1
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Improved efficiency of photo-induced synthetic reactions enabled by advanced photo flow technologies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:761-775. [DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Nagaki A, Jiang Y, Ashikari Y, Guan K. Accelerating Heat-Initiated Radical Reactions of Organic Halides with Tin Hydride Using Flow Microreactor Technologies. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe herein report that flow microreactors can promote an efficiency of radical chain reactions. The chain reactions with a fast propagation step can be accelerated by virtue of an efficient heat-transfer character of the microreactors, whereas the yield of those reactions with a slow propagation step was increased by flow microreactors. Moreover, the yield was further increased by a sequential addition of the initiators, which was allowed by a flow-sequential-addition system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Kyoto University: Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering
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4
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Crespi S, Fagnoni M. Generation of Alkyl Radicals: From the Tyranny of Tin to the Photon Democracy. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9790-9833. [PMID: 32786419 PMCID: PMC8009483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl radicals are key intermediates in organic synthesis. Their classic generation from alkyl halides has a severe drawback due to the employment of toxic tin hydrides to the point that "flight from the tyranny of tin" in radical processes was considered for a long time an unavoidable issue. This review summarizes the main alternative approaches for the generation of unstabilized alkyl radicals, using photons as traceless promoters. The recent development in photochemical and photocatalyzed processes enabled the discovery of a plethora of new alkyl radical precursors, opening the world of radical chemistry to a broader community, thus allowing a new era of photon democracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems
Chemistry University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, V. Le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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5
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Wu F, Wang L, Ji Y, Zou G, Shen H, Nicewicz DA, Chen J, Huang Y. Direct Synthesis of Bicyclic Acetals via Visible Light Catalysis. iScience 2020; 23:101395. [PMID: 32759056 PMCID: PMC7404572 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysubstituted bicyclic acetals are a class of privileged pharmacophores with a unique 3D structure and an adjacent pair of hydrogen bond acceptors. The key, fused acetal functionality is often assembled, via intramolecular cyclization, from linear substrates that are not readily available. Herein, we report a formal cycloaddition between cinnamyl alcohols and cyclic enol ethers under ambient photoredox catalysis conditions. Polysubstituted bicyclic acetals can be prepared in one step from readily available building blocks. Employment of sugar-derived enol ethers allows easy access to a library of scaffolds with intriguing conformation and medicinal chemistry potential. Synergistic catalysis of photocatalyst and HAT reagent 5/5, 5/6, 5/7, 6/6 bicyclic acetals and polysubstituted THF formed in one step High stability of bicyclic acetal in SIF and SGF
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Leifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Ying Ji
- Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd, 720 Cai Lun Road, Building 5, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ge Zou
- Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd, 720 Cai Lun Road, Building 5, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Roche R&D Center (China) Ltd, 720 Cai Lun Road, Building 5, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - David A Nicewicz
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Jiean Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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6
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Brandão P, Pineiro M, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Flow Chemistry: Towards A More Sustainable Heterocyclic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brandão
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Centro de Química de Évora; Institute for Research and Advanced Studies; University of Évora; 7000 Évora Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- CQC and Department of Chemistry; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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7
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Fukuyama T, Fujita Y, Miyoshi H, Ryu I, Kao SC, Wu YK. Electron transfer-induced reduction of organic halides with amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5582-5585. [PMID: 29766164 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of a variety of organo halides was examined by using amines as a sacrificial hydrogen source. UV light-induced reduction of vinyl and aryl halides with triethylamine proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding reduced products. High temperature heating also caused the reduction and DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) also served as a good reducing reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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8
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Abstract
Transient temperature and flowrates in continuous flow reaction systems allows for the rapid generation of kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosi C. Aroh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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9
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Ueda M, Imai N, Yoshida S, Yasuda H, Fukuyama T, Ryu I. Scalable Flow Synthesis of [6,6]-Phenyl-C61
-butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM) using a Flow Photoreactor with a Sodium Lamp. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka Prefecture University; 599-8531 Sakai, Osaka Japan
| | - Naoyuki Imai
- Institute for Advanced & Core Technology; Showa Denko K.K; 267-0056 Chiba Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced & Core Technology; Showa Denko K.K; 267-0056 Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Institute for Advanced & Core Technology; Showa Denko K.K; 267-0056 Chiba Japan
| | - Takahide Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka Prefecture University; 599-8531 Sakai, Osaka Japan
| | - Ilhyong Ryu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka Prefecture University; 599-8531 Sakai, Osaka Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiao Tung University; 30010 Hsinchu Taiwan
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10
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Kim H, Inoue K, Yoshida JI. Harnessing [1,4], [1,5], and [1,6] Anionic Fries-type Rearrangements by Reaction-Time Control in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Keita Inoue
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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12
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Kim H, Inoue K, Yoshida JI. Harnessing [1,4], [1,5], and [1,6] Anionic Fries-type Rearrangements by Reaction-Time Control in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7863-7866. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Kim
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Keita Inoue
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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13
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Loren BP, Wleklinski M, Koswara A, Yammine K, Hu Y, Nagy ZK, Thompson DH, Cooks RG. Mass spectrometric directed system for the continuous-flow synthesis and purification of diphenhydramine. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4363-4370. [PMID: 28979759 PMCID: PMC5580336 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00905d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly integrated approach to the development of a process for the continuous synthesis and purification of diphenhydramine is reported. Mass spectrometry (MS) is utilized throughout the system for on-line reaction monitoring, off-line yield quantitation, and as a reaction screening module that exploits reaction acceleration in charged microdroplets for high throughput route screening. This effort has enabled the discovery and optimization of multiple routes to diphenhydramine in glass microreactors using MS as a process analytical tool (PAT). The ability to rapidly screen conditions in charged microdroplets was used to guide optimization of the process in a microfluidic reactor. A quantitative MS method was developed and used to measure the reaction kinetics. Integration of the continuous-flow reactor/on-line MS methodology with a miniaturized crystallization platform for continuous reaction monitoring and controlled crystallization of diphenhydramine was also achieved. Our findings suggest a robust approach for the continuous manufacture of pharmaceutical drug products, exemplified in the particular case of diphenhydramine, and optimized for efficiency and crystal size, and guided by real-time analytics to produce the agent in a form that is readily adapted to continuous synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Loren
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Michael Wleklinski
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Andy Koswara
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Kathryn Yammine
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Yanyang Hu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Zoltan K Nagy
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
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14
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Sumino S, Uno M, Fukuyama T, Ryu I, Matsuura M, Yamamoto A, Kishikawa Y. Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydrodifluoroalkylation of Alkenes Using Difluorohaloalkyl Compounds and a Hantzsch Ester. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5469-5474. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Sumino
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai,
Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Misae Uno
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai,
Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takahide Fukuyama
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai,
Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ilhyong Ryu
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai,
Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Makoto Matsuura
- Daikin Industries, Ltd., 1-1
Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Akinori Yamamoto
- Daikin Industries, Ltd., 1-1
Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kishikawa
- Daikin Industries, Ltd., 1-1
Nishi-Hitotsuya, Settsu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
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15
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Mizuno K, Nishiyama Y, Ogaki T, Terao K, Ikeda H, Kakiuchi K. Utilization of microflow reactors to carry out synthetically useful organic photochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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