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Wang Y, Cao Z, He Q, Huang X, Liu J, Neumann H, Chen G, Beller M. Activation of perfluoroalkyl iodides by anions: extending the scope of halogen bond activation to C(sp 3)-H amidation, C(sp 2)-H iodination, and perfluoroalkylation reactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1732-1741. [PMID: 36819859 PMCID: PMC9930934 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06145g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, efficient, and convenient activation of perfluoroalkyl iodides by tBuONa or KOH, without expensive photo- or transition metal catalysts, allows the promotion of versatile α-sp3 C-H amidation reactions of alkyl ethers and benzylic hydrocarbons, C-H iodination of heteroaryl compounds, and perfluoroalkylations of electron-rich π bonds. Mechanistic studies show that these novel protocols are based on the halogen bond interaction between perfluoroalkyl iodides and tBuONa or KOH, which promote homolysis of perfluoroalkyl iodides under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China .,Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Zehui Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Qin He
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai UniversityTianjin 300071China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai UniversityTianjin 300071China
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a Rostock 18059 Germany
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2
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Li Z, Shen J, Jiang Q, Shen S, Zhou J, Zeng H. Directionally aligned crown ethers as superactive organocatalysts for transition metal ion-free arylation of unactivated arenes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200303. [PMID: 35560810 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When one-dimensionally aligned to the same side, multiple non-covalently associated crown ether groups could act as a whole to yield a higher catalytic activity than an individual poorly active crown ether group, delivering the lowest catalyst loading of 1 - 2 mol% among all hitherto known organocatalysts for catalyzing direct arylation of unactivated arenes with haloarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Li
- Nanjing University, School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Jie Shen
- Hainan University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Qing Jiang
- Nanjing University, School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Sheng Shen
- Nanjing University, School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Nanjing University, Medical School, 22 Hankou Road, 210093, Nanjing, CHINA
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3
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Kumar Y, Ila H. Synthesis of Substituted Benzo[b]thiophenes via Base-Promoted Domino Condensation–Intramolecular C–S Bond Formation. Org Lett 2021; 23:1698-1702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Kumar
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Hiriyakkanavar Ila
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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4
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Shibasaki K, Togo H. Novel transformation of aryl 2-iodophenyl ketones into 1,3-diarylisoquinolines with (TMS)2NH, styrenes, NIS, and BuOK. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Bugaenko DI, Volkov AA, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. Generation of aryl radicals by redox processes. Recent progress in the arylation methodology. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arylation methods based on the generation and use of aryl radicals have been a rapidly growing field of research in recent years and currently represent a powerful strategy for carbon – carbon and carbon – heteroatom bond formation. The progress in this field is related to advances in the methods for generation of aryl radicals. The currently used aryl radical precursors include aryl halides, aryldiazonium and diaryliodonium salts, arylcarboxylic acids and their derivatives, arylboronic acids, arylhydrazines, organosulfur(II, VI) compounds and some other compounds. Aryl radicals are generated under mild conditions by single electron reduction or oxidation of precursors induced by conventional reagents, visible light or electric current. A crucial role in the development of the radical arylation methodology belongs to photoredox processes either catalyzed by transition metal complexes or organic dyes or proceeding without catalysts. Unlike the conventional transition metal-catalyzed arylation methods, radical arylation reactions proceed very often at room temperature and have high functional group tolerance. Without claiming to be exhaustive, this review covers the most important advances of the current decade in the generation and synthetic applications of (het)aryl radicals. Examples of reactions are given and mechanistic insights are highlighted.
The bibliography includes 341 references.
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6
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Xu Y, Liu C, Wang H, Zhang D, Li Z. Intermolecular Halogen Bonding-Controlled Self-Assembly of Hydrogen Bonded Aromatic Amide Foldamers. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Song G, Jeong KS. Aromatic Helical Foldamers as Nucleophilic Catalysts for the Regioselective Acetylation of Octyl β-d-Glucopyranoside. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2475-2481. [PMID: 33206472 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two indolocarbazole-naphthyridine foldamers 2 and 3 that fold into helical conformations were prepared. The 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) moiety was introduced at one end of the foldamer strands to develop foldamer-based catalysts for the site-selective acylation of polyols. These foldamers adopt helical conformations containing internal cavities capable of binding octyl β-d-glucopyranoside. The association constants were determined to be 1.9 (±0.1)×105 M-1 for 2 and 2.1 (±0.1)×105 M-1 for 3 in CH2 Cl2 at 25 °C. In the presence of DMAP, 2 or 3 as the catalysts, octyl β-d-glucopyranoside was subjected to acetylation under identical reaction conditions. The DMAP-catalysed reaction afforded the random distribution of the monoacetylates (6-OAc : 4-OAc : 3-OAc : 2-OAc=33 : 24 : 41 : 2). In contrast, foldamers 2 and 3 led to the predominant formation of 6-OAc. The relative distributions were estimated to be 6-OAc : 4-OAc : 3-OAc=88 : 4 : 6 : ∼0 with 2 and 6-OAc : 4-OAc : 3-OAc : 2-OAc=90 : 3 : 6 : 1 with 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunmoo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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8
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Ye R, Jiang CX, Yuan L, Li Z, Hu JF, Zeng H. Macrocyclic Pyridone Pentamers for Highly Selective High-Capacity Removal of Caesium Ions from Radioactive High-Salinity Waste. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:4286-4290. [PMID: 33078571 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report here that macrocyclic H-bonded pyridone pentamers, containing five properly and convergently spaced electron-rich O-atoms that decorate a rigid cavity of 2.85 Å across, exhibit an extraordinarily high yet pH-independent capacity and selectivity in Cs+ removal. In particular, with [host]=240 μM and [Cs+ ]=15 μM, a single extraction efficiently removes more than 91% of Cs+ ions from artificial sea water, containing various competitive metal ions at a total concentration of 0.68 M ([total Mn+ ]/[Cs+ ]=4.5×104 ]). To our best knowledge, these pyridone pentamers represent the best small organic molecule-based extractants that target Cs+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Ye
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiao Jiang
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan 425100, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan 425100, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Huaqiang Zeng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China.,China Yangtze River Delta Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, P. R. China
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9
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Tiwari MK, Yadav L, Chaudhary S. [2,3‐Bis‐(2‐pyridyl) pyrazine] as an Efficient Organocatalyst for the Direct C
(sp
2
)
‐H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes/Heteroarenes
via
C−H Bond Activation. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Lalit Yadav
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
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11
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Polyfunctional Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Applications in Direct C-H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes and Aqueous Adsorption of Aromatic Amines. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-020-0208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Nozawa-Kumada K, Iwakawa Y, Onuma S, Shigeno M, Kondo Y. NaH-mediated direct C-H arylation in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7773-7776. [PMID: 32573564 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00730g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-free coupling of haloarenes with unactivated arenes has been developed in the presence of NaH and 1,10-phenanthroline. Various haloarenes bearing methyl, methoxy, halogen (fluoride, chloride, and bromide), cyano, trifluoromethyl, ester, and amide groups can be cross-coupled with unactivated arenes, or heteroarenes in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yuki Iwakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - So Onuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Masanori Shigeno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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13
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Yadav L, Tiwari MK, Shyamlal BRK, Chaudhary S. Organocatalyst in Direct C( sp2)-H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes: [1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-piperazine]-Catalyzed Inter-/ Intra-molecular C-H Bond Activation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8121-8141. [PMID: 32438807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the identification of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine as a new, cost-effective, highly efficient organocatalyst, which promotes both inter- and intra-molecular direct C(sp2)-H arylations of unactivated arenes in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide. While the inter-molecular C-H arylation of unactivated benzenes with aryl halides (Ar-X; X = I, Br, Cl) toward biaryl syntheses underwent smoothly in the presence of only 10 mol % organocatalyst, the intra-molecular C-H arylation catalytic system composed of 40 mol % each of the catalyst and the additive (4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)). The novel catalyst was also able to perform both inter- and intra-molecular direct arylations simultaneously in a single pot. The mechanistic studies confirmed the involvement of aryl radical anions and proceeded via a single-electron-transfer (SET) mechanism. The large substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, competition experiments, gram-scale synthesis, and kinetic studies further highlight the importance and versatile nature of the methodology as well as the compatibility of the new catalyst. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on any organocatalyst that reported detailed investigations of both inter- and intra-molecular direct C(sp2)-H arylations of unactivated arenes in a single representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Yadav
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Mohit K Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Bharti Rajesh Kumar Shyamlal
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur 302017, India
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14
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Liu Z, Wang P, Chen Y, Yan Z, Chen S, Chen W, Mu T. Small organic molecules with tailored structures: initiators in the transition-metal-free C–H arylation of unactivated arenes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14500-14509. [PMID: 35497128 PMCID: PMC9051888 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01845g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A small organic molecule was tailored for the efficient synthesis of biphenyl and its derivatives from aryl iodides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science
- Langfang Normal University
- Langfang 065000
- China
| | - Zhenzhong Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Suqing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
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15
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The role of organic electron donors in the initiation of BHAS base-induced coupling reactions between haloarenes and arenes. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Nozawa-Kumada K, Nakamura K, Kurosu S, Iwakawa Y, Denneval C, Shigeno M, Kondo Y. Tetramethylammonium Fluoride Tetrahydrate-Mediated Transition Metal-Free Coupling of Aryl Iodides with Unactivated Arenes in Air. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1042-1045. [PMID: 31582624 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biaryls are important compounds with widespread applications in many fields. Tetramethylammonium fluoride tetrahydrate was found to promote the biaryl coupling of aryl iodides bearing electron-withdrawing substituents with unactivated arenes. The reaction takes place at temperatures between 100 and 150°C and can be applied to a wide range of aromatic and heteroaromatic rings, affording the products in moderate to high yields. The reaction does not require strong bases or expensive additives that are employed in the existing methods and can be conducted in air and moisture without any precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosuke Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Satoshi Kurosu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yuki Iwakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | | | | | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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17
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Kumar Y, Ila H. Domino Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzothiazoles by Base-Promoted Intramolecular C–S Bond Formation. Org Lett 2019; 21:7863-7867. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Kumar
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Hiriyakkanavar Ila
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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18
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Jori PK, Jadhav VH. Transition‐Metal‐Free Glucose‐Derived Carbonaceous Catalyst Catalyzes Direct C‐H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes with Aryl Halides. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Popat K. Jori
- Division of Organic ChemistryCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi-Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune- 411008 India
| | - Vrushali H. Jadhav
- Division of Organic ChemistryCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi-Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune- 411008 India
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19
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Bugaenko DI, Dubrovina AA, Yurovskaya MA, Karchava AV. Synthesis of Indoles via Electron-Catalyzed Intramolecular C-N Bond Formation. Org Lett 2018; 20:7358-7362. [PMID: 30431287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new protocol for the preparation of N-substituted indole-3-carboxylates has been developed. The key C-N bond formation occurs under transition-metal-free conditions employing a t-BuOK/DMF system without special initiators or additives. Across a number of substrates, indoles were afforded in yields higher or comparable to those obtained under transition-metal-catalyzed conditions. While demonstrating high functional group tolerance, new conditions are particularly attractive for manufacturing halogenated indoles that cannot be made in a pure form using other metal-based catalytic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Bugaenko
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , Moscow 119234 , Russia
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20
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Nocera G, Young A, Palumbo F, Emery KJ, Coulthard G, McGuire T, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Electron Transfer Reactions: KO tBu (but not NaO tBu) Photoreduces Benzophenone under Activation by Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9751-9757. [PMID: 29996048 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-standing controversial reports of electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone have been investigated and resolved. The mismatch in the oxidation potential of KO tBu (+0.10 V vs SCE in DMF) and the first reduction potential of benzophenone (of many values cited in the literature, the least negative value is -1.31 V vs SCE in DMF), preclude direct electron transfer. Experimental and computational results now establish that a complex is formed between the two reagents, with the potassium ion providing the linkage, which markedly shifts the absorption spectrum to provide a tail in the visible light region. Photoactivation at room temperature by irradiation at defined wavelength (365 or 400 nm), or even by winter daylight, leads to the development of the blue color of the potassium salt of benzophenone ketyl, whereas no reaction is observed when the reaction mixture is maintained in darkness. So, no electron transfer occurs in the ground state. However, when photoexcited, electron transfer occurs within a complex formed from benzophenone and KO tBu. TDDFT studies match experimental findings and also define the electronic transition within the complex as n → π*, originating on the butoxide oxygen. Computation and experiment also align in showing that this reaction is selective for KO tBu; no such effect occurs with NaO tBu, providing the first case where such alkali metal ion selectivity is rationalized in detail. Chemical evidence is provided for the photoactivated electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone: tert-butoxyl radicals are formed and undergo fragmentation to form (acetone and) methyl radicals, some of which are trapped by benzophenone. Likewise, when KOC(Et)3 is used in place of KO tBu, then ethylation of benzophenone is seen. Further evidence of electron transfer was seen when the reaction was conducted in benzene, in the presence of p-iodotoluene; this triggered BHAS coupling to form 4-methylbiphenyl in 74% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nocera
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Fabrizio Palumbo
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Katie J Emery
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Graeme Coulthard
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Thomas McGuire
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , 319 Milton Road , Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
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21
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Zhao H, Xu X, Wu W, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Urea-based organocatalyst catalyzed direct C H bond arylations of unactivated arenes. CATAL COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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Dong F, Liu JQ, Wang XS. An efficient synthesis of biaryl diamides via Ullmann coupling reaction catalyzed by CuI in the presence of Cs2CO3 and TBAB. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Liu Y, Xu J, Zhang J, Xu X, Jin Z. Intramolecular Direct C-H Arylation via a Metallocenic Radical Pathway: Stereospecific Approach to Planar-Chiral Ferrocenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:5709-5712. [PMID: 28981297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-free synthesis of planar-chiral 1,2-fused ferrocenes via intramolecular direct C-H bond arylation was achieved. The C-H arylation reactions promoted by a catalytic amount of 1,10-phenanthroline highlighted a unique planar-chiral metallocenic radical intermediate, generated from iodoferrocenes via a single-electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiancong Xu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute Elementoorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
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24
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Pan C, Zhu J, Chen R, Yu JT. Direct arylation of inactivated benzene with aryl acyl peroxides toward biaryls. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6467-6469. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01564j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A direct arylation of inactivated benzene with acyl peroxides toward biaryls under metal-free, base-free and additive-free conditions was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changduo Pan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- P. R. China
| | - Rongzhen Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- P. R. China
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- P. R. China
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