 38330247 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Cooperative bimetallic catalysis to access novel reactivities is a powerful strategy for reaction development in transition-metal-catalyzed chemistry. Particularly, elucidation of the evolution of two transition-metal catalysts and understanding their roles in dual catalysis are among the most fundamental goals for bimetallic catalysis. Herein, a novel three-component reaction of a terminal alkyne, a diazo ester, and an allylic carbonate was successfully developed via cooperative Cu/Rh catalysis with Xantphos as the ligand, providing a highly efficient strategy to access 1,5-enynes with an all-carbon quaternary center that can be used as immediate synthetic precursors for complex cyclic molecules. Notably, a Meyer-Schuster rearrangement was involved in the reactions using propargylic alcohols, resulting in an unprecedented acylation-allylation of carbenes. Mechanistic studies suggested that in the course of the reaction Cu(I) species might aggregate to some types of Cu clusters and nanoparticles (NPs), while the Rh(II)2 precursor can dissociate to mono-Rh species, wherein Cu NPs are proposed to be responsible for the alkynylation of carbenes and work in cooperation with Xantphos-coordinated dirhodium(II) or Rh(I)-catalyzed allylic alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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2
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Xu J, Ge Z, Ding K, Wang X. Rh(II)/Pd(0) Dual-Catalyzed Regio-Divergent Three-Component Propargylic Substitution. JACS AU 2023; 3:2862-2872. [PMID: 37885573 PMCID: PMC10598837 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Regio-divergent propargylic substitution to generate functionally diverse products from identical starting materials remains a formidable challenge, probably due to the unpredictable regiochemical complexity. In practically, the synthesis of α-quaternary propargylic-substituted products is still much less developed, and preprepared nucleophiles are generally applied in this type of reaction with propargylic substrates, which limits the reaction efficiency and diversity of the obtained products. Herein, we disclose unprecedented three-component propargylic substitution of α-diazo esters with amines and propargylic carbonates under dirhodium/palladium dual catalysis. The key to the success of this multicomponent propargylic substitution is to avoid two-component side reactions through a tandem process of dirhodium(II)-catalyzed carbene insertion and palladium-catalyzed regiodivergent propargylic substitution. The judicious selection of a diphosphine (dppf) or monophosphine (tBuBrettphos) as the ligand is crucial for the reaction to generate different products in a switchable way, α-quaternary 1,3-dienyl or propargylated products, with high regio- and chemoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhaoliang Ge
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and
Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Frontier
Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, 800 Dongchuan
Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 1 Sub-lane
Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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3
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Sharma S, Monga Y, Gupta A, Singh S. 2-Oxindole and related heterocycles: synthetic methodologies for their natural products and related derivatives. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14249-14267. [PMID: 37179999 PMCID: PMC10173257 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural goods, medications, and pharmaceutically active substances all contain substituted oxindoles. Generally, the C-3 stereocenter of the substituents of oxindoles and their absolute arrangement have a substantial impact on the bioactivity of these substances. In this case, the desire for contemporary probe and drug-discovery programs for the synthesis of chiral compounds using desirable scaffolds with high structural diversity further drives research in this field. Also, the new synthetic techniques are generally simple to apply for the synthesis of other similar scaffolds. Herein, we review the distinct approaches for the synthesis of diverse useful oxindole scaffolds. Specifically, the research findings on the naturally existing 2-oxindole core and a variety of synthetic compounds having a 2-oxindole core are discussed. We present an overview of the construction of oxindole-based synthetic and natural products. In addition, the chemical reactivity of 2-oxindole and its related derivatives in the presence of chiral and achiral catalysts are thoroughly discussed. The data compiled herein provides broad information related to the bioactive product design, development, and applications of 2-oxindoles and the reported techniques will be helpful for the investigation of novel reactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Madhya Pradesh-474 005 India
| | - Yukti Monga
- Shyamlal College, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110032 India
| | - Ashu Gupta
- Shyamlal College, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110032 India
| | - Shivendra Singh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Madhya Pradesh-474 005 India
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4
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Three-component Chemo-selective Oxy-allylation of α-Diazo Carbonyl Compounds: Access to α-Ternary Carboxylic Esters. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Huang LZ, Xuan Z, Park JU, Kim JH. Dual Rh(II)/Pd(0) Relay Catalysis Involving Sigmatropic Rearrangement Using N-Sulfonyl Triazoles and 2-Hydroxymethylallyl Carbonates. Org Lett 2022; 24:6951-6956. [PMID: 36121333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dual Rh(II)/Pd(0) relay catalysis of N-sulfonyl triazoles and 2-hydroxymethylallyl carbonates has been developed, which affords N-sulfonyl pyrrolidines in moderate to good yields with high diastereoselectivities. The reaction proceeds via a relay mechanism involving O-H insertion onto the α-imino Rh(II)-carbene, [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, dipole formation through Pd(0)-catalyzed decarboxylation, and intramolecular N-allylation, leading to the formation of multiple bonds in a one-pot operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Zhu Huang
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, 52828 Jinju, Korea.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, P. R. China
| | - Zi Xuan
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, 52828 Jinju, Korea
| | - Jong-Un Park
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, 52828 Jinju, Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, 52828 Jinju, Korea
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6
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Ballav T, Chakrabortty R, Das A, Ghosh S, Ganesh V. Palladium‐Catalyzed Dual Catalytic Synthesis of Heterocycles. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamal Ballav
- IIT Kharagpur: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Chemistry INDIA
| | | | - Aniruddha Das
- IIT Kharagpur: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Chemistry INDIA
| | - Suman Ghosh
- IIT Kharagpur: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Chemistry INDIA
| | - Venkataraman Ganesh
- IIT Kharagpur: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Chemistry Department of Chemistry,Indian Institute Technology Kharagpur 721302 Kharagpur INDIA
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7
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Yang Y, Lu B, Xu G, Wang X. Overcoming O-H Insertion to Para-Selective C-H Functionalization of Free Phenols: Rh(II)/Xantphos Catalyzed Geminal Difunctionalization of Diazo Compounds. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:581-589. [PMID: 35647279 PMCID: PMC9136979 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Para-selective C-H functionalization of free phenols by metal carbenoids is rather challenging due to the generally more favorable competing O-H insertion. Herein, with the use of the combination of Rh(II) and a Xantphos ligand as the catalyst, a novel multicomponent reaction of free phenols, diazoesters, and allylic carbonates was successfully developed, affording a wide variety of phenol derivatives, bearing an all-carbon quaternary center and a synthetically useful allylic unit. This reaction is likely to occur through a tandem process of carbene-induced para-selective C-H functionalization, followed by Rh(II)/Xantphos-catalyzed allylation. The distinctive reactivity of para-selective C-H rather than O-H insertion for the carbenoid intermediate, combined with features of excellent functional group compatibility, high atom and step economy, and ease in further diversification of the products, might render this protocol highly attractive in facile functionalization of unprotected phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Henan
Engineering Research Center of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guiqing Xu
- Henan
Engineering Research Center of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- (G.X.)
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence
in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 1 Sub-lane
Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
- (X.W.)
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8
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Xuan Z, chen ZS. Cooperative Rh(II)/Pd(0) Dual‐Catalyzed Gem‐Difunctionalization of α‐Diazo Carbonyl Compounds: Construction of Quaternary Carbon Centers. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi Xuan
- Gyeongsang National University Department of Chemistry (BK 21 Four) KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - zi-sheng chen
- Northwest A&F University College of Chemistry and Pharmacy Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100 Shaanxi CHINA
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9
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengming Wang
- Jinan University Chemistry 601 West Huangpu Avenue 510632 Guangzhou CHINA
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10
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Wu M, Ruan X, Han Z, Gong L. Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade C−H Functionalization/Asymmetric Allylation Reaction of Aryl α‐Diazoamides and Allenes: Lewis Acid Makes a Difference. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104218. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Song Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Yun Ruan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Yong Han
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Liu‐Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
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11
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Li F, Lu B, Liu Y, Wang X. Dirhodium/Xantphos-Catalyzed Tandem C—H Functionalization/Allylic Alkylation: Direct Access to 3-Acyl-3-allyl Oxindole Derivatives from N-Aryl- α-diazo- β-keto Amides. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Oxindole synthesis via C H activation methods. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Cooperative Catalytic Asymmetric Three-Component Allylic Alkylation Enabled by Ternary Catalyst System. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Kang Z, Chang W, Tian X, Fu X, Zhao W, Xu X, Liang Y, Hu W. Ternary Catalysis Enabled Three-Component Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation as a Concise Track to Chiral α,α-Disubstituted Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20818-20827. [PMID: 34871492 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions that involve interception of onium ylides through Aldol, Mannich, and Michael addition with corresponding bench-stable acceptors have demonstrated broad applications in synthetic chemistry. However, because of the high reactivity and transient survival of these in situ generated intermediates, the substitution-type interception process, especially the asymmetric catalytic version, remains hitherto unknown. Herein, a three-component asymmetric allylation of α-diazo carbonyl compounds with alcohols and allyl carbonates is disclosed by employing a ternary cooperative catalysis of achiral Pd-complex, Rh2(OAc)4, and chiral phosphoric acid CPA. This method represents the first example of three-component asymmetric allylic alkylation through an SN1-type trapping process, which involves a convergent assembly of two active intermediates, Pd-allyl species, and enol derived from onium ylides, providing an expeditious access to chiral α,α-disubstituted ketones in good to high yields with high to excellent enantioselectivity. Combined experimental and computational studies have shed light on the mechanism of this novel three-component reaction, including the critical role of Xantphos ligand and the origin of enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenju Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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15
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Soam P, Gaba H, Mandal D, Tyagi V. A Pd-catalyzed one-pot cascade consisting of C-C/C-O/N-N bond formation to access benzoxazine fused 1,2,3-triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9936-9945. [PMID: 34739023 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01539g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed one-pot cascade consisting of C-C/C-O/N-N bond formation to access clinically important fused 1,2,3-triazoles using N-aryl-α-(tosylhydrazone)acetamides with isocyanide has been developed. Besides, various substitutions on the N-aryl part of acetamides along with different isocyanides show good compatibility in this protocol. Next, two plausible mechanistic routes were proposed; however, one of the routes was more favourable which involved the formation of a benzoxazine ring first followed by the realization of a triazole ring. Additionally, the more favourable mechanistic route was investigated using DFT studies which suggests that the formations of a Pd(II)-isocyanide complex and α-diazoimino intermediates were key steps in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Soam
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Hashmita Gaba
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Debasish Mandal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Vikas Tyagi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
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16
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Wang Y, Yang M, Sun YY, Wu ZG, Dai H, Li S. An Efficient Approach for 3,3-Disubstituted Oxindoles Synthesis: Aryl Iodine Catalyzed Intramolecular C-N Bond Oxidative Cross-Coupling. Org Lett 2021; 23:8750-8754. [PMID: 34709841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first intramolecular C-N bond formation of phenylpropanamide derivatives via organocatalytic oxidative reactions, affording 3,3-disubstituted oxindole derivatives with up to 99% yield. The high efficiency of this reaction is exemplified by the transition metal-free mild conditions and the ability to perform the reaction on a gram scale. Meanwhile, the DFT calculation of the catalytic oxidative transformation pathway has also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Mo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Guang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Hong Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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17
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Shi CY, Li L, Kang W, Zheng YX, Ye LW. Claisen rearrangement triggered by transition metal-catalyzed alkyne alkoxylation. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Loup J, Larin EM, Lautens M. Iron-Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization by Hydromagnesiation: A Modular Strategy Towards N-Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22345-22351. [PMID: 34409717 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A reductive cyclization to prepare a variety of N-heterocycles, through the use of ortho-vinylanilides, is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by an inexpensive and bench-stable iron complex and generally occurs at ambient temperature. The transformation likely proceeds through hydromagnesiation of the vinyl group, and trapping of the in situ generated benzylic anion by an intramolecular electrophile to form the heterocycle. This iron-catalyzed strategy was shown to be broadly applicable and was utilized in the synthesis of substituted indoles, oxindoles and tetrahydrobenzoazepinoindolone derivatives. Mechanistic studies indicated that the reversibility of the hydride transfer step depends on the reactivity of the tethered electrophile. The synthetic utility of our approach was further demonstrated by the formal synthesis of a reported bioactive compound and a family of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Loup
- Davenport Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Egor M Larin
- Davenport Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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19
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Iron‐Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization by Hydromagnesiation: A Modular Strategy Towards
N
‐Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Wu G, Wu JR, Huang Y, Yang YW. Enantioselective Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters by Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: A Review. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1864-1877. [PMID: 34014613 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary stereocenters are of great importance to the three-dimensionality and enhanced properties of new molecules, but the synthetic challenges in creating quaternary stereocenters greatly hinder their wide use in drug discovery, organic material design, and natural product synthesis. The asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) of allylic substrates has proven to be a powerful methodology for enantioselective formation of structure skeletons bearing single or more quaternary carbon centers in modern asymmetric organocatalysis. AAA has certain advantages in constructing the tetrasubstituted stereocenters, including but not limited to mild reactive conditions, effective reaction rates, new functional group introduction, and carbon chains length extension. This review outlines the key considerations in the application of AAA reactions and summarizes the recent progress of AAA reactions in the enantioselective synthesis of products containing quaternary stereocenters. Meanwhile, a detailed discussion of the AAA reactions such as ligands, scope of substrates, transformations and the general reaction mechanisms is also provided. We hope this review could stimulate further advances in much broader areas, including organic synthesis, asymmetric catalysis, C-H activation, and symmetrical pharmaceutical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengxin Wu
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Rui Wu
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830000, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Wei Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry (NMAC), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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21
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Al Mamari HH, Grošelj U, Požgan F, Brodnik H. Regioselective Ru(II)/Pd(0) Dual Catalysis: One-Pot C-H Diarylation of Five-Membered Heterocyclic Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3138-3151. [PMID: 33512169 PMCID: PMC7901663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Herein, we report a one-pot site-selective dual metal catalyzed C–H diarylation
reaction for the synthesis of multiarylated thiophene and furan derivatives in yields up
to 92%. The regioselectivity of the developed methodology was achieved with the
sequential use of two metal catalysts within a single vessel, starting with a
Ru(II)-catalyzed C3 arylation assisted by an azine directing group, followed by a
Pd(0)-catalyzed C–H functionalization on the C5-position of the five-membered
heterocycle. Furthermore, the kinetic studies support that the position of the nitrogen
atom within the azine moiety exhibits an evident effect on the efficiency of the
ruthenium-catalyzed arylation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad H Al Mamari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 36, Al Khoudh, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Uroš Grošelj
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Franc Požgan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Brodnik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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23
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Lee YL, Lee KR, Xuan Z, Lee S. Dual Rh(
II
)/Pd(0) Relay Catalysis for
One‐Pot
Synthesis of
α‐Quaternary
Allylated Indolin‐2‐ones and Benzofuran‐2‐ones. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lim Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Kyu Ree Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Zi Xuan
- Department of Chemistry (BK21) Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University Jinju 52828 Korea
| | - Sang‐gi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
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24
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Kim UB, Jung DJ, Jeon HJ, Rathwell K, Lee SG. Synergistic Dual Transition Metal Catalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13382-13433. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Bin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience (BK 21 Plus), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Da Jung Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience (BK 21 Plus), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience (BK 21 Plus), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Kris Rathwell
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience (BK 21 Plus), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Sang-gi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience (BK 21 Plus), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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25
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Corre Y, Rysak V, Nagyházi M, Kalocsai D, Trivelli X, Djukic J, Agbossou‐Niedercorn F, Michon C. One‐Pot Controlled Reduction of Conjugated Amides by Sequential Double Hydrosilylation Catalyzed by an Iridium(III) Metallacycle. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Corre
- UCCS UMR 8181 Univ. Lille CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide 59000 Lille France
| | - Vincent Rysak
- UCCS UMR 8181 Univ. Lille CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide 59000 Lille France
| | - Márton Nagyházi
- UCCS UMR 8181 Univ. Lille CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide 59000 Lille France
| | - Dorottya Kalocsai
- UCCS UMR 8181 Univ. Lille CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide 59000 Lille France
| | - Xavier Trivelli
- IMEC Institut Michel‐Eugène Chevreul FR 2638 Univ. Lille 59000 Lille France
| | - Jean‐Pierre Djukic
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7177 Université de Strasbourg 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Francine Agbossou‐Niedercorn
- UCCS UMR 8181 Univ. Lille CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide 59000 Lille France
| | - Christophe Michon
- UCCS UMR 8181 Univ. Lille CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide 59000 Lille France
- Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux ‐ LIMA UMR 7042, Université de Strasbourg Université de Haute‐Alsace, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
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26
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Marchese AD, Larin EM, Mirabi B, Lautens M. Metal-Catalyzed Approaches toward the Oxindole Core. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1605-1619. [PMID: 32706589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxindole scaffold is a privileged structural motif that is found in a variety of bioactive targets and natural products. Moreover, derivatives of the oxindole structure are widely present in a number of biologically relevant compounds and are key intermediates in the synthesis of diverse natural products and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, novel methods to obtain oxindoles remain of high priority in synthetic organic chemistry.Over the past several decades, novel transition-metal-catalyzed methodologies have been applied toward the synthesis of a variety of heterocycles. A detailed mechanistic understanding facilitates the disruption of traditional catalytic pathways to access useful synthetic intermediates. The strategies employed have generally revolved around the generation of high-energy organometallic intermediates, which undergo cyclization reactions through domino processes. Domino cyclization methodologies are therefore attractive, as they allow facile access to functionalized oxindoles containing all-carbon quaternary centers or tetrasubstituted olefins with high chemo- and stereoselectivities. Furthermore, these developed synthetic strategies can often be easily applied in the syntheses of other related scaffolds.In this Account, we discuss the three unique strategies that our group has leveraged for the synthesis of valuable oxindole scaffolds. The first section in this Account outlines the use of an initial oxidative addition to a C(sp2)-X bond, followed by a migratory insertion, yielding a neopentyl species amenable to a variety of subsequent functionalizations. From this reactive neopentyl metal species, we have reported C-X reductive eliminations, anionic capture cascade reactions, and intramolecular C-H functionalization processes. The second section of this Account summarizes our group's findings on 1,2-insertions of a metal-nucleophile species across an unsaturation, generating a reactive organometallic intermediate; subsequent reactions with tethered electrophiles form the desired heterocyclic core. We have explored a wide array of transition metal-catalyzed strategies using this approach, including rhodium-catalyzed conjugate additions, an asymmetric copper-catalyzed borylcupration, and a palladium(II)-catalyzed chloropalladation protocol. The final section of this Account details the use of dual-metal catalysis to perform a cyclization through a C-H functionalization-allylation domino reaction. Throughout this Account, we provide details of mechanistic studies that better enabled our understanding of the domino processes.Overall, our group has developed methods exploiting the unique reactivity of palladium, nickel, copper, rhodium, and ruthenium catalysts to develop methods toward a wide array of oxindole scaffolds. On the basis of the utility, diversity, and applicability of the strategies developed, we believe that they will prove to be highly useful in the syntheses of other important targets and inspire further development and mechanistic understanding of various metal-catalyzed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D. Marchese
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Egor M. Larin
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Bijan Mirabi
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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27
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Beccalli EM, Christodoulou MS, Foschi F, Giofrè S. Pd-Catalyzed Domino Reactions Involving Alkenes To Access Substituted Indole Derivatives. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed domino reactions are advanced tools in achieving various nitrogen-containing heterocycles in an efficient and economical manner due to the reduced number of steps in the process. This review highlights recent advances in domino processes aimed at the synthesis of indole derivatives and polycyclic systems containing the indole nucleus in intra/intra- or intra/intermolecular reactions. In particular, we consider domino processes that involve a double bond in a step of the sequence, which allow the issue of regioselectivity in the cyclization to be faced and overcome. The different sections in this review focus on the synthesis of the indole nucleus and functionalization of the scaffold starting from different substrates that have been identified as activated starting materials, which involve a halogenated moiety or unactivated unsaturated systems. In the former case, the reaction is under Pd(0) catalysis, and in the second case a Pd(II) catalytic species is required and then an oxidant is necessary to reconvert the Pd(0) into the active Pd(II) species. On the other hand, the second method has the advantage that it uses easy available and inexpensive substrates.1 Introduction2 Indole Scaffold Synthesis2.1 Activated Substrates2.2 Unactivated Substrates3 Functionalization of Indole Scaffold3.1 Activated Substrates3.2 Unactivated Substrates4 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle M. Beccalli
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica ‘A. Marchesini’ Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Michael S. Christodoulou
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica ‘A. Marchesini’ Università degli Studi di Milano
| | - Francesca Foschi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell’Insubria
| | - Sabrina Giofrè
- DISFARM, Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica ‘A. Marchesini’ Università degli Studi di Milano
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28
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Pellissier H. Recent Developments in Enantioselective Multicatalyzed Tandem Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Wang XX, Huang XY, Lei SH, Yang F, Gao JM, Ji K, Chen ZS. Relay Rh(ii)/Pd(0) dual catalysis: synthesis of α-quaternary β-keto-esters via a [1,2]-sigmatropic rearrangement/allylic alkylation cascade of α-diazo tertiary alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:782-785. [PMID: 31845674 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A relay Rh(ii)/Pd(0) dual catalysis that enables domino [1,2]-sigmatropic rearrangement/allylic alkylation of α-diazo tertiary alcohols is described. This transformation represents a highly efficient method for the one-pot synthesis of α-quaternary β-keto-esters under mild conditions, in which two separate C-C σ-bonds at the carbenic center were formed in a straightforward manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xu Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
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30
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Fan C, Wu Q, Zhu C, Wu X, Li Y, Luo Y, He JB. Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Aryl Halides and Triflates to Electron-Deficient Olefins via Nickel- and Rhodium-Catalyzed Sequential Relay Reactions. Org Lett 2019; 21:8888-8892. [PMID: 31592667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric conjugate addition of aryl halides or aryl triflates to electron-deficient olefins was realized by sequential Miyaura borylation and Hayashi-Miyaura conjugate addition in one pot. A nickel-catalyzed borylation of aryl halides or triflates and a rhodium-chiral diene complex catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition was executed as a pair of relay reactions as a more efficient and greener protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Fan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Qixu Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Chengfeng Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Yougui Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Yunfei Luo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Jian-Bo He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
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31
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Xu C, Wang K, Li D, Lin L, Feng X. Asymmetric Synthesis of Oxa‐Bridged Oxazocines through a Catalytic Rh
II
/Zn
II
Relay [4+3] Cycloaddition Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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32
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Xu C, Wang K, Li D, Lin L, Feng X. Asymmetric Synthesis of Oxa‐Bridged Oxazocines through a Catalytic Rh
II
/Zn
II
Relay [4+3] Cycloaddition Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18438-18442. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & TechnologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
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33
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Romano C, Fiorito D, Mazet C. Remote Functionalization of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyls by Multimetallic Sequential Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16983-16990. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Romano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Fiorito
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clément Mazet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Site Selectivity in Pd-Catalyzed Reactions of α-Diazo-α-(methoxycarbonyl)acetamides: Effects of Catalysts and Substrate Substitution in the Synthesis of Oxindoles and β-Lactams. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193551. [PMID: 31575030 PMCID: PMC6803982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed intramolecular carbene C–H insertion of α-diazo-α-(methoxycarbonyl)acetamides to prepare oxindoles as well as β-lactams was studied. In order to identify what factors influence the selectivity of the processes, we explored how the reactions are affected by the catalyst type, using two oxidation states of Pd and a variety of ligands. It was found that, in the synthesis of oxindoles, ((IMes)Pd(NQ))2 can be used as an alternative to Pd2(dba)3 to catalyze the carbene CArsp2–H insertion, although it was less versatile. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the Csp3–H insertion leading to β-lactams can be effectively promoted by both Pd(0) and Pd(II) catalysts, the latter being most efficient. Insight into the reaction mechanisms involved in these transformations was provided by DFT calculations.
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35
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Solé D, Amenta A, Bennasar M, Fernández I. Palladium‐ and Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbene C
Ar
−H Functionalization of γ‐Amino‐α‐diazoesters for the Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines. Chemistry 2019; 25:10239-10245. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Solé
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'AlimentacióUniversitat de Barcelona Av. Joan XXIII 27–31 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Arianna Amenta
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'AlimentacióUniversitat de Barcelona Av. Joan XXIII 27–31 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - M.‐Lluïsa Bennasar
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'AlimentacióUniversitat de Barcelona Av. Joan XXIII 27–31 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en, Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
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36
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Dhole S, Chiu W, Sun C. Catalyst‐Controlled Chemodivergent Annulation to Indolo/Pyrrolo‐Fused Diazepine and Quinoxaline. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Dhole
- Department of Applied ChemistryNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300-10 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Chandmal Tarachand Bora CollegeUniversity of Pune, Maharashtra 412210 India
| | - Wei‐Jung Chiu
- Department of Applied ChemistryNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300-10 Taiwan
| | - Chung‐Ming Sun
- Department of Applied ChemistryNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300-10 Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied ChemistryKaohsiung Medical University 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road Kaohsiung 807-08 Taiwan
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37
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Chen L, Ma Y, Yang F, Huang X, Chen S, Ji K, Chen Z. Chemo‐selective Rh(II)/Pd(0) Dual Catalysis: Synthesis of All‐Carbon C3‐Quaternary Allylic Oxindoles from
N
‐Aryl‐
α
‐Diazo‐
β
‐Keto‐Amides with Functionalized Allyl Carbonates. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling‐Hang Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100, Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yang‐Ting Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100, Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100, Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Yan Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100, Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Shu‐Wei Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100, Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Kegong Ji
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100, Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Zi‐Sheng Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and PharmacyNorthwest A&F University Yangling 712100, Shaanxi People's Republic of China
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38
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Sánchez‐Cantalejo F, Priest JD, Davies PW. A Gold Carbene Manifold to Prepare Fused γ-Lactams by Oxidative Cyclisation of Ynamides. Chemistry 2018; 24:17215-17219. [PMID: 30248205 PMCID: PMC6282577 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gold-catalysed oxidative cyclisation reactions of ynamides offer great promise in γ-lactam synthesis but are limited by preferential over-oxidation to form α-keto imides. Evaluating the factors that might limit N-cyclisation pathways led to effective gold-catalysed conditions that allow access to different fused γ-lactams on changing the ynamide N-substituent and accommodate previously incompatible substitution patterns. New and efficient methods for the synthesis of functionalised 3-aryl indoles and cyclohepta[c]pyrrol-1-one derivatives are presented. These conditions illustrate the complementarity of gold catalysis to other metals.
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39
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Su L, Yu Z, Ren P, Luo Z, Hou W, Xu H. Ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed synthesis of indazolone-fused cinnolines via C-H coupling with diazo compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7236-7244. [PMID: 30255913 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A robust, efficient and scalable method for the synthesis of 12H-indazolo[2,1-a]cinnolin-12-ones was developed. Significantly, a less developed cationic complex [Ru(p-cymene)(MeCN)3(SbF6)2] was found to be effective for this transformation. In this reaction, a tandem pathway of C-H ruthenation, Ru(ii)-carbene formation, migratory insertion and condensation was involved. The results of a primary mechanistic study suggested that the C-H activation process might follow an electrophilic-type metalation/deprotonation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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40
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Li Y, Xu S. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C−H Functionalization for Construction of Quaternary Carbon Centers. Chemistry 2018; 24:16218-16245. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 P.R. China
| | - Silong Xu
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 P.R. China
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41
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Li YP, Li ZQ, Zhu SF. Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions of diazo compounds with electron-rich (hetero-) arenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Zhang ZW, Wang CC, Xue H, Dong Y, Yang JH, Liu S, Liu WQ, Li WDZ. Asymmetric Formal Synthesis of (−)-Cephalotaxine via Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Tsuji Allylation. Org Lett 2018; 20:1050-1053. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P. R. China
| | - Cui-Cui Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P. R. China
| | - Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P. R. China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Z. Li
- School
of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
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43
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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44
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He XH, Yang L, Ji YL, Zhao Q, Yang MC, Huang W, Peng C, Han B. Chemo- and Stereoselective Cross Rauhut-Currier-Type Reaction of Tri-substituted Alkenes Containing Trifluoromethyl Groups. Chemistry 2018; 24:1947-1955. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hong He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research; Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources; School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research; Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources; School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Ji
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research; Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources; School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research; Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources; School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Ming-Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research; Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources; School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research; Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources; School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research; Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources; School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research; Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources; School of Pharmacy; Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
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45
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Lai ZW, Liu C, Sun H, You SL. Asymmetric Synthesis of 3-Allyloxindoles and 3-Allenyloxindoles by Scandium(III)-Catalyzed Claisen Rearrangement Reactions. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Wei Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang; Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang; Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
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46
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Cano R, Zakarian A, McGlacken GP. Direct Asymmetric Alkylation of Ketones: Still Unconquered. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9278-9290. [PMID: 28497890 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The alkylation of ketones is taught at basic undergraduate level. In many cases this transformation leads to the formation of a new stereogenic center. However, the apparent simplicity of the transformation is belied by a number of problems. So much so, that a general method for the direct asymmetric alkylation of ketones remains an unmet target. Despite the advancement of organocatalysis and transition-metal catalysis, neither field has provided an adequate solution. Indeed, even use of an efficient and general stoichiometric chiral reagent has yet to be reported. Herein we describe the state-of-the-art in terms of direct alkylation reactions of some carbonyl groups. We outline the limited progress that has been made with ketones, and potential routes towards ultimately achieving a widely applicable methodology for the asymmetric alkylation of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cano
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Gerard P McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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47
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Cano R, Zakarian A, McGlacken GP. Direkte asymmetrische Alkylierung von Ketonen: noch immer ein unerreichtes Ziel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cano
- Department of Chemistry; University College Cork; Cork Irland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility; University College Cork; Cork Irland
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Gerard P. McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry; University College Cork; Cork Irland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility; University College Cork; Cork Irland
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48
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Mei GJ, Bian CY, Li GH, Xu SL, Zheng WQ, Shi F. Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of the Tryptanthrin Skeleton via an Enantioselective Decarboxylative [4 + 2] Cyclization. Org Lett 2017; 19:3219-3222. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jian Mei
- School of Chemistry and Material
Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Chen-Yu Bian
- School of Chemistry and Material
Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Guo-Hao Li
- School of Chemistry and Material
Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Shao-Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Material
Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Wen-Qin Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Material
Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Material
Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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49
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Lam H, Tsoung J, Lautens M. Synthesis of Pyridobenzazepines Using a One-Pot Rh/Pd-Catalyzed Process. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6089-6099. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street Toronto, ON Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Jennifer Tsoung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street Toronto, ON Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street Toronto, ON Canada, M5S 3H6
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50
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Dalpozzo R. Recent Catalytic Asymmetric Syntheses of 3,3-Disubstituted Indolin-2-ones and 2,2-Disubstituted Indolin-3-ones. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Dalpozzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche; Università della Calabria; 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (Cs Italy
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