1
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Prinčič G, Omahen B, Jelen J, Gruden E, Tavčar G, Iskra J. Chloroimidazolium Deoxyfluorination Reagent with H 2F 3- Anion as a Sole Fluoride Source. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10557-10561. [PMID: 39008626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
In the study, we introduce an air-stable NHC-based deoxyfluorination reagent ImCl[H2F3], offering a promising avenue for deoxyfluorination across various substrates. Reagent efficiently fluorinates benzyl alcohols, carboxylic acids, and P(V) compounds without external fluoride sources. A mechanistic study reveals a two-step process involving benzyl chloride as an intermediate, shedding light on the two-step reaction pathway. The Hammet plot provides insights into reaction mechanisms with different substrates, enhancing our understanding of this versatile deoxyfluorination method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griša Prinčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Omahen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Jelen
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, "Jožef Stefan" Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Evelin Gruden
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, "Jožef Stefan" Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Tavčar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, "Jožef Stefan" Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Iskra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Kitahara T, Tagami Y, Haga Y, Fustero S, Sugiishi T, Amii H. Alkylation and silylation of α-fluorobenzyl anion intermediates. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9210-9215. [PMID: 37961788 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01586f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Simple α-fluorobenzyl anions reacted with electrophiles such as non-activated alkyl halides and chlorotrimethylsilane. Upon treatment with LTMP as the base, fluoromethylbenzenes took part in the formation of α-monofluorobenzyl anions without stabilizing o-substituents. Furthermore, the resulting α-silyl fluoromethylbenzenes reacted with electrophiles such as acetophenone and benzaldehyde in the presence of cesium fluoride to form α-fluorobenzylated alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kitahara
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Yuta Tagami
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Yuto Haga
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Vicente Andrés Estelles s/n, C.P.: 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Tsuyuka Sugiishi
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Hideki Amii
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
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3
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Bertrand X, Pucheault M, Chabaud L, Paquin JF. Synthesis of Tertiary Fluorides through an Acid-Mediated Deoxyfluorination of Tertiary Alcohols. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14527-14539. [PMID: 37769207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The combination of methanesulfonic acid and potassium bifluoride is reported for the deoxyfluorination of tertiary alcohols. Under metal-free conditions that use readily available, cheap, and easy-to-handle reagents, a range of tertiary alcohols could be converted into the corresponding fluorides in excellent yields (average yields of 85% for 23 examples). Mechanistic investigation showed that the reaction proceeds at 0 °C, in part, through an elimination/hydrofluorination pathway, but no residual alkenes are observed. The application of these conditions for the fluorination of ether and ester is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bertrand
- CCVC, PROTEO, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Mathieu Pucheault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Chabaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Jean-François Paquin
- CCVC, PROTEO, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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4
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Herbstritt D, Tomar P, Müller R, Kaupp M, Braun T. A 2,2-Difluoroimidazolidine Derivative for Deoxyfluorination Reactions: Mechanistic Insights by Experimental and Computational Studies. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301556. [PMID: 37341145 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
A N-heterocyclic deoxyfluorinating agent SIMesF2 was synthesized by nucleophilic fluorination of N,N-1,3-dimesityl-2-chloroimidazolidinium chloride (3) at room temperature. SIMesF2 was applied to deoxyfluorinate carboxylic acids and alcohols and convert benzaldehyde into difluorotoluene. Mechanistic studies by NMR spectroscopy suggest reaction pathways of the carboxylic acid to acyl fluoride via outer-sphere fluorinations at an imidazolidinium ion by polyfluoride. DFT studies give further insight by exploring mechanistic details which distinguish the fluorination of aldehydes from that of carboxylic acids. Furthermore, a consecutive reaction sequence for the oxidation of an aldehyde followed by in situ fluorination of the generated carboxylic acid was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenique Herbstritt
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pooja Tomar
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr.C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr.C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Moon HW, Lavagnino MN, Lim S, Palkowitz MD, Mandler MD, Beutner GL, Drance MJ, Lipshultz JM, Scola PM, Radosevich AT. Deoxyfluorination of 1°, 2°, and 3° Alcohols by Nonbasic O-H Activation and Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Fluoride Shuttling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22735-22744. [PMID: 37812176 PMCID: PMC11179691 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for deoxyfluorination of aliphatic primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols is reported, employing a nontrigonal phosphorus triamide for base-free alcohol activation in conjunction with an organic soluble fluoride donor and a triarylborane fluoride shuttling catalyst. Mechanistic experiments are consistent with a reaction that proceeds by the collapse of an oxyphosphonium fluoroborate ion pair with fluoride transfer. The substrate scope complements existing deoxyfluorination methods and enables the preparation of homochiral secondary and tertiary alkylfluorides by stereoinversion of the substrate alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marissa N. Lavagnino
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Soohyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maximilian D. Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Michael D. Mandler
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gregory L. Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Myles J. Drance
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Lipshultz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul M. Scola
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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Chambers RK, Weaver JD, Kim J, Hoar JL, Krska SW, White MC. A preparative small-molecule mimic of liver CYP450 enzymes in the aliphatic C-H oxidation of carbocyclic N-heterocycles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300315120. [PMID: 37428920 PMCID: PMC10629554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300315120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging trend in small-molecule pharmaceuticals, generally composed of nitrogen heterocycles (N-heterocycles), is the incorporation of aliphatic fragments. Derivatization of the aliphatic fragments to improve drug properties or identify metabolites often requires lengthy de novo syntheses. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are capable of direct site- and chemo-selective oxidation of a broad range of substrates but are not preparative. A chemoinformatic analysis underscored limited structural diversity of N-heterocyclic substrates oxidized using chemical methods relative to pharmaceutical chemical space. Here, we describe a preparative chemical method for direct aliphatic oxidation that tolerates a wide range of nitrogen functionality (chemoselective) and matches the site of oxidation (site-selective) of liver CYP450 enzymes. Commercial small-molecule catalyst Mn(CF3-PDP) selectively effects direct methylene oxidation in compounds bearing 25 distinct heterocycles including 14 out of 27 of the most frequent N-heterocycles found in U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Mn(CF3-PDP) oxidations of carbocyclic bioisostere drug candidates (for example, HCV NS5B and COX-2 inhibitors including valdecoxib and celecoxib derivatives) and precursors of antipsychotic drugs blonanserin, buspirone, and tiospirone and the fungicide penconazole are demonstrated to match the major site of aliphatic metabolism obtained with liver microsomes. Oxidations are demonstrated at low Mn(CF3-PDP) loadings (2.5 to 5 mol%) on gram scales of substrate to furnish preparative amounts of oxidized products. A chemoinformatic analysis supports that Mn(CF3-PDP) significantly expands the pharmaceutical chemical space accessible to small-molecule C-H oxidation catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Jacob D. Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Jason L. Hoar
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ07065
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ07065
| | - M. Christina White
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL61801
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7
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Leibler INM, Gandhi SS, Tekle-Smith MA, Doyle AG. Strategies for Nucleophilic C(sp 3)-(Radio)Fluorination. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9928-9950. [PMID: 37094357 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective surveys the progress and current limitations of nucleophilic fluorination methodologies. Despite the long and rich history of C(sp3)-F bond construction in chemical research, the inherent challenges associated with this transformation have largely constrained nucleophilic fluorination to a privileged reaction platform. In recent years, the Doyle group─along with many others─has pursued the study and development of this transformation with the intent of generating deeper mechanistic understanding, developing user-friendly fluorination reagents, and contributing to the invention of synthetic methods capable of enabling radiofluorination. Studies from our laboratory are discussed along with recent developments from others in this field. Fluoride reagent development and the mechanistic implications of reagent identity are highlighted. We also outline the chemical space inaccessible by current synthetic technologies and a series of future directions in the field that can potentially fill the existing dark spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivaani S Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Makeda A Tekle-Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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8
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Ran LY, Ding X, Yan XP, Zhang CP. Divergent dehydroxyfluorination and carbonation of alcohols with trifluoromethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1235-1241. [PMID: 36633208 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of alkyl fluorides and carbonates via divergent dehydroxyfluorination and carbonation of alcohols with trifluoromethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (CF3SO2OCF3) is described. The reactions performed with BTMG in THF provided alkyl fluorides in good yields, whereas those of two different alcohols with Et3N in DCM formed asymmetric carbonates in moderate to excellent yields. CF3SO2OCF3 was demonstrated to be either a "F" or a "CO" reagent in the reactions by changing the base, allowing the selective construction of alkyl fluorides and carbonates from the corresponding alcohols with high efficiency. Notably, the fluorine-containing asymmetric carbonates that are difficult to synthesize by other methods were comprehensively prepared by this method, which would have great application potential in both academic and industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Yu Ran
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xue Ding
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xue-Ping Yan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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9
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Trammel GL, Kannangara PB, Vasko D, Datsenko O, Mykhailiuk P, Brown MK. Arylboration of Enecarbamates for the Synthesis of Borylated Saturated N-Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212117. [PMID: 36250954 PMCID: PMC9643676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two catalytic systems have been developed for the arylboration of endocyclic enecarbamates to deliver synthetically versatile borylated saturated N-heterocycles in good regio- and diastereoselectivities. A Cu/Pd dual catalytic reaction enables the synthesis of borylated, α-arylated azetidines, while a Ni-catalysed arylboration reaction efficiently functionalizes 5-, 6-, and 7-membered enecarbamates. In the case of the Cu/Pd-system, a remarkable additive effect was identified that allowed for broader scope. The products are synthetically useful, as demonstrated by manipulations of the boronic ester to access biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L. Trammel
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN, 47401USA
| | | | | | | | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd.Chervonotkatska 6002094KyivUkraine,Taras Shevchenko National University of KyivChemistry DepartmentVolodymyrska 6401601KyivUkraine
| | - M. Kevin Brown
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN, 47401USA
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10
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Trammel GL, Kannangara PB, Vasko D, Datsenko O, Mykhailiuk P, Brown MK. Arylboration of Enecarbamates for the Synthesis of Borylated Saturated N‐Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace L. Trammel
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington IN, 47401 USA
| | | | - Dmytro Vasko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 60 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | | | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 60 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Chemistry Department Volodymyrska 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - M. Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington IN, 47401 USA
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11
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SulfoxFluor as a deoxyfluorination reagent, and beyond. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Alič B, Petrovčič J, Jelen J, Tavčar G, Iskra J. Renewable Reagent for Nucleophilic Fluorination. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5987-5993. [PMID: 35438994 PMCID: PMC9087198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a study on the reactivity of three 1,3-diarylimidazolium-based fluoride reagents, with a general formula of [IPrH][F(HF)n] (n = 0, 1, or 2), that tackle the challenges of limited solubility, hygroscopicity, instability, and laborious preparation procedures of nucleophilic fluoride reagents. Fluorination of 4-tert-butylbenzyl bromide reveals that trifluoride [IPrH][F(HF)2] is the most selective reagent. Microwave-assisted activation coupled with the addition of sterically hindered amine DIPEA or alkali metal fluorides increases the rate of fluorination with [IPrH][F(HF)2], making it an excellent reagent for the fluorination of various organic substrates. The scope of substrates includes benzyl bromides, iodides, chlorides, aliphatic halides, tosylates, mesylates, α-haloketones, a silyl chloride, acyl and sulfuryl chlorides, and a nitroarene. The exceptional stability of the air-stable and nonhygroscopic [IPrH][F(HF)2] reagent is illustrated by its convenient synthesis and detailed experimental regeneration protocol using hydrofluoric acid without organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Alič
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Petrovčič
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Jelen
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Tavčar
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Iskra
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Xu J, Peng C, Yao B, Xu HJ, Xie Q. Direct Deoxyfluorination of Alcohols with KF as the Fluorine Source. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6471-6478. [PMID: 35442691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a method for the deoxyfluorination of alcohols with KF as the fluorine source via in situ generation of highly active CF3SO2F. Diverse functionalities, including halogen, nitro, ketone, ester, alkene, and alkyne, are well tolerated. Mild conditions, a short reaction time, and a wide substrate scope make this method an excellent choice for the construction of C-F bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Chao Peng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Bolin Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Jian Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, P. R. China
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14
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Mykhailiuk PK. Fluorine-Containing Prolines: Synthetic Strategies, Applications, and Opportunities. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6961-7005. [PMID: 35175772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated prolines play an important role in peptide studies, protein engineering, medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and agrochemistry. Since the first synthesis of 4-fluoroprolines by Gottlieb and Witkop in 1965, their popularity started to grow exponentially. For example, during the past two decades, all isomeric trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines have been synthesized. In this Perspective, chemical properties and applications of fluorinated prolines are discussed. Synthetic approaches to all known fluorine-containing prolines are also discussed and analyzed. This analysis unexpectedly revealed an unsolved problem: in strict contrast to fluoro- and trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines, the corresponding analogues with fluoromethyl and difluoromethyl groups are mostly unknown. At the end of the paper, structures of several interesting, yet unknown, fluorinated prolines are disclosed─a good opportunity for chemists to make them.
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15
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Liu R, Zhou XC, He XY, Li YQ, Zheng W, Wang X, Guo J, Ni C, Hu J. Modified and Scalable Synthesis of N-Tosyl-4-Chlorobenzenesulfonimidoyl Fluoride (SulfoxFluor): Direct Imidation of Sulfinyl Chlorides with Chloramine-T Trihydrate. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Cong Zhou
- Zhejiang Jiuzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 99 Waisha Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province 318000, P.R. China
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yi He
- Zhejiang Jiuzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 99 Waisha Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province 318000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Qiang Li
- Zhejiang Jiuzhou Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 99 Waisha Road, Jiaojiang District, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province 318000, P.R. China
| | - Weiqin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Junkai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang G, Wang H, Wu W, Fan Q, Ding C. SO
2
F
2
‐Promoted Dehydroxylative Fluorination of Alcohols. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Zhang
- Department College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Zhejiang Jitai New Materials Co. Ltd. Shao Xing Shi, Shangyu 312369 P. R. China
| | - Qiankun Fan
- Department College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
| | - Chengrong Ding
- Department College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 P. R. China
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17
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Pirnot M, Stone K, Wright TJ, Lamberto DJ, Schoell J, Lam YH, Zawatzky K, Wang X, Dalby SM, Fine AJ, McMullen JP. Manufacturing Process Development for Belzutifan, Part 6: Ensuring Scalability for a Deoxyfluorination Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pirnot
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy J. Wright
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David J. Lamberto
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jochen Schoell
- Process Research and Development, MSD Werthenstein BioPharma, Industrie Nord 1, CH-6105 Schachen, Switzerland
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephen M. Dalby
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Adam J. Fine
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jonathan P. McMullen
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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18
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19
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Ajenjo J, Destro G, Cornelissen B, Gouverneur V. Closing the gap between 19F and 18F chemistry. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:33. [PMID: 34564781 PMCID: PMC8464544 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has become an invaluable tool for drug discovery and diagnosis. The positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 is frequently used in PET radiopharmaceuticals due to its advantageous characteristics; hence, methods streamlining access to 18F-labelled radiotracers can make a direct impact in medicine. For many years, access to 18F-labelled radiotracers was limited by the paucity of methodologies available, and the poor diversity of precursors amenable to 18F-incorporation. During the last two decades, 18F-radiochemistry has progressed at a fast pace with the appearance of numerous methodologies for late-stage 18F-incorporation onto complex molecules from a range of readily available precursors including those that do not require pre-functionalisation. Key to these advances is the inclusion of new activation modes to facilitate 18F-incorporation. Specifically, new advances in late-stage 19F-fluorination under transition metal catalysis, photoredox catalysis, and organocatalysis combined with the availability of novel 18F-labelled fluorination reagents have enabled the invention of novel processes for 18F-incorporation onto complex (bio)molecules. This review describes these major breakthroughs with a focus on methodologies for C-18F bond formation. This reinvigorated interest in 18F-radiochemistry that we have witnessed in recent years has made a direct impact on 19F-chemistry with many laboratories refocusing their efforts on the development of methods using nucleophilic fluoride instead of fluorination reagents derived from molecular fluorine gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ajenjo
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gianluca Destro
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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20
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Cui R, Sheng J, Wu BB, Hu DD, Zheng HQ, Wang XS. Nickel-catalyzed reductive monofluoroakylation of alkyl tosylate with bromofluoromethane to primary alkyl fluoride. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9084-9087. [PMID: 34498613 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02837e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalysed direct terminal monofluoromethlyation between alkyl tosylates and a low-cost, industrial raw material bromofluoromethane has been developed. This transformation has demonstrated high efficiency, mild conditions, and good functional-group compatibility. The key to success of this transformation lies in the ligand and mild base selection, ensuring the generation of various terminal monofluormethylation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Sheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Bing-Bing Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Duo-Duo Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Qian Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Xi-Sheng Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China.
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21
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Wang X, Zhou M, Liu Q, Ni C, Fei Z, Li W, Hu J. Deoxyfluorination of alcohols with aryl fluorosulfonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8170-8173. [PMID: 34318800 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02617h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aryl fluorosulfonates are developed as a deoxyfluorinating reagent in the transformation of primary and secondary alcohols into the corresponding alkyl fluorides. These reagents feature easy availability, low-cost, high stability and high efficiency. Diverse functionalities including aldehyde, ketone, ester, halogen, nitro, alkene, and alkyne are well tolerated under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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22
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Sheng J, Ni H, Ni S, He Y, Cui R, Liao G, Bian K, Wu B, Wang X. Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Aliphatic Fluorides via Reductive C(sp
3
)−C(sp
3
) Cross‐Coupling Fluoroalkylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Hui‐Qi Ni
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Shan‐Xiu Ni
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yan He
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Ru Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Guang‐Xu Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Kang‐Jie Bian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Bing‐Bing Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Xi‐Sheng Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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23
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Sheng J, Ni HQ, Ni SX, He Y, Cui R, Liao GX, Bian KJ, Wu BB, Wang XS. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Aliphatic Fluorides via Reductive C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) Cross-Coupling Fluoroalkylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15020-15027. [PMID: 33847433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Monofluorinated alkyl compounds are of great importance in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials. Herein, we describe a direct nickel-catalyzed monofluoromethylation of unactivated alkyl halides using a low-cost industrial raw material, bromofluoromethane, by demonstrating a general and efficient reductive cross-coupling of two alkyl halides. Results with 1-bromo-1-fluoroalkane also demonstrate the viability of monofluoroalkylation, which further established the first example of reductive C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) cross-coupling fluoroalkylation. These transformations demonstrate high efficiency, mild conditions, and excellent functional-group compatibility, especially for a range of pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds. Mechanistic studies support a radical pathway. Kinetic studies reveal that the reaction is first-order dependent on catalyst and alkyl bromide whereas the generation of monofluoroalkyl radical is not involved in the rate-determining step. This strategy provides a general and efficient method for the synthesis of aliphatic fluorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hui-Qi Ni
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shan-Xiu Ni
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yan He
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ru Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Guang-Xu Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Kang-Jie Bian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Bing-Bing Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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24
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Li H, Sheng J, Wu BB, Li Y, Wang XS. Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Ethyl Chlorofluoroacetate with Aryl Bromides. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1741-1744. [PMID: 34008316 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A combinatorial nickel-catalyzed monofluoroalkylation of aryl bromides with the industrial raw regent ethyl chlorofluoroacetate has been developed. The two key factors to successful conversion are the combination of nickel with readily available nitrogen and phosphine ligands and the using of a mixture of different solvents. Mechanistic investigations indicated a new zinc regent might generated in situ and be involved in the reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemical, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemical, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Bing Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemical, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemical, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Sheng Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemical, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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25
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Sharma S, Singh J, Sharma A. Visible Light Assisted Radical‐Polar/Polar‐Radical Crossover Reactions in Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 India
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26
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García-Vázquez V, Hoteite L, Lakeland CP, Watson DW, Harrity JPA. A Pd-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulation Approach to Fluorinated N-Heterocycles. Org Lett 2021; 23:2811-2815. [PMID: 33759534 PMCID: PMC8041373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3-Fluoro- and trifluoromethylthio-piperidines represent important building blocks for discovery chemistry. We report a simple and efficient method to access analogs of these compounds that are armed with rich functionality allowing them to be chemoselectively derivatized with high diastereocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry Hoteite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | | | - David W Watson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D Research and Early Development, AstraZeneca Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P A Harrity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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27
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Mairhofer C, Haider V, Bögl T, Waser M. Enantiospecific deoxyfluorination of cyclic α-OH-β-ketoesters. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:162-165. [PMID: 33211788 PMCID: PMC7116657 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02152k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the deoxyfluorination of cyclic α-hydroxy-β-ketoesters using diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST). The reaction proceeds with excellent levels of stereospecificity, giving the configurationally inverted α-fluoro-β-ketoesters in high yields under operationally simple conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mairhofer
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
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28
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Aggarwal T, Sushmita, Verma AK. Achievements in fluorination using variable reagents through a deoxyfluorination reaction. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00952d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of fluorination reagent for the direct conversion of alcohols and phenols to fluorinated analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trapti Aggarwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Sushmita
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Akhilesh K. Verma
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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29
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Zhao S, Guo Y, Su Z, Cao W, Wu C, Chen QY. A Series of Deoxyfluorination Reagents Featuring OCF 2 Functional Groups. Org Lett 2020; 22:8634-8637. [PMID: 33049136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research on perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) as alternatives for perfluoroalkyl substances continues with the goal of protecting the environment. However, very little is known about the utilization of decomposition products of PFECAs. We report herein a new series of deoxyfluorination reagents featuring OCF2 functional groups derived from certain PFECAs. Alkyl fluorides were generated from various alcohols in ≤97% yield by these novel reagents. The mechanistic experiment verified in situ generation of carbonic difluoride (COF2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoben Su
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cao
- Sanming Hexafluo Chemicals Company, Ltd., Fluorinated New Material Industry Park, Mingxi, Fujian 365200, P. R. China
| | - Chengying Wu
- Sanming Hexafluo Chemicals Company, Ltd., Fluorinated New Material Industry Park, Mingxi, Fujian 365200, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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30
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Mehr SHM, Craven M, Leonov AI, Keenan G, Cronin L. A universal system for digitization and automatic execution of the chemical synthesis literature. Science 2020; 370:101-108. [PMID: 33004517 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Robotic systems for chemical synthesis are growing in popularity but can be difficult to run and maintain because of the lack of a standard operating system or capacity for direct access to the literature through natural language processing. Here we show an extendable chemical execution architecture that can be populated by automatically reading the literature, leading to a universal autonomous workflow. The robotic synthesis code can be corrected in natural language without any programming knowledge and, because of the standard, is hardware independent. This chemical code can then be combined with a graph describing the hardware modules and compiled into platform-specific, low-level robotic instructions for execution. We showcase automated syntheses of 12 compounds from the literature, including the analgesic lidocaine, the Dess-Martin periodinane oxidation reagent, and the fluorinating agent AlkylFluor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hessam M Mehr
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Matthew Craven
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Artem I Leonov
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Graham Keenan
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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31
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Ashford MW, Xu C, Molloy JJ, Carpenter‐Warren C, Slawin AMZ, Leach AG, Watson AJB. Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Heterocyclic Vicinal Fluoroamines by Using Asymmetric Protonation: Method Development and Mechanistic Study. Chemistry 2020; 26:12249-12255. [PMID: 32539163 PMCID: PMC7540707 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic enantioselective synthesis of heterocyclic vicinal fluoroamines is reported. A chiral Brønsted acid promotes aza-Michael addition to fluoroalkenyl heterocycles to give a prochiral enamine intermediate that undergoes asymmetric protonation upon rearomatization. The reaction accommodates a range of azaheterocycles and nucleophiles, generating the C-F stereocentre in high enantioselectivity, and is also amenable to stereogenic C-CF3 bonds. Extensive DFT calculations provided evidence for stereocontrolled proton transfer from catalyst to substrate as the rate-determining step, and showed the importance of steric interactions from the catalyst's alkyl groups in enforcing the high enantioselectivity. Crystal structure data show the dominance of noncovalent interactions in the core structure conformation, enabling modulation of the conformational landscape. Ramachandran-type analysis of conformer distribution and Protein Data Bank mining indicated that benzylic fluorination by this approach has the potential to improve the potency of several marketed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Ashford
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Chao Xu
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - John J. Molloy
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | | | | | - Andrew G. Leach
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
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32
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Abstract
A large number of fluorination methods have been developed, but the construction of a tertiary C-F bond remains challenging. Herein, we describe an efficient dehydroxylative fluorination of tertiary alcohols with Selectfluor via the activation of a hydroxyl group by a Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2/ICH2CH2I system. Although the reagents appear to be not compatible (Selectfluor with the phosphine and I- generated in situ), the reactions occur rapidly to give the desired products in moderate to high yields. This work may present a new discovery in fluorination of alcohols since the reported methods are mainly limited to primary and secondary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG426EY, U.K
| | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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33
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Kojima N, Hayashi H, Iwasaki H, Yamashita M. Syntheses of C2'-Fluorinated Analogs of Solamin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:675-678. [PMID: 32612003 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The details of the total syntheses of C2'-fluorinated analogs of solamin, an antitumor annonaceous acetogenin, are described. Fluorine was enantioselectively introduced at the C2'-position by organocatalytic α-fluorination of the aldehyde according to a previously reported method. C2'-fluorinated solamin and its C2'-diastereomer were synthesized by the Sonogashira coupling of a tetrahydrofuran fragment and fluorine-containing γ-lactone fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiromi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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34
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Webb EW, Park JB, Cole EL, Donnelly DJ, Bonacorsi SJ, Ewing WR, Doyle AG. Nucleophilic (Radio)Fluorination of Redox-Active Esters via Radical-Polar Crossover Enabled by Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9493-9500. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - John B. Park
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Erin L. Cole
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David J. Donnelly
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Samuel J. Bonacorsi
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - William R. Ewing
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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35
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Deoxyfluorination with CuF
2
: Enabled by Using a Lewis Base Activating Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Sood DE, Champion S, Dawson DM, Chabbra S, Bode BE, Sutherland A, Watson AJB. Deoxyfluorination with CuF
2
: Enabled by Using a Lewis Base Activating Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8460-8463. [PMID: 32109331 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Eilidh Sood
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Sue Champion
- West of Scotland PET Centre Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS Trust Glasgow G12 OYN UK
| | - Daniel M. Dawson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Sonia Chabbra
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Bela E. Bode
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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37
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Aguilar Troyano FJ, Ballaschk F, Jaschinski M, Özkaya Y, Gómez‐Suárez A. Light-Mediated Formal Radical Deoxyfluorination of Tertiary Alcohols through Selective Single-Electron Oxidation with TEDA 2+.. Chemistry 2019; 25:14054-14058. [PMID: 31452265 PMCID: PMC6899844 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of tertiary alkyl fluorides through a formal radical deoxyfluorination process is described herein. This light-mediated, catalyst-free methodology is fast and broadly applicable allowing for the preparation of C-F bonds from (hetero)benzylic, propargylic, and non-activated tertiary alcohol derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic studies support that the key step of the reaction is the single-electron oxidation of cesium oxalates-which are readily available from the corresponding tertiary alcohols-with in situ generated TEDA2+. (TEDA: N-(chloromethyl)triethylenediamine), a radical cation derived from Selectfluor®.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederic Ballaschk
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaußstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Marcel Jaschinski
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaußstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Yasemin Özkaya
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaußstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
| | - Adrián Gómez‐Suárez
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität WuppertalGaußstrasse 2042119WuppertalGermany
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38
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Copper-catalyzed remote C-H monofluoromethylation of 8-aminoquinolines with dimethyl phosphonate as reductant. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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González-Esguevillas M, Miró J, Jeffrey JL, MacMillan DWC. Photoredox-catalyzed deoxyfluorination of activated alcohols with Selectfluor ®. Tetrahedron 2019; 75:4222-4227. [PMID: 32831415 PMCID: PMC7441851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a deoxyfluorination of alcohols with an electrophilic fluorine source via visible-light photoredox catalysis. This radical-mediated C-F coupling is capable of fluorinating secondary and tertiary alcohols efficiently, complementing previously reported nucleophilic deoxyfluorination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenna L. Jeffrey
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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40
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Dix S, Jakob M, Hopkinson MN. Deoxytrifluoromethylthiolation and Selenylation of Alcohols by Using Benzothiazolium Reagents. Chemistry 2019; 25:7635-7639. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dix
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Jakob
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthew N. Hopkinson
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Takustrasse 3 14195 Berlin Germany
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41
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Guo J, Kuang C, Rong J, Li L, Ni C, Hu J. Rapid Deoxyfluorination of Alcohols with N-Tosyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonimidoyl Fluoride (SulfoxFluor) at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2019; 25:7259-7264. [PMID: 30869818 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The deoxyfluorination of alcohols is a fundamentally important approach to access alkyl fluorides, and thus the development of shelf-stable, easy-to-handle, fluorine-economical, and highly selective deoxyfluorination reagents is highly desired. This work describes the development of a crystalline compound, N-tosyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonimidoyl fluoride (SulfoxFluor), as a novel deoxyfluorination reagent that possesses all of the aforementioned merits, which is rare in the arena of deoxyfluorination. Endowed by the multi-dimensional modulating ability of the sulfonimidoyl group, SulfoxFluor is superior to 2-pyridinesulfonyl fluoride (PyFluor) in fluorination rate, and is also superior to perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (PBSF) in fluorine-economy. Its reaction with alcohols not only tolerates a wide range of functionalities including the more sterically hindered alcoholic hydroxyl groups, but also exhibits high fluorination/elimination selectivity. Because SulfoxFluor can be easily prepared from inexpensive materials and can be safely handled without special techniques, it promises to serve as a practical deoxyfluorination reagent for the synthesis of various alkyl fluorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Cuiwen Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jian Rong
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Lingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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42
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Xu MY, Jiang WT, Li Y, Xu QH, Zhou QL, Yang S, Xiao B. Alkyl Carbagermatranes Enable Practical Palladium-Catalyzed sp 2-sp 3 Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7582-7588. [PMID: 30998348 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have achieved tremendous accomplishments in the past decades. However, C(sp3)-hybridized nucleophiles generally remain as challenging coupling partners due to their sluggish transmetalation compared to the C(sp2)-hybridized counterparts. While a single-electron-transfer-based strategy using C(sp3)-hybridized nucleophiles had made significant progress recently, fewer breakthroughs have been made concerning the traditional two-electron mechanism involving C(sp3)-hybridized nucleophiles. In this report, we present a series of unique alkyl carbagermatranes that were proven to be highly reactive in cross-coupling reactions with our newly developed electron-deficient phosphine ligands. Generally, secondary alkyl carbagermatranes show slightly lower, yet comparable activity to its Sn analogue. Meanwhile, primary alkyl carbagermatranes exhibit high activity, and they were also proved stable enough to be compatible with various reactions. Chiral secondary benzyl carbagermatrane gave the coupling product under base/additive-free conditions with its configuration fully inversed, suggesting that transmetalation was carried out in an "SE2(open) Inv" pathway, which is consistent with Hiyama's previous observation. Notably, the cross-coupling of primary alkyl carbagermatranes could be performed under base/additive-free conditions with excellent functional group tolerance and therefore may have potentially important applications such as stapled peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Xu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Wei-Tao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Qing-Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Qiao-Lan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
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43
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Ng FN, Chan CM, Li J, Sun M, Lu YS, Zhou Z, Huang B, Yu WY. [Rh III(Cp*)]-catalyzed arylfluorination of α-diazoketoesters for facile synthesis of α-aryl-α-fluoroketoesters. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1191-1201. [PMID: 30648165 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02801j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the Cp*Rh(iii)-catalyzed cascade arylfluorination reactions of α-diazoketoesters with arylboronic acids and N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide for one-pot C(sp3)-C(aryl) and C(sp3)-F bond formation. The arylfluorination reaction can be accomplished with remarkable chemo- and regioselectivity. Our mechanistic investigation showed that the Rh-catalyzed arylfluorination of diazoacetates occurred by (1) transmetalation of arylboronic acids to form an arylrhodium(iii) complex, (2) coupling of diazomalonates with the arylrhodium(iii) complex to form carbene-rhodium, (3) migratory carbene insertion to form a diketonato-rhodium(iii) complex - probably via rearrangement of the putative σ-alkylrhodium(iii) complex, and (4) electrophilic fluorination of the diketonato-rhodium to form the α-aryl-α-fluoromalonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fo-Ning Ng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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44
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Nairoukh Z, Wollenburg M, Schlepphorst C, Bergander K, Glorius F. The formation of all-cis-(multi)fluorinated piperidines by a dearomatization-hydrogenation process. Nat Chem 2019; 11:264-270. [PMID: 30664720 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Piperidines and fluorine substituents are both independently indispensable components in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials. Logically, the incorporation of fluorine atoms into piperidine scaffolds is therefore an area of tremendous potential. However, synthetic approaches towards the formation of these architectures are often impractical. The diastereoselective synthesis of substituted monofluorinated piperidines often requires substrates with pre-defined stereochemistry. That of multifluorinated piperidines is even more challenging, and often needs to be carried out in multistep syntheses. In this report, we describe a straightforward process for the one-pot rhodium-catalysed dearomatization-hydrogenation of fluoropyridine precursors. This strategy enables the formation of a plethora of substituted all-cis-(multi)fluorinated piperidines in a highly diastereoselective fashion through pyridine dearomatization followed by complete saturation of the resulting intermediates by hydrogenation. Fluorinated piperidines with defined axial/equatorial orientation of fluorine substituents were successfully applied in the preparation of commercial drugs analogues. Additionally, fluorinated PipPhos as well as fluorinated ionic liquids were obtained by this dearomatization-hydrogenation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackaria Nairoukh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marco Wollenburg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schlepphorst
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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45
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Hussein MA, Nguyen TV. Promotion of Appel-type reactions by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7962-7965. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes are found to mediate the Appel-type dehydrative halogenation reaction.
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46
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Nielsen MK, Ahneman DT, Riera O, Doyle AG. Deoxyfluorination with Sulfonyl Fluorides: Navigating Reaction Space with Machine Learning. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5004-5008. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Derek T. Ahneman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Orestes Riera
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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47
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Orsi DL, Altman RA. Exploiting the unusual effects of fluorine in methodology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:7168-7181. [PMID: 28503693 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02341c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluorination of organic molecules significantly impacts the basic physicochemical properties of small and large biologically active molecules, agrichemicals, and materials. Thus, the development of synthetic reactions to access these substructures is important for many applied fields of chemistry. However, these fluorine-induced perturbations of chemical properties can inhibit standard chemical transformations, which provides unique challenges for synthetic organic chemists. In addition, the physicochemical properties imparted by fluorinated substituents can enable distinct reactivity patterns relative to non-fluorinated substrates, thus making synthetic organofluorine chemistry a fertile ground for developing new, exciting transformations. In this feature article, we detail our experiences in methodology, wherein fluorinated substrates have enabled unique reactivity patterns relative to non-fluorous substrates. Specifically, we highlight the non-standard chemo- and regio-selectivities imparted by fluorinated substrates on Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions, nucleophilic addition reactions of olefins, and Cu-catalyzed decarboxylative fluoroalkylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Orsi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
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48
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Neumann CN, Ritter T. Facile C-F Bond Formation through a Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Mediated by the PhenoFluor Reagent. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2822-2833. [PMID: 29120599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage fluorination reactions aim to reduce the synthetic limitations of conventional organofluorine chemistry with respect to substrate scope and functional group tolerance. C-F bond formation is commonly thermodynamically favorable but almost universally associated with high kinetic barriers. Apart from PhenoFluor chemistry, most modern aromatic fluorination methods reported to date rely on the use of transition metal catalysts, with C-F bonds often formed through reductive elimination. Reductive elimination chemistry to make C-X bonds becomes increasingly challenging when moving to higher atomic numbers in the periodic table from C-C to C-F, in part because of higher metal-X bond dissociation energies. The formation of C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds via reductive elimination has become routine in the 20th century, but it took until the 21st century to develop complexes that could afford general C-F bond formation. The availability of such complexes enabled the substrate scope of modern fluorination chemistry to exceed that of conventional fluorination. PhenoFluor chemistry departs from conventional reaction mechanisms for aromatic fluorination chemistry. Instead, we have revealed a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction (CSNAr) for PhenoFluor that proceeds through a single neutral four-membered transition state. Conceptually, PhenoFluor chemistry is therefore distinct from conventional SNAr chemistry, which typically proceeds through a two-barrier process with Meisenheimer complexes as reaction intermediates. As a consequence, PhenoFluor chemistry has a larger substrate scope than conventional SNAr chemistry and can be performed on arenes as electron-rich as anilines. Moreover, PhenoFluor chemistry is tolerant of protic functional groups, which sets it apart from modern metal-mediated processes. Primary and secondary amines, alcohols, thiols, and phenols are often not tolerated under metal-catalyzed late-stage fluorination reactions because C-N and C-O reductive elimination can have lower activation barriers than C-F reductive elimination. The mechanism by which PhenoFluor chemistry forms C-F bonds not only rationalizes the substrate scope and functional group tolerance but also informs the side-product profile. Fluorinated isomers are not observed because the four-membered transition state necessitates ipso substitution. In addition, no reduced product, e.g., H instead of F incorporation, as is often observed with metal-mediated methods, has ever been observed with PhenoFluor. PhenoFluor chemistry can be used to deoxyfluorinate both phenols and alcohols. PhenoFluor is an expensive reagent that must be used stoichiometrically and therefore cannot replace cost-efficient methods to make simple fluorinated molecules on a large scale. However, PhenoFluor is often successful when other fluorination methods fail. The synthesis of 18F-labeled molecules for positron emission tomography (PET) is one application of modern fluorination chemistry for which material throughput is not an issue because of the small quantities of PET tracers used in imaging (typically nanomoles). The high emphasis on functional group tolerance, side-product profiles, and reliability combined with less stringent cost requirements render PhenoFluor-based deoxyfluorination with 18F promising for human PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze N. Neumann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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49
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Liu L, Gerstner NC, Oxtoby LJ, Guzei IA, Schomaker JM. Fluorinated Amine Stereotriads via Allene Amination. Org Lett 2017; 19:3239-3242. [PMID: 28573862 PMCID: PMC5541934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of fluorine into organic scaffolds often improves the bioactivity of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. C-F/C-N/C-O stereotriad motifs are prevalent in antivirals, neuraminidase inhibitors, and modulators of androgen receptors, but are challenging to install. An oxidative allene amination strategy using Selectfluor rapidly delivers triply functionalized triads of the form C-F/C-N/C-O, exhibiting good scope and diastereoselectivity for all syn products. The resulting stereotriads are readily transformed into fluorinated pyrrolidines and protected α-, β-, and γ-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nels C. Gerstner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lucas J. Oxtoby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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