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Luo J, Zhou Q, Xu Z, Houk KN, Zheng K. Photochemical Skeletal Editing of Pyridines to Bicyclic Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38875215 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
We present an efficient one-pot photochemical skeletal editing protocol for the transformation of pyridines into diverse bicyclic pyrazolines and pyrazoles under mild conditions. The method requires no metals, photocatalysts, or additives and allows for the selective removal of specific carbon atoms from pyridines, allowing for unprecedented versatility. Our approach offers a convenient and efficient means for the late-stage modification of complex drug molecules by replacing the core pyridine skeleton. Moreover, we have successfully scaled up this procedure in stop-flow and flow-chemistry systems, showcasing its applicability to intricate transformations such as the Diels-Alder reaction, hydrogenation, [3 + 2] cycloaddition, and Heck reaction. Through control experiments and DFT calculations, we provide insights into the mechanistic underpinnings of this skeletal editing protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Zhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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2
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Gong J, Liu L, Li C, He Y, Yu J, Zhang Y, Feng L, Jiang G, Wang J, Tang BZ. Oxidization enhances type I ROS generation of AIE-active zwitterionic photosensitizers for photodynamic killing of drug-resistant bacteria. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4863-4871. [PMID: 37181775 PMCID: PMC10171080 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00980g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I photosensitizers (PSs) with an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) feature have received sustained attention for their excellent theranostic performance in the treatment of clinical diseases. However, the development of AIE-active type I PSs with strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capacity remains a challenge due to the lack of in-depth theoretical studies on the aggregate behavior of PSs and rational design strategies. Herein, we proposed a facile oxidization strategy to enhance the ROS generation efficiency of AIE-active type I PSs. Two AIE luminogens, MPD and its oxidized product MPD-O were synthesized. Compared with MPD, the zwitterionic MPD-O showed higher ROS generation efficiency. The introduction of electron-withdrawing oxygen atoms results in the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the molecular stacking of MPD-O, which endowed MPD-O with more tightly packed arrangement in the aggregate state. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that more accessible intersystem crossing (ISC) channels and larger spin-orbit coupling (SOC) constants provide further explanation for the superior ROS generation efficiency of MPD-O, which evidenced the effectiveness of enhancing the ROS production ability by the oxidization strategy. Moreover, DAPD-O, a cationic derivative of MPD-O, was further synthesized to improve the antibacterial activity of MPD-O, showing excellent photodynamic antibacterial performance against methicillin-resistant S. aureus both in vitro and in vivo. This work elucidates the mechanism of the oxidization strategy for enhancing the ROS production ability of PSs and offers a new guideline for the exploitation of AIE-active type I PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 P. R. China
| | - Lingxiu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 P. R. China
| | - Chunbin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 P. R. China
| | - Yumao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 P. R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 P. R. China
| | - Lina Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 P. R. China
| | - Guoyu Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
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3
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Jurczyk J, Woo J, Kim SF, Dherange BD, Sarpong R, Levin MD. Single-atom logic for heterocycle editing. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2022; 1:352-364. [PMID: 35935106 PMCID: PMC9355079 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-022-00052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry continues to be impacted by new synthetic methods. Particularly sought after, especially at the drug discovery stage, is the ability to enact the desired chemical transformations in a concise and chemospecific fashion. To this end, the field of organic synthesis has become captivated by the idea of 'molecular editing'-to rapidly build onto, change or prune molecules one atom at a time using transformations that are mild and selective enough to be employed at the late stages of a synthetic sequence. In this Review, the definition and categorization of a particularly promising subclass of molecular editing reactions, termed 'single-atom skeletal editing', are proposed. Although skeletal editing applies to both cyclic and acyclic compounds, this Review focuses on heterocycles, both for their centrality in medicinal chemistry and for the definitional clarity afforded by a focus on ring systems. A classification system is presented by highlighting methods (both historically important examples and recent advances) that achieve such transformations, with the goal to spark interest and inspire further development in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jurczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jisoo Woo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jisoo Woo, Sojung F. Kim
| | - Sojung F. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Jisoo Woo, Sojung F. Kim
| | - Balu D. Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Richmond Sarpong or Mark D. Levin. ;
| | - Mark D. Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Richmond Sarpong or Mark D. Levin. ;
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4
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Basistyi VS, Frederich JH. Pyridazine N-Oxides as Photoactivatable Surrogates for Reactive Oxygen Species. Org Lett 2022; 24:1907-1912. [PMID: 35262355 PMCID: PMC10559729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for the photoinduced evolution of atomic oxygen from pyridazine N-oxides was developed. This underexplored oxygen allotrope mediates arene C-H oxidation within complex, polyfunctional molecules. A water-soluble pyridazine N-oxide was also developed and shown to promote photoinduced DNA cleavage in aqueous solution. Taken together, these studies highlight the utility of pyridazine N-oxides as photoactivatable O(3P) precursors for applications in organic synthesis and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii S Basistyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - James H Frederich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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5
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Mor S, Khatri M. Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation, α-amylase inhibitory ability and molecular docking studies of 3-alkyl-1-(4-(aryl/heteroaryl)thiazol-2-yl)indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-ones. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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6
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Kaur N, Verma Y, Grewal P, Ahlawat N, Bhardwaj P, Jangid NK. Photochemical C–N bond forming reactions for the synthesis of five-membered fused N-heterocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1713378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Yamini Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Pooja Grewal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Neha Ahlawat
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Pranshu Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
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7
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Sergeev PG, Nenajdenko VG. Recent advances in the chemistry of pyridazine — an important representative of six-membered nitrogen heterocycles. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Kaur N, Devi M, Verma Y, Grewal P, Bhardwaj P, Ahlawat N, Jangid NK. Photochemical Synthesis of Fused Five-membered O-heterocycles. CURRENT GREEN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2213346106666190904145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Some transformations are not possible with ground-state reactions even in the presence of a
catalyst, hence they are performed under photochemical conditions. Electron transfer occurs even with
the photochemical excitement of one molecule where redox reaction is not possible at the ground
state. The side products are obtained from ground-state reactions. For C-C bond formation during photochemical
reactions, there is no requirement of any chemical activation of the substrates. Therefore,
these reactions are presented here for the synthesis of fused five-membered O-heterocycles in the context
of sustainable processes from 1964 to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022 (Rajasthan), India
| | - Meenu Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022 (Rajasthan), India
| | - Yamini Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022 (Rajasthan), India
| | - Pooja Grewal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022 (Rajasthan), India
| | - Pranshu Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022 (Rajasthan), India
| | - Neha Ahlawat
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022 (Rajasthan), India
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9
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Ma J, Wagner BD, Li MD, Lei Y, Lee Phillips D, Bucher G. Detection and Identification of Reaction Intermediates in the Photorearrangement of Pyridazine N-Oxide: Discrepancies between Experiment and Theory. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10032-10039. [PMID: 31298848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis of pyridazine N-oxide (PNO) results in the detection of a complex series of transient phenomena. On the ultrafast (fs) timescale, we could detect the decay of the first singlet excited state of PNO and the formation of a short-lived transient species, which, based on its time-resolved resonance Raman (TR3) spectrum, we assign to oxaziridine 1,2-diaza-7-oxa-bicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4-diene. On a longer (hundreds of ns) timescale, this species rearranges to a ring-opened diazo compound, which we have also detected by time-resolved infrared and TR3 spectroscopy. In addition, we identify 1-oxa-3,4-diazepine as a long-lived species formed in the photochemistry of PNO. This species is formed via its oxirane isomer, which in turn is likely formed directly from the S1 state of PNO via a conical intersection. The barrier determined experimentally for the decay of 1,2-diaza-7-oxa-bicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4-diene (Ea = (7.1 ± 0.5) kcal mol-1) is far larger than any barrier calculated by any method that includes dynamic electron correlation but very close to the barriers calculated at the RHF or CASSCF levels of theory. Many methods (B3LYP, MP2, and MP4) fail to give a minimum structure for 1,2-diaza-7-oxa-bicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4-diene, while M06, M06-2X, MP3, CCSD, or CCSD(T) yield activation energies for its electrocyclic ring opening that are far too small. In addition, we note that several important geometric parameters, both of 1,2-diaza-7-oxa-bicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4-diene and of the transition state of its ring opening reaction, clearly have reached no convergence, even at the fully optimized CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level of theory. We therefore suggest that the transient species described in this contribution might be excellent test molecules for further development of highly correlated and density functional theory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P. R. China
| | - Brian D Wagner
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences , National Research Council of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR 99077 , P. R. China
| | - Yibo Lei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Northwest University , Xi'an 710127 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Kowloon , Hong Kong SAR 99077 , P. R. China
| | - Götz Bucher
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada.,WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Joseph-Black-Building, University Avenue , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
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10
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Borger M, Callen DP, Frederich JH. A Photoinduced Cascade for the Synthesis of 1
H
‐Indole‐2‐Acetamide Derivatives. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Borger
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University 95 Chieftain Way Tallahassee Florida 32306 United States
| | - Daniel P. Callen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University 95 Chieftain Way Tallahassee Florida 32306 United States
| | - James H. Frederich
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State University 95 Chieftain Way Tallahassee Florida 32306 United States
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11
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Moreira RE, Sinclair GS, Schipper DJ. Oxidative ring-opening of benzothiazole derivatives. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An oxidative ring opening of benzothiazole to an acylamidobenzene sulfonate ester using alcohol solvents and magnesium monoperxoyphthalate hexahydrate has been described. Under the established conditions, the reaction produces synthetically significant yields with a variety of benzothiazole derivatives. A sulfonate ester intermediate suggests that the reaction proceeds via thiazole ring opening followed by thiol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Moreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3N1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3N1, Canada
| | - Geoffrey S. Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3N1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3N1, Canada
| | - Derek J. Schipper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3N1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3N1, Canada
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12
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Borger M, Frederich JH. Pyridazine N-Oxides as Precursors to 2-Aminofurans: Scope and Limitations in Complexity Building Cascade Reactions. Org Lett 2019; 21:2397-2401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Borger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - James H. Frederich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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13
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Chakraborty A, Debnath S, Ghosh T, Maiti DK, Majumdar S. An efficient strategy for N-alkylation of benzimidazoles/imidazoles in SDS-aqueous basic medium and N-alkylation induced ring opening of benzimidazoles. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
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15
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Yang Y, Hu ZL, Li RH, Chen YH, Zhan ZP. Pyrazole synthesis via a cascade Sonogashira coupling/cyclization of N-propargyl sulfonylhydrazones. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:197-201. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02576a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient approach for the preparation of pyrazoles via a Pd(ii)/Cu(i)-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling/cyclization of N-propargyl sulfonylhydrazones has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Lin Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang-Ping Zhan
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- People's Republic of China
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16
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Zhao L, Li P, Xie X, Wang L. Selective remote C–H trifluoromethylation of aminoquinolines with CF3SO2Na under visible light irradiation in the absence of an external photocatalyst. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00229k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A selective remote C–H trifluoromethylation of aminoquinolines with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate (CF3SO2Na) under visible-light irradiation without an external photocatalyst was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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17
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Xie X, Li P, Shi Q, Wang L. Visible-light-induced tandem cyclization of 2-alkynylanilines with disulfides: a convenient method for accessing benzothiophenes under transition-metal-free and photocatalyst-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7678-7684. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01747b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient route to benzothiophenes via visible-light induced cyclization of 2-alkynylanilines with disulfides under transition-metal-free and photocatalyst-free conditions was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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