Formal Total Synthesis of Actinoranone and Asymmetric Synthesis of Labda-7,13-(E)-dien-15-ol

Cyclobutane-Containing Meroditerpenoids, (+)-Isoscopariusins B and C: Structure Elucidation and Biomimetic Synthesis

(+)-Isoscopariusins B (1) and C (2), two meroditerpenoids containing a 6/6/4 tricyclic carbon skeleton and seven continuous stereocenters, were identified from Isodon scoparius. The structures were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and concise biomimetic syntheses from readily available alkene 5 in seven and six steps, respectively. An intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition with cooperative catalysis of a Lewis acid and an Ir photocatalyst was used to construct a cyclobutane core with four stereogenic centers.

Iridium-, Ruthenium-, and Nickel-Catalyzed C-C Couplings of Methanol, Formaldehyde, and Ethanol with π-Unsaturated Pronucleophiles via Hydrogen Transfer

In this Perspective, the use of methanol and ethanol as C1 and C2 feedstocks in metal-catalyzed C-C couplings to π-unsaturated pronucleophiles via hydrogen auto-transfer is surveyed. In these processes, alcohol oxidation to form an aldehyde electrophile is balanced by reduction of an π-unsaturated hydrocarbon to form a transient organometallic nucleophile. Mechanistically related reductive couplings of paraformaldehyde mediated by alcohol reductants or formic acid also are described. These processes encompass the first catalytic enantioselective C-C couplings of methanol and ethanol and, more broadly, illustrate how the native reducing ability of alcohols enable the departure from premetalated reagents in carbonyl addition.

Diterpenoids from Streptomyces: Structures, Biosyntheses and Bioactivities

Bacteria, especially Streptomyces spp., have been emerging as rich sources of natural diterpenoids with diverse structures and broad bioactivities. Here, we review diterpenoids biosynthesized by Streptomyces , with an emphasis on their structures, biosyntheses, and bioactivities. Although diterpenoids from Streptomyces are relatively rare compared to those from plants and fungi, their novel skeletons, biosyntheses and bioactivities present opportunities for discovering new drugs, enzyme mechanisms, and applications in bio-catalysis and metabolic pathway engineering.

Decarboxylative Halogenation of Organic Compounds

Decarboxylative halogenation, or halodecarboxylation, represents one of the fundamental key methods for the synthesis of ubiquitous organic halides. The method is based on conversion of carboxylic acids to the corresponding organic halides via selective cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond between the skeleton of the molecule and the carboxylic group and the liberation of carbon dioxide. In this review, we discuss and analyze major approaches for the conversion of alkanoic, alkenoic, acetylenic, and (hetero)aromatic acids to the corresponding alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl halides. These methods include the preparation of families of valuable organic iodides, bromides, chlorides, and fluorides. The historic and modern methods for halodecarboxylation reactions are broadly discussed, including analysis of their advantages and drawbacks. We critically address the features, reaction selectivity, substrate scopes, and limitations of the approaches. In the available cases, mechanistic details of the reactions are presented, and the generality and uniqueness of the different mechanistic pathways are highlighted. The challenges, opportunities, and future directions in the field of decarboxylative halogenation are provided.

Formal Total Synthesis of Actinoranone: Synthesis Approaches and Cytotoxic Studies

This article describes our efforts toward the total synthesis of actinoranone. Our synthesis strategies rely on a convergent route to connect the terpenoid and polyketide fragments, employing catalysis and powerful classical reactions for the assembly of these key fragments. A new transformation was disclosed during this work, a domino ring-opening and esterification. Initial cytotoxic studies for the selected synthesis intermediates are also presented.

Catalytic nucleophilic 'umpoled' π-allyl reagents

After seminal Tsuji-Trost reactions (palladium catalyzed allylation of nucleophiles via π-allyl intermediates as electrophiles), the idea of reversal reactivity of π-allyl intermediates (i.e. π-allyl as nucleophiles) has been stated since the eighties. Thanks to different transition metal sources and the modification of their electronic environment through the use of additives and ligands, such 'reactivity switch' of π-allyl intermediates proved its powerfulness allowing high control in regio-, diastereo- and enantio-selectivities. These methodologies have thus emerged as efficient methods in the catalytic enantioselective allylation of carbonyl compounds and imines with a deep impact on natural product and/or drug elaboration. This tutorial review highlights the concept of 'umpoled' reactivity of π-allyl intermediates, relying on selected recent examples.