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London RE. The aminosalicylate - folate connection. Drug Metab Rev 2024; 56:80-96. [PMID: 38230664 PMCID: PMC11305456 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2303507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Two aminosalicylate isomers have been found to possess useful pharmacological behavior: p-aminosalicylate (PAS, 4AS) is an anti-tubercular agent that targets M. tuberculosis, and 5-aminosalicylate (5AS, mesalamine, mesalazine) is used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and other inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). PAS, a structural analog of pABA, is biosynthetically incorporated by bacterial dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), ultimately yielding a dihydrofolate (DHF) analog containing an additional hydroxyl group in the pABA ring: 2'-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrofolate. It has been reported to perturb folate metabolism in M. tuberculosis, and to selectively target M. tuberculosis dihydrofolate reductase (mtDHFR). Studies of PAS metabolism are reviewed, and possible mechanisms for its mtDHFR inhibition are considered. Although 5AS is a more distant structural relative of pABA, multiple lines of evidence suggest a related role as a pABA antagonist that inhibits bacterial folate biosynthesis. Structural data support the likelihood that 5AS is recognized by the DHPS pABA binding site, and its effects probably range from blocking pABA binding to formation of a dead-end dihydropterin-5AS adduct. These studies suggest that mesalamine acts as a gut bacteria-directed antifolate, that selectively targets faster growing, more folate-dependent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. London
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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2
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Coandă M, Limban C, Nuță DC. Small Schiff Base Molecules-A Possible Strategy to Combat Biofilm-Related Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:75. [PMID: 38247634 PMCID: PMC10812491 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms participating in the development of biofilms exhibit heightened resistance to antibiotic treatment, therefore infections involving biofilms have become a problem in recent years as they are more difficult to treat. Consequently, research efforts are directed towards identifying novel molecules that not only possess antimicrobial properties but also demonstrate efficacy against biofilms. While numerous investigations have focused on antimicrobial capabilities of Schiff bases, their potential as antibiofilm agents remains largely unexplored. Thus, the objective of this article is to present a comprehensive overview of the existing scientific literature pertaining to small molecules categorized as Schiff bases with antibiofilm properties. The survey involved querying four databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Reaxys). Relevant articles published in the last 10 years were selected and categorized based on the molecular structure into two groups: classical Schiff bases and oximes and hydrazones. Despite the majority of studies indicating a moderate antibiofilm potential of Schiff bases, certain compounds exhibited a noteworthy effect, underscoring the significance of considering this type of molecular modeling when seeking to develop new molecules with antibiofilm effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Limban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020950 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (D.C.N.)
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3
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Singh V, Dziwornu GA, Chibale K. The implication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-mediated metabolism of targeted xenobiotics. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:340-354. [PMID: 37117810 PMCID: PMC10026799 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolism is generally associated with liver enzymes. However, in the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mtb-mediated drug metabolism plays a significant role in treatment outcomes. Mtb is equipped with enzymes that catalyse biotransformation reactions on xenobiotics with consequences either in its favour or as a hindrance by deactivating or activating chemical entities, respectively. Considering the range of chemical reactions involved in the biosynthetic pathways of Mtb, information related to the biotransformation of antitubercular compounds would provide opportunities for the development of new chemical tools to study successful TB infections while also highlighting potential areas for drug discovery, host-directed therapy, dose optimization and elucidation of mechanisms of action. In this Review, we discuss Mtb-mediated biotransformations and propose a holistic approach to address drug metabolism in TB drug discovery and related areas. ![]()
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-mediated metabolism of xenobiotics poses an important research question for antitubercular drug discovery. Identification of the metabolic fate of compounds can inform requisite structure–activity relationship strategies early on in a drug discovery programme towards improving the properties of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Godwin Akpeko Dziwornu
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Holistic Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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4
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Hegde PV, Howe MD, Zimmerman MD, Boshoff HIM, Sharma S, Remache B, Jia Z, Pan Y, Baughn AD, Dartois V, Aldrich CC. Synthesis and biological evaluation of orally active prodrugs and analogs of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114201. [PMID: 35219151 PMCID: PMC8941652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world's most deadly infectious diseases resulting in nearly 1.3 million deaths annually and infecting nearly one-quarter of the population. para-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS), an important second-line agent for treating drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has moderate bioavailability and rapid clearance that necessitate high daily doses of up to 12 g per day, which in turn causes severe gastrointestinal disturbances presumably by disruption of gut microbiota and host epithelial cells. We first synthesized a series of alkyl, acyloxy and alkyloxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester prodrugs to increase the oral bioavailability and thereby prevent intestinal accumulation as well as undesirable bioactivation by the gut microbiome to non-natural folate species that exhibit cytotoxicity. The pivoxyl prodrug of PAS was superior to all of the prodrugs examined and showed nearly quantitative absorption. While the conceptually simple prodrug approach improved the oral bioavailability of PAS, it did not address the intrinsic rapid clearance of PAS mediated by N-acetyltransferase-1 (NAT-1). Thus, we next modified the PAS scaffold to reduce NAT-1 catalyzed inactivation by introduction of groups to sterically block N-acetylation and fluorination of the aryl ring of PAS to attenuate N-acetylation by electronically deactivating the para-amino group. Among the mono-fluorinated analogs prepared, 5-fluoro-PAS, exhibited the best activity and an 11-fold decreased rate of inactivation by NAT-1 that translated to a 5-fold improved exposure as measured by area-under-the-curve (AUC) following oral dosing to CD-1 mice. The pivoxyl prodrug and fluorination at the 5-position of PAS address the primary limitations of PAS and have the potential to revitalize this second-line TB drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja V Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael D Howe
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew D Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Helena I M Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brianna Remache
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Ziyi Jia
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yan Pan
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony D Baughn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Veronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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5
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Goossens JF, Thuru X, Bailly C. Properties and reactivity of the folic acid and folate photoproduct 6-formylpterin. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:1-10. [PMID: 33965562 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Folates (vitamin B9) are essential components of our diet and our gut microbiota. They are omnipresent in our cells and blood. Folates are necessary for DNA synthesis, methylation, and other vital bioprocesses. Folic acid (FA), as the synthetic form of folates, is largely found in supplements and fortified foods. FA and folate drugs are also extensively used as therapeutics. Therefore, we are continuously exposed to the pterin derivatives, and their photo-degradation products, such as 6-formylpterin (6-FPT) and pterin-6-carboxylic acid. During ultraviolet radiation, these two photolytic products generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for the cellular oxidative stress. 6-FPT can exhibit variable pro/anti-oxidative roles depending on the cell type and its environment (acting as a cell protector in normal cells, or as an enhancer of drug-induced cell death in cancer cells). The ROS-modulating capacity of 6-FPT is well-known, whereas its intrinsic reactivity has been much less investigated. Here, we have reviewed the properties of 6-FPT and highlighted its capacity to form covalent adducts with the ROS-scavenging drug edaravone (used to treat stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) as well as its implication in immune surveillance. 6-FPT and its analogue acetyl-6-FPT function as small molecule antigens, recognized by the major histocompatibility complex-related class I-like molecule, MR1, for presentation to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. As modulators of the MR1/MAIT machinery, 6-FPT derivatives could play a significant immuno-regulatory role in different diseases. This brief review shed light on the multiple properties and cellular activities of 6-FPT, well beyond its primary ROS-generating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Goossens
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Xavier Thuru
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France.
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6
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Potency boost of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor by multienzyme F 420H 2-dependent reduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025172118. [PMID: 34161270 PMCID: PMC8237569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025172118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial metabolism can cause intrinsic drug resistance but can also convert inactive parent drugs into bioactive derivatives, as is the case for several antimycobacterial prodrugs. Here, we show that the intrabacterial metabolism of a Mtb dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor with moderate affinity for its target boosts its on-target activity by two orders of magnitude. This is a “prodrug-like” antimycobacterial that possesses baseline activity in the absence of intracellular bioactivation. By elucidating the metabolic enhancement mechanism, we have provided the basis for the rational optimization of a class of DHFR inhibitors and uncovered an antibacterial drug discovery concept. Triaza-coumarin (TA-C) is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor with an IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of ∼1 µM against the enzyme. Despite this moderate target inhibition, TA-C shows exquisite antimycobacterial activity (MIC50, concentration inhibiting growth by 50% = 10 to 20 nM). Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying this potency disconnect. To confirm that TA-C targets DHFR and investigate its unusual potency pattern, we focused on resistance mechanisms. In Mtb, resistance to DHFR inhibitors is frequently associated with mutations in thymidylate synthase thyA, which sensitizes Mtb to DHFR inhibition, rather than in DHFR itself. We observed thyA mutations, consistent with TA-C interfering with the folate pathway. A second resistance mechanism involved biosynthesis of the redox coenzyme F420. Thus, we hypothesized that TA-C may be metabolized by Mtb F420–dependent oxidoreductases (FDORs). By chemically blocking the putative site of FDOR-mediated reduction in TA-C, we reproduced the F420-dependent resistance phenotype, suggesting that F420H2-dependent reduction is required for TA-C to exert its potent antibacterial activity. Indeed, chemically synthesized TA-C-Acid, the putative product of TA-C reduction, displayed a 100-fold lower IC50 against DHFR. Screening seven recombinant Mtb FDORs revealed that at least two of these enzymes reduce TA-C. This redundancy in activation explains why no mutations in the activating enzymes were identified in the resistance screen. Analysis of the reaction products confirmed that FDORs reduce TA-C at the predicted site, yielding TA-C-Acid. This work demonstrates that intrabacterial metabolism converts TA-C, a moderately active “prodrug,” into a 100-fold-more-potent DHFR inhibitor, thus explaining the disconnect between enzymatic and whole-cell activity.
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7
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Ribeiro JA, Hammer A, Libreros-Zúñiga GA, Chavez-Pacheco SM, Tyrakis P, de Oliveira GS, Kirkman T, El Bakali J, Rocco SA, Sforça ML, Parise-Filho R, Coyne AG, Blundell TL, Abell C, Dias MVB. Using a Fragment-Based Approach to Identify Alternative Chemical Scaffolds Targeting Dihydrofolate Reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2192-2201. [PMID: 32603583 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a key enzyme involved in folate metabolism, is a widely explored target in the treatment of cancer, immune diseases, bacteria, and protozoa infections. Although several antifolates have proved successful in the treatment of infectious diseases, they have been underexplored to combat tuberculosis, despite the essentiality of M. tuberculosis DHFR (MtDHFR). Herein, we describe an integrated fragment-based drug discovery approach to target MtDHFR that has identified hits with scaffolds not yet explored in any previous drug design campaign for this enzyme. The application of a SAR by catalog strategy of an in house library for one of the identified fragments has led to a series of molecules that bind to MtDHFR with low micromolar affinities. Crystal structures of MtDHFR in complex with compounds of this series demonstrated a novel binding mode that considerably differs from other DHFR antifolates, thus opening perspectives for the development of relevant MtDHFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A. Ribeiro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1474, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, CEP, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Alexander Hammer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Gerardo A. Libreros-Zúñiga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1474, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
- Department of Biology, IBILCE-State University of São Paulo, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, J. Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, University of Valle, Calle 4B # 36-00, Cali 760043, Colombia
| | - Sair M. Chavez-Pacheco
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1474, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Petros Tyrakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Gabriel S. de Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1474, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Timothy Kirkman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Jamal El Bakali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Silvana A. Rocco
- National Laboratory of Biosciences, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000, Campinas, SP 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Mauricio L. Sforça
- National Laboratory of Biosciences, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10000, Campinas, SP 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Roberto Parise-Filho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Anthony G. Coyne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tom L. Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Marcio V. B. Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1474, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, CEP, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Biology, IBILCE-State University of São Paulo, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, J. Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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8
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Artificially induced MAIT cells inhibit M. bovis BCG but not M. tuberculosis during in vivo pulmonary infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13579. [PMID: 32788608 PMCID: PMC7423888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant interest in targeting MAIT cells with immunostimulatory agents to enhance immune responses. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb.) is a pervasive respiratory disease that could benefit from treatments that augment immunity. Here we investigate the role of MAIT cells in M. tb. infection and the potential for MAIT cell-targeted immunotherapy to control bacterial burdens. We find that MAIT cells fail to substantially accumulate in the lungs during murine pulmonary M. bovis BCG and M. tb. infections but this defect is overcome by intranasal installation of a TLR2/6 agonist and a MAIT cell antigen. Although artificially induced MAIT cells produce important cytokines in both infections, they control BCG but not M. tb. growth in the lungs. Correspondingly, M. tb.-infected mouse macrophages are relatively resistant to MAIT cell antimicrobial activities in vitro. Thus, MAIT cell antigen-mediated immunotherapy for M. tb. presents a complex challenge.
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9
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Yu H, Yang A, Liu L, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Cowley S. CXCL16 Stimulates Antigen-Induced MAIT Cell Accumulation but Trafficking During Lung Infection Is CXCR6-Independent. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1773. [PMID: 32849637 PMCID: PMC7426740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique T cell subset that contributes to protective immunity against microbial pathogens, but little is known about the role of chemokines in recruiting MAIT cells to the site of infection. Pulmonary infection with Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) stimulates the accrual of large numbers of MAIT cells in the lungs of mice. Using this infection model, we find that MAIT cells are predominantly CXCR6+ but do not require CXCR6 for accumulation in the lungs. However, CXCR6 does contribute to long-term retention of MAIT cells in the airway lumen after clearance of the infection. We also find that MAIT cells are not recruited from secondary lymphoid organs and largely proliferate in situ in the lungs after infection. Nevertheless, the only known ligand for CXCR6, CXCL16, is sufficient to drive MAIT cell accumulation in the lungs in the absence of infection when administered in combination with the MAIT cell antigen 5-OP-RU. Overall, this new data advances the understanding of mechanisms that facilitate MAIT cell accumulation and retention in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Amy Yang
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ligong Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Siobhan Cowley
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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10
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Baral B, Mozafari MR. Strategic Moves of "Superbugs" Against Available Chemical Scaffolds: Signaling, Regulation, and Challenges. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:373-400. [PMID: 32566906 PMCID: PMC7296549 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Superbugs' resistivity against available natural products has become an alarming global threat, causing a rapid deterioration in public health and claiming tens of thousands of lives yearly. Although the rapid discovery of small molecules from plant and microbial origin with enhanced bioactivity has provided us with some hope, a rapid hike in the resistivity of superbugs has proven to be the biggest therapeutic hurdle of all times. Moreover, several distinct mechanisms endowed by these notorious superbugs make them immune to these antibiotics subsequently causing our antibiotic wardrobe to be obsolete. In this unfortunate situation, though the time frame for discovering novel "hit molecules" down the line remains largely unknown, our small hope and untiring efforts injected in hunting novel chemical scaffolds with unique molecular targets using high-throughput technologies may safeguard us against these life-threatening challenges to some extent. Amid this crisis, the current comprehensive review highlights the present status of knowledge, our search for bacteria Achilles' heel, distinct molecular signaling that an opportunistic pathogen bestows to trespass the toxicity of antibiotics, and facile strategies and appealing therapeutic targets of novel drugs. Herein, we also discuss multidimensional strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Baral
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, Finland
| | - M. R. Mozafari
- Australasian
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, 8054 Monash University LPO, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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11
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Khalilinia E, Ebrahimi A. π-Stacking effects on acid capacity of p-aminobenzoic acid. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Wei W, Yan H, Zhao J, Li H, Li Z, Guo H, Wang X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Zeng J, Chen T, Zhou L. Multi-omics comparisons of p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) resistance in folC mutated and un-mutated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:248-261. [PMID: 30866779 PMCID: PMC6455211 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1568179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
p-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is an important second-line antibiotic for treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Due to gastrointestinal disturbance and intolerance, its potent and efficacy in the treatment of extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-TB commonly are poor. Thus, it is important to reveal the mechanism of susceptibility and resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to this drug. Herein, we screened and established PAS-resistant (PASr) folC mutated and un-mutated Mtb strains, then utilized a multi-omics (genome, proteome, and metabolome) analysis to better characterize the mechanisms of PAS resistance in Mtb. Interestingly, we found that promotion of SAM-dependent methyltransferases and suppression of PAS uptake via inhibiting some drug transport associated membrane proteins were two key pathways for the folC mutated strain evolving into the PASr Mtb strain. However, the folC un-mutated strain was resistant to PAS via uptake of exogenous methionine, mitigating the role of inhibitors, and promoting DfrA, ThyA and FolC expression. Beyond these findings, we also found PAS resistance in Mtb might be associated with the increasing phenylalanine metabolism pathway. Collectively, our findings uncovered the differences of resistant mechanism between folC mutated and un-mutated Mtb strains resistant to PAS using multi-omics analysis and targeting modulators to these pathways may be effective for treatment of PASr Mtb strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wei
- a Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Yan
- c Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Development and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics , Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Zhao
- d Jinan University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Haicheng Li
- a Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyan Li
- a Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Huixin Guo
- a Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- a Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- e School of Stomatology and Medicine , Foshan University , Foshan , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- e School of Stomatology and Medicine , Foshan University , Foshan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- c Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Development and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics , Guangdong Medical University , Dongguan , People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- a Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China.,f South China Institute of Biomedicine , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- a Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
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13
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Kordus SL, Baughn AD. Revitalizing antifolates through understanding mechanisms that govern susceptibility and resistance. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:880-895. [PMID: 31303985 PMCID: PMC6595967 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, folate (vitamin B9) is an essential metabolic cofactor required for all actively growing cells. Specifically, folate serves as a one-carbon carrier in the synthesis of amino acids (such as methionine, serine, and glycine), N-formylmethionyl-tRNA, coenzyme A, purines and thymidine. Many microbes are unable to acquire folates from their environment and rely on de novo folate biosynthesis. In contrast, mammals lack the de novo folate biosynthesis pathway and must obtain folate from commensal microbiota or the environment using proton-coupled folate transporters. The essentiality and dichotomy between mammalian and bacterial folate biosynthesis and utilization pathways make it an ideal drug target for the development of antimicrobial agents and cancer chemotherapeutics. In this minireview, we discuss general aspects of folate biosynthesis and the underlying mechanisms that govern susceptibility and resistance of organisms to antifolate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lynn Kordus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA .
| | - Anthony David Baughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA .
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14
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Hajian B, Scocchera E, Shoen C, Krucinska J, Viswanathan K, G-Dayanandan N, Erlandsen H, Estrada A, Mikušová K, Korduláková J, Cynamon M, Wright D. Drugging the Folate Pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Role of Multi-targeting Agents. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:781-791.e6. [PMID: 30930162 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The folate biosynthetic pathway offers many druggable targets that have yet to be exploited in tuberculosis therapy. Herein, we have identified a series of small molecules that interrupt Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) folate metabolism by dual targeting of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a key enzyme in the folate pathway, and its functional analog, Rv2671. We have also compared the antifolate activity of these compounds with that of para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS). We found that the bioactive metabolite of PAS, in addition to previously reported activity against DHFR, inhibits flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase in Mtb, suggesting a multi-targeted mechanism of action for this drug. Finally, we have shown that antifolate treatment in Mtb decreases the production of mycolic acids, most likely due to perturbation of the activated methyl cycle. We conclude that multi-targeting of the folate pathway in Mtb is associated with highly potent anti-mycobacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoush Hajian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Eric Scocchera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | - Jolanta Krucinska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kishore Viswanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | - Heidi Erlandsen
- Center for Open Research Resources and Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Alexavier Estrada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Katarína Mikušová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina CH-1, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina CH-1, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Dennis Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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15
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Howe MD, Kordus SL, Cole MS, Bauman AA, Aldrich CC, Baughn AD, Minato Y. Methionine Antagonizes para-Aminosalicylic Acid Activity via Affecting Folate Precursor Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:399. [PMID: 30483484 PMCID: PMC6240602 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
para-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is a second-line anti-tubercular drug that is used for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). PAS efficacy in the treatment of TB is limited by its lower potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis relative to many other drugs in the TB treatment arsenal. It is known that intrinsic metabolites, such as, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and methionine, antagonize PAS and structurally related anti-folate drugs. While the basis for PABA-mediated antagonism of anti-folates is understood, the mechanism for methionine-based antagonism remains undefined. In the present study, we used both targeted and untargeted approaches to identify factors associated with methionine-mediated antagonism of PAS activity. We found that synthesis of folate precursors as well as a putative amino acid transporter, designated MetM, play crucial roles in this process. Disruption of metM by transposon insertion resulted in a ≥30-fold decrease in uptake of methionine in M. bovis BCG, indicating that metM is the major facilitator of methionine transport. We also discovered that intracellular biotin confers intrinsic PAS resistance in a methionine-independent manner. Collectively, our results demonstrate that methionine-mediated antagonism of anti-folate drugs occurs through sustained production of folate precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Howe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Shannon L Kordus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Malcolm S Cole
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Allison A Bauman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Anthony D Baughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yusuke Minato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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