1
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Patil AR, Marelli UK. Integrating 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-1,4-oxazine into Peptides as a Modification: Silver Triflate-Catalyzed Cyclization of N-Propargyl N-Sulfonyl Amino Alcohols for SPPS Applications. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39225658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
We present a methodology yielding 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-oxazine by cyclization of N-propargyl N-sulfonyl amino alcohols using silver triflate as a catalyst at ambient temperature. Additionally, we showcase the applicability of this methodology in solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) to introduce the oxazine heterocyclic ring into short peptides containing serine and threonine. Notably, Rink amide resin supported the on-resin formation of 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-oxazine, while 2-CTC resin facilitated the oxazine formation in a one-pot process involving peptide cleavage, deprotection, and subsequent C-O ring formation, thus offering a versatile method for the late-stage modification of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ramchandra Patil
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India
- Central NMR Facility, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Udaya Kiran Marelli
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India
- Central NMR Facility, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
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2
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Li X, Xu Z. Skeletal Editing: Ring Insertion for Direct Access to Heterocycles. Molecules 2024; 29:1920. [PMID: 38731412 PMCID: PMC11085720 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeleton editing has rapidly advanced as a synthetic methodology in recent years, significantly streamlining the synthesis process and gaining widespread acceptance in drug synthesis and development. This field encompasses diverse ring reactions, many of which exhibit immense potential in skeleton editing, facilitating the generation of novel ring skeletons. Notably, reactions that involve the cleavage of two distinct rings followed by the reformation of new rings through ring insertion play a pivotal role in the construction of novel ring skeletons. This article aims to compile and systematize this category of reactions, emphasizing the two primary reaction types and offering a thorough exploration of their associated complexities and challenges. Our endeavor is to furnish readers with comprehensive reaction strategies, igniting research interest and injecting fresh impetus into the advancement of this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhigang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China;
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3
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Singh B, Kumar M, Goswami G, Verma I, Ghorai MK. Ring-Opening Cyclization (ROC) of Aziridines with Propargyl Alcohols: Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-1,4-oxazines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4504-4518. [PMID: 36972376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Activated aziridines react with propargyl alcohols in the presence of Zn(OTf)2 as the Lewis acid catalyst following an SN2-type ring-opening mechanism to furnish the corresponding amino ether derivatives. Those amino ethers further undergo intramolecular hydroamination via 6-exo-dig cyclization in the presence of Zn(OTf)2 as the catalyst and tetrabutylammonium triflate salt as an additive under one-pot two-step reaction conditions. However, for nonracemic examples, ring-opening and cyclization steps were conducted under two-pot conditions. The reaction works well without any additional solvents. The final 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-oxazine products were obtained with 13 to 84% yield and 78 to 98% enantiomeric excess (for nonracemic examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Gaurav Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Indresh Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Manas K Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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4
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Akter M, Rupa K, Anbarasan P. 1,2,3-Triazole and Its Analogues: New Surrogates for Diazo Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13108-13205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Akter
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Kavuri Rupa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Pazhamalai Anbarasan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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5
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Hill HM, Tucker ZD, Rodriguez KX, Wendt KA, Ashfeld BL. Generation of Functionalized Azepinone Derivatives via a (4 + 3)-Cycloaddition of Vinyl Ketenes and α-Imino Carbenes Derived from N-Sulfonyl-triazoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3825-3833. [PMID: 35188763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An intermolecular RhII-catalyzed, formal (4 + 3)-cycloaddition between vinyl ketenes and N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles for the construction of azepinone products is described. Employing vinyl ketenes as a 1,4-dipolar surrogate, instead of the more commonly used dienyl moieties, allows for the intermolecular and selective formation of azepinone products over a potential (3 + 2)-cycloadduct under mild reaction conditions allows for the generation of azepinone products in up to 98% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison M Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Zachary D Tucker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kevin X Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn A Wendt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Brandon L Ashfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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6
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Yihuo A, Zhou Y, Liu X, Lin L, Feng X. Diastereodivergent Synthesis of Chiral α-Aminoketones via a Catalytic O–H Insertion/Barnes–Claisen Rearrangement Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yushuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aying Yihuo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Pal K, Volla CMR. Catalytic Insertion Reactions of α-Imino Carbenoids. CHEM REC 2021; 21:4032-4058. [PMID: 34791794 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, α-imino carbenoids generated via transition metal (such as rhodium, nickel, copper, palladium, silver) catalyzed denitrogenative ring-opening of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles have found an extensive account of applications in synthetic organic chemistry. Particularly, they have been widely utilized as a donor/acceptor carbene complex in a range of transformations leading to diverse nitrogen containing compounds and heterocycles. Along the same direction, 3-diazoindolin-2-imines were successfully applied as an alternative source of α-imino carbenoid precursors for the development of a number of methodologies to access diverse indole derivatives. This review summarizes the insertion reactions of α-imino metal carbenes derived from N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and 3-diazoindolin-2-imines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Chandra M R Volla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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8
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Vartanova AE, Plodukhin AY, Ratmanova NK, Andreev IA, Anisimov MN, Gudimchuk NB, Rybakov VB, Levina II, Ivanova OA, Trushkov IV, Alabugin IV. Expanding Stereoelectronic Limits of endo- tet Cyclizations: Synthesis of Benz[ b]azepines from Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13952-13961. [PMID: 34406759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The importance of intramolecular constraints in cyclic transition-state geometries is especially pronounced in n-endo-tet cyclizations, where the usual backside approach of a nucleophile to the breaking bond is impossible for the rings containing less than eight atoms. Herein, we expand the limits of endo-tet cyclizations and show that donor-acceptor cyclopropanes can provide a seven-membered ring via a genuine 6-endo-tet process. Substrates containing a N-alkyl-N-arylcarbamoyl moiety as an acceptor group undergo Lewis acid-induced cyclization to form tetrahydrobenz[b]azepin-2-ones in high yields. The reaction proceeds with the inversion of the configuration at the electrophilic carbon. In this process, a formally six-membered transition state yields a seven-membered ring as the pre-existing cycle is merged into the forming ring. The stereochemistry of the products can be controlled by the reaction time and by the nature of Lewis acid, opening access to both diastereomers by tuning of the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Vartanova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Science, RUDN University, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Yu Plodukhin
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Nina K Ratmanova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan A Andreev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation.,Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail N Anisimov
- Department of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Nikita B Gudimchuk
- Department of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.,Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Victor B Rybakov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Irina I Levina
- Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Ivanova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation.,Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Trushkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390 United States
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9
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Dong Z, Chen C, Wang J, Xu J, Yang Z. Dual roles of bisphosphines and epoxides: Rh-catalyzed highly chemoselective and diastereoselective (3 + 2) transannulations of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles with cyanoepoxides. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dual roles of bisphosphines and epoxides are demonstrated in highly chemoselective and diastereoselective (3 + 2) transannulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Dong
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Cunzhi Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhui Yang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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10
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Lee KR, Jung DJ, Ahn S, Kim JW, Lee SG. Catalyst-controlled divergent transformations of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles into isoquinolin-3-ones and 2-aminoindanones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5093-5097. [PMID: 34037059 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00708d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel catalyst-controlled divergent intramolecular reactions of N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles with tethered-allylic alcohol have been developed. In the presence of the Pd(0) catalyst alone, 1-vinylated 1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3-ones were formed, whereas 3-vinylated 2-aminoindanones were accessed under tandem, one-pot, Rh(ii)/Pd(0) dual catalytic conditions. Based on deuterium-labelling experiments and isolation of the intermediate, a plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Ree Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Da Jung Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Subin Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Sang-Gi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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11
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Jones KD, Nutt MJ, Comninos E, Sobolev AN, Moggach SA, Miura T, Murakami M, Stewart SG. A One-Pot Reaction of α-Imino Rhodium Carbenoids and Halohydrins: Access to 2,6-Substituted Dihydro-2H-1,4-oxazines. Org Lett 2020; 22:3490-3494. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran D. Jones
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M310), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael J. Nutt
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M310), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elena Comninos
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M310), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alexandre N. Sobolev
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M310), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterization and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen A. Moggach
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M310), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterization and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tomoya Miura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Scott G. Stewart
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia (M310), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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12
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Aubineau T, Cossy J. Metal-Catalyzed Cyclization: Synthesis of (Benzo)morpholines and (Benzo)[1,4]dihydrooxazines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Aubineau
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS; PSL University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS; PSL University; 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris France
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13
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14
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Zhu C, Wei Y, Shi M. Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Transannulation of 4‐Methoxycyclohexa‐2,5‐dienone Tethered 1‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles: Synthesis of Azaspiro[5.5]undecane Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Zhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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15
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Xing S, Xia H, Wang X, Wu D, Xu X, Su Y, Wang K, Zhu B, Guo J. Diastereoselective access to 2-aminoindanonesviathe rhodium(ii)-catalyzed tandem reaction involving O–H insertion and Michael addition. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00765b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A rhodium(ii)-catalyzed tandem reaction involving O–H insertion ofN-sulfonyl 1,2,3-triazoles and Michael addition has been described. A series of 2-amino-1-indanones were afforded in acceptable to good yields with high diastereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- People's Republic of China
| | - Die Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yunran Su
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- People's Republic of China
| | - Junshuo Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules; Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
- People's Republic of China
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16
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Zhu CZ, Wei Y, Shi M. Rhodium(ii)-catalyzed divergent intramolecular tandem cyclization of N- or O-tethered cyclohexa-2,5-dienones with 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole: synthesis of cyclopropa[cd]indole and benzofuran derivatives. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00714h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel rhodium(ii)-catalyzed divergent intramolecular tandem cyclization of N- or O-tethered cyclohexa-2,5-dienones and 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole is disclosed, affording cyclopropa[cd]indole and benzofuran derivatives in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Zhi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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17
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Abstract
In the past three decades, the heterocyclic oxazine cores have been intensely concerned. Oxazine
derivatives are promising vital heterocyclic motifs. They are eminent for their synthetic potential
and extensive biological properties. Oxazines are versatile intermediates for the synthesis of a variety of
heterocycles and bifunctional compounds. Researchers have reported several synthetic approaches for
the preparation of oxazines. This review emphasises the recent approaches for the synthesis of oxazine
derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh L. Gaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vignesh U. Nagaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Swarnagowri Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
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18
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Wilkerson-Hill SM, Haines BE, Musaev DG, Davies HML. Synthesis of [3a,7a]-Dihydroindoles by a Tandem Arene Cyclopropanation/3,5-Sigmatropic Rearrangement Reaction. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7939-7949. [PMID: 29890080 PMCID: PMC7232103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Donor/acceptor carbenes provide a powerful platform for building molecular complexity, but the majority of their reactions have been limited to aryl and vinyl donor groups. We found that a N-containing donor/acceptor carbene precursor, 4-phthalimido- N-methanesulfonyl-1,2,3-triazole, reacts with unactivated arenes resulting in a mixture of [3+2]-cycloadducts, [3a,7a]-dihydroindoles, and formal C-H functionalization products in up to 82% yield upon heating. We also demonstrate that the formal C-H functionalization products arise from ring-opening of the [3+2]-cycloadducts. Computational studies suggest that the formal cycloaddition process takes places through a tandem arene cyclopropanation/6π electrocyclization/6π electrocyclic ring-opening/3,5-sigmatropic rearrangement reaction, which also accounts for the distinctive regioselectivity of the formal cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney M Wilkerson-Hill
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta Georgia 30329 , United States
| | - Brandon E Haines
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta Georgia 30329 , United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta Georgia 30329 , United States
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta Georgia 30329 , United States
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19
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Zhu F, Xie Y, Zhang J, Tian G, Qin H, Yang X, Hu T, He Y, Aisa HA, Shen J. A Facile Epoxide Aminolysis Promoted by ( t-BuO) 2Mg and Its Application to the Synthesis of Efinaconazole. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuanchao Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd., Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Tian
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd., Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Qin
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd., Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd., Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Tianwen Hu
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd., Building 1, No. 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hitech Park, Shanghai 201209, P. R. China
| | - Yang He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Haji A. Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, South Beijing Road 40-1, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jingshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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20
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Shi X, Chen X, Wang M, Zhang X, Fan X. Regioselective Synthesis of Acylated N-Heterocycles via the Cascade Reactions of Saturated Cyclic Amines with 2-Oxo-2-arylacetic Acids. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6524-6533. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Muhua Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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21
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Jia R, Meng J, Leng J, Yu X, Deng WP. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed Reaction of 1-Tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles with Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adducts: Synthesis of 3,4-Fused Pyrroles. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2360-2364. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renmeng Jia
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jiang Meng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jiaying Leng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xingxin Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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22
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Mi P, Wang H, Zhao R, Song J. Tandem O-H Insertion/[3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Rhodium Carbenoids with 2-Furfuryl Alcohols: A Strategy To Access Polysubstituted Furans. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengbing Mi
- College of Life Science; Jilin University; 130024 Changchun China
- Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; 130024 Changchun China
| | - Hannan Wang
- College of Life Science; Jilin University; 130024 Changchun China
- Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; 130024 Changchun China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Urology; China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University; 130024 Changchun China
| | - Jinna Song
- Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; 130024 Changchun China
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23
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Ma X, Xie X, Liu L, Xia R, Li T, Wang H. Facile synthesis of pyrroloindoles via a rhodium(ii)-catalyzed annulation of 3-benzylidene-indolin-2-ones and α-imino carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1595-1598. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08438b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel carbenoid strategy to construct pyrrole-fused indole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueji Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
| | - Xuemei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
| | - Ran Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang University
- Xinxiang 453003
- China
| | - Tongyu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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25
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Mondal S, Bera S, Maity S, Ghosh P. Cobalt Ion Promoted Redox Cascade: A Route to Spiro Oxazine-Oxazepine Derivatives and a Dinuclear Cobalt(III) Complex of an N-(1,4-Naphthoquinone)-o-aminophenol Derivative. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:13194-13204. [PMID: 29035522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The study discloses that the redox activity of N-(1,4-naphthoquinone)-o-aminophenol derivatives (LRH2) containing a (phenol)-NH-(1,4-naphthoquinone) fragment is notably different from that of a (phenol)-NH-(phenol) precursor. The former is a platform for a redox cascade. LRH2 is redox noninnocent and exists in Cat-N-(1,4-naphthoquinone)(2-) (LR 2-) and SQ-N-(1,4-naphthoquinone) (LR •-) states in the complexes. Reactions of LRH2 with cobalt(II) salts in MeOH in air promote a cascade affording spiro oxazine-oxazepine derivatives (OXLR) in good yields, when R = H, Me, tBu. Spiro oxazine-oxazepine derivatives are bioactive, and such a molecule has so far not been isolated by a schematic route. In this context this cascade is significant. Dimerization of LRH2 → OXLR in MeOH is a (6H+ + 6e) oxidation reaction and is composed of formations of four covalent bonds and 6-exo-trig and 7-endo-trig cyclization based on C-O coupling reactions, where MeOH is the source of a proton and the ester function. It was established that the active cascade precursor is [(LMe •-)CoIIICl2] (A). Notably, formation of a spiro derivative was not detected in CH3CN and the reaction ends up furnishing A. The route of the reaction is tunable by R, when R = NO2, it is a (2e + 4H+) oxidation reaction affording a dinuclear LR 2- complex of cobalt(III) of the type [(LNO2 2-)2CoIII2(OMe)2(H2O)2] (1) in good yields. No cascade occurs with zinc(II) ion even in MeOH and produces a LMe •- complex of type [(LMe •-)ZnIICl2] (2). The intermediate A and 2 exhibit strong EPR signals at g = 2.008 and 1.999, confrming the existence of LMe •- coordinated to low-spin cobalt(III) and zinc(II) ions. The intermediates of LRH2 → OXLR conversion were analyzed by ESI mass spectrometry. The molecular geometries of OXLR and 1 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography, and the spectral features were elucidated by TD DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur , Kolkata 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sachinath Bera
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur , Kolkata 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvendu Maity
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur , Kolkata 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur , Kolkata 103, West Bengal, India
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26
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Synthesis of 3a,7a-Dihydroindoles via Rhodium-catalyzed Intermolecular Formal [3 + 2] Transannulation Reactions of Triazoles with Alkyl-substituted Benzene Derivatives. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Zhang R, Li Y, Ali A, Hao J, Bi X, Fu J. Rh(II)-Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization of Aliphatic N
-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Alcohols for the Synthesis of 6-Alkoxy Piperidin-3-ones. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 People's Repulic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 People's Repulic of China
| | - Arshad Ali
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 People's Repulic of China
| | - Jiamin Hao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 People's Repulic of China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 People's Repulic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Junkai Fu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 People's Repulic of China
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28
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Jana S, Vroemans R, Dehaen W. Synthesis of Polycyclic Dihydroindoles by Selective Decomposition of Bis(1,2,3-triazoles) Mediated by Rhodium Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sampad Jana
- Molecular Design and Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F, B- 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Robby Vroemans
- Molecular Design and Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F, B- 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis; Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F, B- 3001 Leuven Belgium
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29
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Guarnieri-Ibáñez A, Medina F, Besnard C, Kidd SL, Spring DR, Lacour J. Diversity-oriented synthesis of heterocycles and macrocycles by controlled reactions of oxetanes with α-iminocarbenes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5713-5720. [PMID: 28989611 PMCID: PMC5621157 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00964j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using N-sulfonyl triazoles as substrates, compounds as diverse as 2-imino tetrahydrofurans, 13- and 15-membered ring aza-macrocycles can be prepared selectively via formal [1 + 4], [5 + 4 + 4] and [3 + 4 + 4 + 4] condensations of α-imino carbenes and oxetanes under Rh(ii)-catalysis or thermal activation. Spirocyclic N-heterocycles are also accessible by means of Buchwald-Hartwig and Pictet-Spengler cyclizations. By reaction control, substrate selection or further derivatization, a large variety of chemical structures is thus achievable. Finally, using triazoles reacting under thermal activation, interesting mechanistic insight was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Guarnieri-Ibáñez
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , quai Ernest Ansermet 30 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Florian Medina
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , quai Ernest Ansermet 30 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography , University of Geneva , quai Ernest Ansermet 24 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Sarah L Kidd
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , quai Ernest Ansermet 30 , CH-1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
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