1
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Yang H, Zeng Y, Song X, Che L, Jiang ZT, Lu G, Xia Y. Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantio- and Regioselective Allylation of Indoles with gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403602. [PMID: 38515395 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes (gem-DFCPs) as fluoroallyl surrogates under transition-metal catalysis has drawn considerable attention recently but such reactions are restricted to producing achiral or racemic mono-fluoroalkenes. Herein, we report the first enantioselective allylation of indoles under rhodium catalysis with gem-DFCPs. This reaction shows exceptional branched regioselectivity towards rhodium catalysis with gem-DFCPs, which provides an efficient route to enantioenriched fluoroallylated indoles with wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yaxin Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiangyu Song
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Che
- Linyi University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Zhong-Tao Jiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ying Xia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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2
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Feng A, Yang Y, Liu C, Zhang D. DFT Calculations Rationalize Unconventional Regioselectivity in Pd II-Catalyzed Defluorinative Alkylation of gem-Difluorocyclopropanes with Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38766868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted to gain insight into the unique formation of the branched alkylation product in the PdII-catalyzed defluorinative alkylation of gem-difluorocyclopropanes with hydrazones. The reaction is established to occur in sequence through oxidative addition, β-F elimination, η1-η3 isomerization, transmetalation, η3-η1 isomerization, 3,3'-reductive elimination, deprotonation/N2 extrusion, and proton abstraction. The rate-determining step of the reaction is identified as the β-F elimination, featuring an energy barrier of 28.6 kcal/mol. The 3,3'-reductive elimination transition states are the regioselectivity-determining transition states. The favorable noncovalent π-π interaction between the naphthyl group of gem-difluorocyclopropane and the phenyl group of hydrazone is found to be mainly responsible for the observed regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Feng
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yiying Yang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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3
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Budiman YP, Perutz RN, Steel PG, Radius U, Marder TB. Applications of Transition Metal-Catalyzed ortho-Fluorine-Directed C-H Functionalization of (Poly)fluoroarenes in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4822-4862. [PMID: 38564710 PMCID: PMC11046440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of organic compounds efficiently via fewer steps but in higher yields is desirable as this reduces energy and reagent use, waste production, and thus environmental impact as well as cost. The reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to fluorine substituents in (poly)fluoroarenes with metal centers is enhanced relative to meta and para positions. Thus, direct C-H functionalization of (poly)fluoroarenes without prefunctionalization is becoming a significant area of research in organic chemistry. Novel and selective methodologies to functionalize (poly)fluorinated arenes by taking advantage of the reactivity of C-H bonds ortho to C-F bonds are continuously being developed. This review summarizes the reasons for the enhanced reactivity and the consequent developments in the synthesis of valuable (poly)fluoroarene-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudha P. Budiman
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science
Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
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4
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Itoh T, Hayase S, Nokami T. Synthesis of Selectively gem-Difluorinated Molecules; Chiral gem-Difluorocyclopropanes via Chemo-Enzymatic Reaction and gem-Difluorinated Compounds via Radical Reaction. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300028. [PMID: 36949016 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of fluorine atoms into an organic compound can alter the chemical reactivity or biological activity of the resulting compound due to the strong electron withdrawing nature of the fluorine atom. We have synthesized many original gem-difluorinated compounds and described the results in four sections. The first section describes the synthesis of optically active-gem-difluorocyclopropanes via the chemo-enzymatic reaction; we applied these compounds to liquid crystalline molecules, then further discovered a potent DNA cleavage activity for the gem-difluorocyclopropane derivatives. The second section describes the synthesis of selectively gem-difluorinated compounds via a radical reaction; we synthesized fluorinated analogues of a sex pheromone of the male African sugarcane borer, Eldana saccharina, and used the compounds as proof for investigating the origin of pheromone molecule recognition on the receptor protein. The third involves the synthesis of 2,2-difluorinated-esters by visible light-driven radical addition of 2,2-difluoroacetate with alkenes or alkynes in the presence of an organic pigment. The last section describes the synthesis of gem-difluorinated compounds via the ring-opening of gem-difluorocyclopropanes. We further developed a novel method of synthesizing gem-difluorohomoallylic alcohols via the ring-opening of gem-difluorocyclopropane and aerobic oxidation by photo-irradiation in the presence of an organic pigment. Since gem-difluorinated compounds that were prepared by the present method have two olefinic moieties with a different reactivity at the terminal position, we accomplished the synthesis of four types of gem-difluorinated cyclic alkenols via the ring-closing-metathesis (RCM) reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itoh
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Emeritus Professor of Tottori University, 41-1 Yokomichi, 480-1192, Nagakute city, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hayase
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, 680-8552, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, 680-8552, Tottori, Japan
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5
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Lv L, Qian H, Li Z. Catalytic Diversification of gem‐Difluorocyclopropanes: Recent Advances and Challenges. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leiyang Lv
- Renmin University of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Zhiping Li
- Renmin University of China Chemistry CHINA
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6
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Mondal P, Rajapakse S, Wijeratne GB. Following Nature's Footprint: Mimicking the High-Valent Heme-Oxo Mediated Indole Monooxygenation Reaction Landscape of Heme Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3843-3854. [PMID: 35112858 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathways for direct conversion of indoles to oxindoles have accumulated considerable interest in recent years due to their significance in the clear comprehension of various pathogenic processes in humans and the multipotent therapeutic value of oxindole pharmacophores. Heme enzymes are predominantly responsible for this conversion in biology and are thought to proceed with a compound-I active oxidant. These heme-enzyme-mediated indole monooxygenation pathways are rapidly emerging therapeutic targets; however, a clear mechanistic understanding is still lacking. Additionally, such knowledge holds promise in the rational design of highly specific indole monooxygenation synthetic protocols that are also cost-effective and environmentally benign. We herein report the first examples of synthetic compound-I and activated compound-II species that can effectively monooxygenate a diverse array of indoles with varied electronic and steric properties to exclusively produce the corresponding 2-oxindole products in good to excellent yields. Rigorous kinetic, thermodynamic, and mechanistic interrogations clearly illustrate an initial rate-limiting epoxidation step that takes place between the heme oxidant and indole substrate, and the resulting indole epoxide intermediate undergoes rearrangement driven by a 2,3-hydride shift on indole ring to ultimately produce 2-oxindole. The complete elucidation of the indole monooxygenation mechanism of these synthetic heme models will help reveal crucial insights into analogous biological systems, directly reinforcing drug design attempts targeting those heme enzymes. Moreover, these bioinspired model compounds are promising candidates for the future development of better synthetic protocols for the selective, efficient, and sustainable generation of 2-oxindole motifs, which are already known for a plethora of pharmacological benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Shanuk Rajapakse
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Gayan B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
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7
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Xiong B, Chen X, Liu J, Zhang X, Xia Y, Lian Z. Stereoselective gem-Difluorovinylation of gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes Enabled by Ni/Pd Cooperative Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuemeng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiangjun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xia
- West China School of Public Health, West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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8
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An D, Sang J, Hu R, Chen J, Feng L, Rao W. Synthesis of 2‐Phosphoryl‐3‐Monofluorovinylindoles under Catalyst‐ and Additive‐Free Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di An
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Sang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Hu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Jichao Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Rao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 People's Republic of China
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9
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Zhou PX, Yang X, Wang J, Ge C, Feng W, Liang YM, Zhang Y. Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Allylation of Electron-Deficient Polyfluoroarenes with gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2021; 23:4920-4924. [PMID: 34085517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed C-H allylation of electron-deficient polyfluoroarenes with gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes is reported. It provides a useful and facile approach to 2-fluoroallylic polyfluoroarenes in moderate to excellent yields with high Z-selectivity. In addition, this new approach has good functional group compatibility and broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Xin Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhe Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Chunpo Ge
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Wang Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
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10
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Bobrova AY, Novikov MA, Tomilov YV. (2-Fluoroallyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborates: novel fluorinated electrophiles for Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4678-4684. [PMID: 34076023 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00567g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An efficient two-step approach to 2-fluoroallyl amines was developed that involves the synthesis of (2-fluoroallyl)pyridinium tetrafluoroborates from readily available gem-bromofluorocyclopropanes and the application of the former as novel and stable 2-fluoroallyl electrophiles for Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Yu Bobrova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation. and Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya pl., 125047 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim A Novikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Yury V Tomilov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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11
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Jiang Z, Huang J, Zeng Y, Hu F, Xia Y. Rhodium Catalyzed Regioselective C−H Allylation of Simple Arenes via C−C Bond Activation of
Gem
‐difluorinated Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Tao Jiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jiangkun Huang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yaxin Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Fangdong Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Linyi University Linyi 276005 China
| | - Ying Xia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
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12
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Jiang ZT, Huang J, Zeng Y, Hu F, Xia Y. Rhodium Catalyzed Regioselective C-H Allylation of Simple Arenes via C-C Bond Activation of Gem-difluorinated Cyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10626-10631. [PMID: 33599074 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a rhodium catalyzed directing-group free regioselective C-H allylation of simple arenes. Readily available gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes can be employed as highly reactive allyl surrogates via a sequence of C-C and C-F bond activation, providing allyl arene derivatives in good yields with high regioselectivity under mild conditions. The robust methodology enables facile late-stage functionalization of complex bioactive molecules. The high efficiency of this reaction is also demonstrated by the high turnover number (TON, up to 1700) of the rhodium catalyst on gram-scale experiments. Preliminary success on kinetic resolution of this transformation is achieved, providing a promising access to enantio-enriched gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Tao Jiang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiangkun Huang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yaxin Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fangdong Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, 276005, China
| | - Ying Xia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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13
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Raskil’dina GZ, Sakhabutdinova GN, Musin AI, Zlotskii SS. Alkaline Alcoholysis of gem-Dichlorocyclopropane Derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Adekenova KS, Wyatt PB, Adekenov SM. The preparation and properties of 1,1-difluorocyclopropane derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:245-272. [PMID: 33564335 PMCID: PMC7849233 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the functionalization of organic molecules with fluorine substituents has grown rapidly due to its applications in such fields as medicine, agriculture or materials sciences. The aim of this article is to review the importance of 1,1-difluorocyclopropane derivatives in synthesis. It will examine the role of the fluorine substituents in both ring-forming and ring-opening reactions, as well as methods for obtaining difluorocyclopropanes as single enantiomers. Several examples are provided to highlight the biological importance of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymbat S Adekenova
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Peter B Wyatt
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Sergazy M Adekenov
- JSC "International Research and Production Holding "Phytochemistry", Karaganda city, 100009, Republic of Kazakhstan
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15
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Fu Z, Zhu J, Guo S, Lin A. Palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation dearomatization of β-naphthols and indoles with gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1262-1265. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation dearomatization of β-naphthols and indoles with gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes has been developed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Songjin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Aijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
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16
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Liu X, Du D, Li S, Wang X, Xu C, Wang M. Defluorinative Ring‐Opening Indolylation of Siloxydifluorocyclopropanes: Controlled Synthesis of α‐Fluoro‐β‐Indolyl‐Propanones for Carbazole Construction. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis College of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Du
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis College of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis College of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- First Hospital of Bethune Jilin University Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Xu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis College of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Mang Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis College of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
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17
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Wang S, Liu X, Zhu D, Wang M. Copper-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Defluorinative Alkylation of Siloxydifluorocyclopropanes: Synthesis of γ-Fluoro-δ-Ketoesters and γ,δ-Diketonitriles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12408-12417. [PMID: 32885655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In view of the importance of both fluorinated synthons and homoenolate equivalents, synthetic application of difluorocyclopropanols is desired but remains challenging due to their thermodynamic instability. Herein, we use siloxydifluorocyclopropanes as difluorocyclopropanol precursors to carry out new Cu-catalyzed ring-opening defluorinative alkylation. With α-bromo carboxylic esters as coupling partners, the reaction affords γ-fluoro-δ-ketoesters via a CuI/CuII catalytic cycle. Interestingly, by the use of α-bromoamides, the ring-opening defluorinative alkylation is followed by an additional intramolecular C-N oxidative coupling to deliver a lactam intermediate, which further undergoes defluorination, hydrolysis, ring opening, and dehydration cascade via a CuI/CuII/CuIII catalytic pathway, leading to γ,δ-diketonitriles as the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifang Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Mang Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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18
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Treesa GSS, Saranya S, Meera G, Anilkumar G. Recent Advances and Perspectives in the Silver-catalyzed Multi-component Reactions. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200217102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of silver and its salts in various reactions leads to a vast
variety of organic compounds having significant applications in organic synthesis. This
review gives a comprehensive study on silver-catalyzed multi-component reactions that
attracted the interest of the scientific world through ecofriendly, atom-economic and mild
conditions. The silver-catalyzed multi-component synthesis of organic compounds
including aliphatic, aromatic and heterocycles are divided into subsections based on the
types of bond formed and covers literature up to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. S. Susan Treesa
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Salim Saranya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Gopinadh Meera
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
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19
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Ahmed EAMA, Suliman AMY, Gong TJ, Fu Y. Access to Divergent Fluorinated Enynes and Arenes via Palladium-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Alkynylation of gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2020; 22:1414-1419. [PMID: 32011150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a palladium-catalyzed alkynylation of gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes via C-C bond activation/C-F bond cleavage, followed by C-C(sp) coupling. The new approach proceeds with broad substrate scope under mild reaction conditions, whereas both 1,1-disubstituted and complex-molecule-modified gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes react smoothly with high stereoselectivity. The developed method provides efficient and convenient ways access to diversity of important fluorinated enynes and arenes by slightly modification of the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim-Alkhalil M A Ahmed
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Ayman M Y Suliman
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Tian-Jun Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
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20
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Mondal P, Wijeratne GB. Modeling Tryptophan/Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase with Heme Superoxide Mimics: Is Ferryl the Key Intermediate? J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1846-1856. [PMID: 31870154 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan oxidation in biology has been recently implicated in a vast array of paramount pathogenic conditions in humans, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type-I diabetes, and cancer. This 2,3-dioxygenative cleavage of the indole ring of tryptophan with dioxygen is mediated by two heme enzymes, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), during its conversion to N-formylkynurenine in the first and rate-limiting step of kynurenine pathway. Despite the pivotal significance of this enzymatic transformation, a vivid viewpoint of the precise mechanistic events is far from complete. A heme superoxide adduct is thought to be the active oxidant in both TDO and IDO, which, following O-O bond cleavage, presumably generates a key ferryl (FeIV=O) reaction intermediate. This study, for the first time in model chemistry, demonstrates the potential of synthetic heme superoxide adducts to mimic the bioinorganic chemistry of indole dioxygenation by TDO and IDO, challenging the widely accepted categorization of these metal adducts as weak oxidants. Herein, an electronically divergent series of ferric heme superoxo oxidants mediates the facile conversion of an array of indole substrates into their corresponding 2,3-dioxygenated products, while shedding light on an unequivocally occurring, putative ferryl intermediate. The oxygenated indole products have been isolated in ∼31% yield, and characterized by LC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, and FT-IR methodologies, as well as by 18O2(g) labeling experiments. Distinctly, the most electron-deficient superoxo adduct is observed to react the fastest, specifically with the most electron-rich indole substrate, underscoring the cruciality of electrophilicity of the heme superoxide moiety in facilitating the initial indole activation step. Comprehensive understanding of such mechanistic subtleties will benefit future attempts in the rational design of salient therapeutic agents, including next generation anticancer drug targets with amplified effectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35205 , United States
| | - Gayan B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35205 , United States
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21
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Ni J, Nishonov B, Pardaev A, Zhang A. Palladium-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Coupling of gem-Difluorocyclopropanes for the Construction of 2-Fluoroallylic Sulfones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13646-13654. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bekzod Nishonov
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Azizbek Pardaev
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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22
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Ahmed EAMA, Suliman AMY, Gong TJ, Fu Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Stereoselective Defluorination Arylation/Alkenylation/Alkylation of gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2019; 21:5645-5649. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim-Alkhalil M. A. Ahmed
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ayman M. Y. Suliman
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tian-Jun Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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23
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Masuhara Y, Tanaka T, Takenaka H, Hayase S, Nokami T, Itoh T. Synthesis of gem-Difluoromethylene Containing Cycloalkenes via the Ring-Opening Reaction of gem-Difluorocyclopropanes and Subsequent RCM Reaction. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5440-5449. [PMID: 30929443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The radical-type ring-opening reaction of gem-difluorocyclopropanes and subsequent regioselective monoepoxidation of the products were demonstrated. Introduction of a vinyl or allyl group to the epoxide produced the diene derivatives that were subjected to the ring closing metathesis reaction to furnish the gem-difluoromethylene containing cyclopentene, cycloheptene, and cyclooctene derivatives in good to excellent yields.
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24
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Liu D, Gao Y, Huang J, Fu Z, Huang W. Carbene-Catalyzed Construction of Carbazoles from Enals and 2-Methyl-3-oxoacetate Indoles. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14210-14217. [PMID: 30351940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct and rapid construction of carbazoles has been successfully developed via carbene-catalyzed oxidative formal [4 + 2] annulation of enals with 2-methyl-3-oxoacetate indoles. This metal-free reaction features a broad substrate scope, features good functional-group tolerance, proceeds under mild conditions, and can be easily scaled up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yaru Gao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Zhenqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China.,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) , Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) , 127 West Youyi Road , Xi'an 710072 , China
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25
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Johnston C, West TH, Dooley RE, Reid M, Jones AB, King EJ, Leach AG, Lloyd-Jones GC. Anion-Initiated Trifluoromethylation by TMSCF 3: Deconvolution of the Siliconate-Carbanion Dichotomy by Stopped-Flow NMR/IR. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11112-11124. [PMID: 30080973 PMCID: PMC6133236 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of CF3 transfer from R3SiCF3 (R = Me, Et, iPr) to ketones and aldehydes, initiated by M+X- (<0.004 to 10 mol %), has been investigated by analysis of kinetics (variable-ratio stopped-flow NMR and IR), 13C/2H KIEs, LFER, addition of ligands (18-c-6, crypt-222), and density functional theory calculations. The kinetics, reaction orders, and selectivity vary substantially with reagent (R3SiCF3) and initiator (M+X-). Traces of exogenous inhibitors present in the R3SiCF3 reagents, which vary substantially in proportion and identity between batches and suppliers, also affect the kinetics. Some reactions are complete in milliseconds, others take hours, and others stall before completion. Despite these differences, a general mechanism has been elucidated in which the product alkoxide and CF3- anion act as chain carriers in an anionic chain reaction. Silyl enol ether generation competes with 1,2-addition and involves protonation of CF3- by the α-C-H of the ketone and the OH of the enol. The overarching mechanism for trifluoromethylation by R3SiCF3, in which pentacoordinate siliconate intermediates are unable to directly transfer CF3- as a nucleophile or base, rationalizes why the turnover rate (per M+X- initiator) depends on the initial concentration (but not identity) of X-, the identity (but not concentration) of M+, the identity of the R3SiCF3 reagent, and the carbonyl/R3SiCF3 ratio. It also rationalizes which R3SiCF3 reagent effects the most rapid trifluoromethylation, for a specific M+X- initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig
P. Johnston
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Thomas H. West
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Ruth E. Dooley
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Marc Reid
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Ariana B. Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Edward J. King
- TgK
Scientific Limited, 7
Long’s Yard, St Margaret’s Street, Bradford-on-Avon, BA15 1DH, U.K.
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool
John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K.
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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