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Zhan YF, Chen JM, Sheng XX, Qiu CY, Jiang Y, Yang S, Chen M. Photoinduced copper catalyzed nitrogen-to-alkyl radical relay Sonogashira-type coupling of o-alkylbenzamides with alkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7906-7909. [PMID: 38979947 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
This report describes a copper-catalyzed, photoinduced N-to-alkyl radical relay Sonogashira-type reactions at benzylic sites in o-alkylbenzamides with alkynes. The process employs an N-to-alkyl radical mechanism, initiated through the copper-catalyzed reductive generation of nitrogen radicals. Radical translocation is facilitated by a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT), leading to the formation of translocated carbon radicals. These radicals are then subjected to copper-catalyzed alkynylation. The methodology exhibits broad sub-strate scope and applicability to the synthesis of complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Zhan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Chang-zhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Jia-Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Chang-zhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Xia-Xin Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Chang-zhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Chao-Ying Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Chang-zhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Yan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Chang-zhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Sen Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Chang-zhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Chang-zhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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2
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Zheng Y, Dong QX, Wen SY, Ran H, Huang HM. Di-π-ethane Rearrangement of Cyano Groups via Energy-Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18210-18217. [PMID: 38788197 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Molecular rearrangement occupies a pivotal position among fundamental transformations in synthetic chemistry. Radical translocation has emerged as a prevalent synthetic tool, efficiently facilitating the migration of diverse functional groups. In contrast, the development of di-π-methane rearrangement remains limited, particularly in terms of the translocation of cyano functional groups. This is primarily attributed to the energetically unfavorable three-membered-ring transition state. Herein, we introduce an unprecedented di-π-ethane rearrangement enabled by energy-transfer catalysis under visible light conditions. This innovative open-shell rearrangement boasts broad tolerance toward a range of functional groups, encompassing even complex drug and natural product derivatives. Overall, the reported di-π-ethane rearrangement represents a complementary strategy to the development of radical translocation enabled by energy-transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qi-Xin Dong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shu-Ya Wen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hui Ran
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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3
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Hu J, Yang C, Qin X, Liu H, Ma T, Shi AT, Lv QL, Liu X, Yang J, Li D. Catalyst- and base-free visible light-enabled radical relay trihalomethylation/functional group-migration/carbonylation with CX 3SO 2Cl. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4488-4493. [PMID: 38623736 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a visible light-enabled radical trihalomethylation/cyano-migration/carbonylation cascade reaction of 2-hydroxy-2-hex-5-enenitrile with CX3SO2Cl as the CX3-source (X = F, Cl) to obtain 5-oxo-2-(2,2,2-trihaloethyl)pentanenitrile compounds in the absence of a photocatalyst, transition metal and base. This reaction system is also effective to convert (benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-pent-4-enol to the corresponding 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-6,6,6-trihalo-hexanone products. These reactions occur under mild conditions, tolerate a wide range of functional groups, and provide alternative approaches for the 1,2-bifunctionalization reaction of unactivated olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
| | - Chenglei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
| | - Xiaotao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
| | - Tongtong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
| | - Ao-Tong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
| | - Qing-Long Lv
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
| | - Xingman Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
| | - Jinhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
| | - Dianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Testing Center, Ningxia University, China.
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4
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Sennari G, Yamagishi H, Sarpong R. Remote C-H Amination and Alkylation of Camphor at C8 through Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7850-7857. [PMID: 38447162 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Camphor continues to serve as a versatile chiral building block for chemical synthesis. We have developed a novel method to functionalize the camphor skeleton at C8 using an intramolecular hydrogen atom abstraction. The key advance involves the use of a camphor-derived aminonitrile, which is converted to the corresponding nitrogen-centered radical under photoredox conditions to effect the 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer at C8. The resulting carbon-centered radical at C8 was utilized in a C-H amination to access topologically complex proline derivatives. Furthermore, the total synthesis of several sesquiterpenoids was accomplished by engaging the radical generated at C8 in alkylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamagishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Li B, Xing D, Li X, Chang S, Jiang H, Huang L. Chemo-divergent Cyano Group Migration: Involving Elimination and Substitution of the Key α-Thianthrenium Cyano Species. Org Lett 2023; 25:6633-6637. [PMID: 37672391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a light-driven, radical-type cyano migration in the absence of a photocatalyst, enabling a chemo-divergent synthesis of (Z)-alkenyl nitriles and ketones. Trifluoromethyl thianthrenium salt (TT-CF3+OTf-) plays multiple roles: (a) absorbing light to generate trifluoromethyl radicals to initiate the reaction and (b) forming α-thianthrenium cyano species by in situ capture of TT• +. (Z)-Alkenyl nitriles were formed through the elimination of thianthrenium salts, and aryl ketones were obtained via the nucleophilic substitution of thianthrenium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangbin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, People's Republic of China
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6
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Chen K, Zeng Q, Xie L, Xue Z, Wang J, Xu Y. Functional-group translocation of cyano groups by reversible C-H sampling. Nature 2023; 620:1007-1012. [PMID: 37364765 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transformations that introduce, remove or manipulate functional groups are ubiquitous in synthetic chemistry1. Unlike conventional functional-group interconversion reactions that swap one functionality for another, transformations that alter solely the location of functional groups are far less explored. Here, by photocatalytic, reversible C-H sampling, we report a functional-group translocation reaction of cyano (CN) groups in common nitriles, allowing for the direct positional exchange between a CN group and an unactivated C-H bond. The reaction shows high fidelity for 1,4-CN translocation, frequently contrary to inherent site selectivity in conventional C-H functionalizations. We also report the direct transannular CN translocation of cyclic systems, providing access to valuable structures that are non-trivial to obtain by other methods. Making use of the synthetic versatility of CN and a key CN translocation step, we showcase concise syntheses of building blocks of bioactive molecules. Furthermore, the combination of C-H cyanation and CN translocation allows access to unconventional C-H derivatives. Overall, the reported reaction represents a way to achieve site-selective C-H transformation reactions without requiring a site-selective C-H cleavage step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingrui Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Longhuan Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zisheng Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Ge Y, Shao Y, Wu S, Liu P, Li J, Qin H, Zhang Y, Xue XS, Chen Y. Distal Amidoketone Synthesis Enabled by Dimethyl Benziodoxoles via Dual Copper/Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yingbo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Junzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Hanzhang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-song Xue
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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8
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TBPEH-TBPB Initiate the Radical Addition of Benzaldehyde and Allyl Esters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213704. [PMID: 36430186 PMCID: PMC9690988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate (TBPEH) and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) promote the radical acylation of allyl ester with benzaldehyde to synthesize new carbonyl-containing compounds under solvent-free and metal-free conditions. This reaction is compatible with electron-donating and halogen groups and has excellent atom utilization and chemical selectivity. Furthermore, the synthetic compounds can further apply to the preparation of lactone, piperidine, tetrazole and oxazole.
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9
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Huang CY, Li J, Li CJ. Photocatalytic C(sp 3) radical generation via C-H, C-C, and C-X bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5465-5504. [PMID: 35694342 PMCID: PMC9116372 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility. This review collects some of the most recent advancements in photocatalytic R˙ generation and highlights representative examples in this field. Based on the key bond cleavages that generate R˙, these contributions are divided into C–H, C–C, and C–X bond cleavages. A general mechanistic scenario and key R˙-forming steps are presented and discussed in each section. C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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10
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Wu X, Zhu C. Combination of radical functional group migration (FGM) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Petit‐Cancelier F, Ruyet L, Couve‐Bonnaire S, Besset T. Distal Construction of a Carbon‐SCF
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R Bond on Aliphatic Alcohols Enabled by 1,5‐Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Ruyet
- Normandie Univ INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | | | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
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12
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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13
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Xu Z, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Shen L. Free-Radical-Promoted Remote Unactivated C(sp3)–H Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction of Free Alcohols with Quinone and Chromone. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3461-3467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbao Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Yameng Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Qili Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Liang Shen
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
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14
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Yue B, Wu X, Zhu C. Recent Advances in Vinyl Radical-Mediated Hydrogen Atom Transfer. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Zhang XG, Li X, Zhang C, Feng C. Multisubstituted Cyclohexene Construction through Telescoped Radical-Addition Induced Remote Functional Group Migration and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) Olefination. Org Lett 2021; 23:9611-9615. [PMID: 34870438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient telescoped method for the rapid assembly of multisubstituted cyclohexenes is presented herein. The whole process nicely merges photoredox-promoted alkene difunctionalization via remote functional group migration with concomitant intramolecular Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) olefination. The characteristic feature of this protocol resides in the fact that the follow-up requiring ketone functionality for ring-closing olefination is in situ unveiled from the otherwise inert tertiary alcohol by the preceding alkene difunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Gui Zhang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xin Li
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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16
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Wu X, Ma Z, Feng T, Zhu C. Radical-mediated rearrangements: past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11577-11613. [PMID: 34661216 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions, one of the most significant transformations in organic chemistry, play an irreplaceable role in improving synthetic efficiency and molecular complexity. Concomitant cleavage and reconstruction of chemical bonds can display the great artistry and the glamour of synthetic chemistry. Over the past century, ionic rearrangement reactions, in particular those involving cationic pathways, have represented most of the research. Alongside the renaissance of radical chemistry, radical-mediated rearrangements have recently seen a rapid increase of attention from the chemical community. Many new radical rearrangements that extensively reveal the migratory behaviour of functional groups have been unveiled in the last decade. This Review provides a comprehensive perspective on the area from the past to present achievements, and brings up the prospects that may inspire colleagues to develop more useful synthetic tools based on radical rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Zhigang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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Chang L, An Q, Duan L, Feng K, Zuo Z. Alkoxy Radicals See the Light: New Paradigms of Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2429-2486. [PMID: 34613698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alkoxy radicals are highly reactive species that have long been recognized as versatile intermediates in organic synthesis. However, their development has long been impeded due to a lack of convenient methods for their generation. Thanks to advances in photoredox catalysis, enabling facile access to alkoxy radicals from bench-stable precursors and free alcohols under mild conditions, research interest in this field has been renewed. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent progress in alkoxy radical-mediated transformations under visible light irradiation. Elementary steps for alkoxy radical generation from either radical precursors or free alcohols are central to reaction development; thus, each section is categorized and discussed accordingly. Throughout this review, we have focused on the different mechanisms of alkoxy radical generation as well as their impact on synthetic utilizations. Notably, the catalytic generation of alkoxy radicals from abundant alcohols is still in the early stage, providing intriguing opportunities to exploit alkoxy radicals for diverse synthetic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qing An
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Lingfei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200032 Shanghai, China
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18
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Wang Z, Zeng L, He C, Duan C. Photocatalytic C-H Activation with Alcohol as a Hydrogen Atom Transfer Agent in a 9-Fluorenone Based Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25898-25905. [PMID: 34043310 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) has become an attractive strategy for the activation of hydrocarbon feedstocks. Alcohols, as inexpensive and efficient hydrogen transfer reagents, have limited application in C-H functionalization due to the difficulty in the alkoxy radical acquisition. 9-Fluorenone moieties were incorporated into the metal-organic framework (MOF) as a photocatalyst; through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl group of a ligand and alcohol, alkoxy radicals could be obtained by the visible-light-driven oxidation of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). Effectively photocatalyzed intermolecular coupling reactions between phenyl vinyl sulfone and aldehyde or cyclic ether were realized through the HAT pathway. Compared to homogeneous catalysts, the heterogeneous MOF photocatalyst improved the catalytic efficiency and could be recycled at least five times. The microenvironment of the Zn-OFDC channel was beneficial for the formation of hydrogen bonds and stability of alkoxy radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Le Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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19
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Nobile E, Castanheiro T, Besset T. Radical-Promoted Distal C-H Functionalization of C(sp 3 ) Centers with Fluorinated Moieties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12170-12191. [PMID: 32897632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, fluorinated scaffolds are pivotal compounds in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Over the last years, the development of versatile strategies for the selective synthesis of fluorinated molecules by direct C-H bond functionalization has attracted a lot of attention. In particular, the design of novel transformations based on a radical process was a bottleneck for distal C-H functionalization reactions, offering synthetic solutions for the selective introduction of fluorinated groups. This Minireview highlights the major contributions in this blossoming field. The development of new methodologies for the remote functionalization of aliphatic derivatives with various fluorinated groups based on a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer process and a β-fragmentation reaction will be showcased and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Nobile
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Castanheiro
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
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20
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Yuan Y, Zhang S, Sun Z, Su Y, Ma Q, Yuan Y, Jia X. Oxidation of the inert sp 3 C-H bonds of tetrahydroisoquinolines through C-H activation relay (CHAR): construction of functionalized isoquinolin-1-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3347-3350. [PMID: 33659968 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A TBN/O2-initiated oxidation of the relatively inert 3,4-C-H bonds of THIQs was accomplished, in which the existence of an α-phosphoric ester group is crucial to enable dioxygen trapping and intramolecular HAT (C-H activation relay, CHAR), realizing the synthesis of a series of isoquinolin-1-ones in high yields. The mechanistic study confirmed that the formation of the 3,4-double bond is mediated by the CHAR process. This work provides a new strategy to achieve remote C-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China.
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21
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Zhang B, Liu D, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Feng J, Yu F. Preparation of Thiazole-2-thiones through TBPB-Promoted Oxidative Cascade Cyclization of Enaminones with Elemental Sulfur. Org Lett 2021; 23:3076-3082. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Donghan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Feng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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22
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Nobile E, Castanheiro T, Besset T. Radical‐Promoted Distal C−H Functionalization of C(sp
3
) Centers with Fluorinated Moieties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Nobile
- Normandie Univ INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Thomas Castanheiro
- Normandie Univ INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ INSA Rouen UNIROUEN CNRS COBRA (UMR 6014) 76000 Rouen France
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23
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Wang M, Yin C, Hu P. Ag-Catalyzed Remote Unactivated C(sp 3)-H Heteroarylation of Free Alcohols in Water. Org Lett 2021; 23:722-726. [PMID: 33439025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Catalyzed by silver salt, the unactivated C(sp3)-H heteroarylation of free alcohol at the δ position is realized under gentle thermal conditions in water through a radical procedure. Both protonic acids and Lewis acids are found to be efficient for activating pyridines for this Minisci-type reaction. The reaction enjoys a good functional group tolerance and substrate scope. Terminal secondary and tertiary alcohols are suitable substrates. With either electron-donating or -withdrawing groups, the electron-deficient heteroarene substrates generate the target products in moderate to good yields. A gram-scale experiment can be successfully operated. A radical blocking experiment and a radical clock experiment are studied to support the radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Changzhen Yin
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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24
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Cao Z, Zhang H, Wu X, Li Y, Zhu C. Radical heteroarylation of unactivated remote C(sp 3)–H bonds via intramolecular heteroaryl migration. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is the radical-mediated heteroarylation of unactivated remote C(sp3)–H bonds via intramolecular heteroaryl migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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25
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Barday M, Blieck R, Ruyet L, Besset T. Remote trifluoromethylthiolation of alcohols under visible light. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Tsui E, Wang H, Knowles RR. Catalytic generation of alkoxy radicals from unfunctionalized alcohols. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11124-11141. [PMID: 33384861 PMCID: PMC7747465 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04542j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkoxy radicals have long been recognized as powerful synthetic intermediates with well-established reactivity patterns. Due to the high bond dissociation free energy of aliphatic alcohol O-H bonds, these radicals are difficult to access through direct homolysis, and conventional methods have instead relied on activation of O-functionalized precursors. Over the past decade, however, numerous catalytic methods for the direct generation of alkoxy radicals from simple alcohol starting materials have emerged and created opportunities for the development of new transformations. This minireview discusses recent advances in catalytic alkoxy radical generation, with particular emphasis on progress toward the direct activation of unfunctionalized alcohols enabled by transition metal and photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , NJ 08544 , USA .
| | - Huaiju Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , NJ 08544 , USA .
| | - Robert R Knowles
- Department of Chemistry , Princeton University , Princeton , NJ 08544 , USA .
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27
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Shao X, Wu X, Wu S, Zhu C. Metal-Free Radical-Mediated C(sp3)–H Heteroarylation of Alkanes. Org Lett 2020; 22:7450-7454. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthesis Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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28
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Crespi S, Fagnoni M. Generation of Alkyl Radicals: From the Tyranny of Tin to the Photon Democracy. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9790-9833. [PMID: 32786419 PMCID: PMC8009483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl radicals are key intermediates in organic synthesis. Their classic generation from alkyl halides has a severe drawback due to the employment of toxic tin hydrides to the point that "flight from the tyranny of tin" in radical processes was considered for a long time an unavoidable issue. This review summarizes the main alternative approaches for the generation of unstabilized alkyl radicals, using photons as traceless promoters. The recent development in photochemical and photocatalyzed processes enabled the discovery of a plethora of new alkyl radical precursors, opening the world of radical chemistry to a broader community, thus allowing a new era of photon democracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems
Chemistry University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, V. Le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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29
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Abstract
Alkenes are ubiquitous in natural products and are extensively used as synthetic feedstocks in multiple fields including organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Radical-mediated difunctionalization of alkenes provides a powerful tactic for alkene utilization. Despite the considerable progress made in the past several decades, state-of-the-art methods are highly dependent upon activated alkenes in which a proximal group with a π-electron system (e.g., aryl, carbonyl, and heteroatom) is requisite to stabilize the nascent alkyl radical intermediate via p-π conjugation or p orbitals of the heteroatom. In contrast, the transformation of unactivated alkenes, such as aliphatic alkenes, remains challenging.To overcome this obstacle, we have recently disclosed the strategy of intramolecular distal functional group migration (FGM), which has been efficiently applied in radical difunctionalization of unactivated alkenes. A portfolio of functional groups, such as cyano, heteroaryl, oximino, formyl, and alkynyl groups, showcase the excellent migratory aptitude. Mechanistically, after the addition of an extrinsic radical to the alkene, the newly formed active alkyl radical is rapidly captured by the intramolecular migratory group to generate a cyclic intermediate. Subsequent cleavage of the cyclic C-C bond of the intermediate leads to the functionalized product through the FGM process. Based on the strategy of FGM, a set of elusive difunctionalizations of unactivated alkenes have been accomplished (Part A).Alongside this research, an upgraded highly efficient synthetic strategy, "dock-migration," is created for intermolecular difunctionalization of alkenes. A diversity of sulfone-based dual-function reagents are developed. The intermolecular transformation is initiated by docking the dual-function reagent to the alkene, followed by intramolecular migration of the functional group. Compared to the original FGM protocol, the scope of alkenes is significantly extended from the strategically placed tertiary alcohol-substituted alkenes to general alkenes. Both activated and unactivated alkenes are well tolerated. By this approach, radical-mediated fluoroalkylheteroarylation, fluoroalkylalkynylation, and alkylation of alkenes have been achieved (Part B).Direct elaboration of C-H bonds into the targeted functional groups represents one of the most ideal and straightforward methods for molecular functionalization. The FGM strategy proves to be an ingenious tool for radical-mediated functionalization of remote unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. Based on the FGM process, we have accomplished: (a) remote C(sp3)-H heteroarylation and cyanation of unprotected alcohols via the cascade of alkoxy radical-enabled hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and intramolecular functional group (e.g., heteroaryl, cyano) migration, and (b) distal C(sp3)-H vinylation of propargylic alcohols through consecutive alkenyl radical-promoted HAT process and subsequent alkenyl migration (Part C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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30
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Yu XY, Chen JR, Xiao WJ. Visible Light-Driven Radical-Mediated C–C Bond Cleavage/Functionalization in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2020; 121:506-561. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ye Yu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
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31
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Liu C, Jiang Q, Lin Y, Fang Z, Guo K. C- to N-Center Remote Heteroaryl Migration via Electrochemical Initiation of N Radical by Organic Catalyst. Org Lett 2020; 22:795-799. [PMID: 31922422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein an exogenous oxidant- and metal-free electrochemical heteroaryl migration triggered by N radicals to construct new N-C bonds was developed. This methodology features a high atom economy and utilization rate of energy, and it is insensitive to water and air. Moreover, a user-friendly undivided cell was employed. The use of an organic catalyst makes it more efficient, green, and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yang Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
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32
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Liao Y, Ran Y, Liu G, Liu P, Liu X. Transition-metal-free radical relay cyclization of vinyl azides with 1,4-dihydropyridines involving a 1,5-hydrogen-atom transfer: access to α-tetralone scaffolds. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The remote C(sp3)–H functionalization enabled by a radical-mediated 1,5-hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) process using vinyl azides and 1,4-dihydropyridines as precursors has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi 563000
| | - Yu Ran
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi 563000
| | - Guijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi 563000
| | - Peijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi 563000
| | - Xiaozu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province
- School of Pharmacy
- Zunyi Medical University
- Zunyi 563000
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33
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Niu T, Yang S, Wu X, Zhu C. Remote C(sp3)–H vinylation via radical-mediated consecutive fission of C–H and C–C bonds. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is a radical-mediated vinylation of the remote C(sp3)–H bonds of propargylic alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Shan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
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34
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Chen H, Yu S. Remote C–C bond formationviavisible light photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4519-4532. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00854k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Visible light photoredox catalysis combined with intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) can serve as a unique tool for achieving remote C–C bond formation. Recent advances in photoredox-catalyzed remote C–C bond formation are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
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35
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36
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Zhong LJ, Wang HY, Ouyang XH, Li JH, An DL. Benzylic C–H heteroarylation of N-(benzyloxy)phthalimides with cyanopyridines enabled by photoredox 1,2-hydrogen atom transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8671-8674. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03619f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Visible light initiated α-C(sp3)–H hetroarylation of N-(benzyloxy)phthalimides with cyanopyridines via 1,2-hydrogen atom transfer is depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
| | - De-Lie An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
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37
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Qi L, Li R, Yao X, Zhen Q, Ye P, Shao Y, Chen J. Syntheses of Pyrroles, Pyridines, and Ketonitriles via Catalytic Carbopalladation of Dinitriles. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1097-1108. [PMID: 31877047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first example of the Pd-catalyzed addition of organoboron reagents to dinitriles, as an efficient means of preparing 2,5-diarylpyrroles and 2,6-diarylpyridines, has been discussed here. Furthermore, the highly selective carbopalladation of dinitriles with organoboron reagents to give long-chain ketonitriles has been developed as well. Based on the broad scope of substrates, excellent functional group tolerance, and use of commercially available substrates, the Pd-catalyzed addition reaction of arylboronic acid and dinitriles is expected to be significant in future synthetic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Qi
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Renhao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Yao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Pengqing Ye
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Yinlin Shao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , P. R. China
| | - Jiuxi Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering , Wenzhou University , Wenzhou 325035 , P. R. China
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38
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Regioselective introduction of vinyl trifluoromethylthioether to remote unactivated C(sp3)—H bonds via radical translocation cascade. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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39
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Liu S, Fan F, Wang N, Yuan D, Wang Y, Luo Z, Liu Z. Four Pathways in Radical Alkylation of Isocyanide with Simple Alcohol. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical EngineeringAnhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan Anhui 232001 People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Nengyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
| | - Zaigang Luo
- College of Chemical EngineeringAnhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan Anhui 232001 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong‐Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of PharmacyNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
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40
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Zhang H, Zhou Y, Tian P, Jiang C. Copper-Catalyzed Amide Radical-Directed Cyanation of Unactivated Csp3–H Bonds. Org Lett 2019; 21:1921-1925. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yulu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Peiyuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
| | - Cuiyu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao, Shandong 266580, P. R. China
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41
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Ji M, Wu Z, Zhu C. Visible-light-induced consecutive C-C bond fragmentation and formation for the synthesis of elusive unsymmetric 1,8-dicarbonyl compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2368-2371. [PMID: 30724971 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of the valuable unsymmetric 1,8-dicarbonyl compounds remains underexplored currently. Herein, we disclose a new strategy for the synthesis of 1,8-diketones through the coupling of cyclopropanols and cyanohydrins under visible-light irradiation. The protocol features a cascade of intriguing ring opening of cyclopropanols and remote cyano migration. The unfavorable addition of an alkyl radical to an electron-rich alkene is facilitated by the intramolecular cyanohydrin interception. A variety of multiply functionalized 1,8-diketones are furnished in useful yields. The products could be further transformed into other valuable compounds, manifesting the utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meishan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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42
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Wu X, Zhu C. Recent advances in alkoxy radical-promoted C–C and C–H bond functionalization starting from free alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9747-9756. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04785a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This feature article summarizes our recent achievements in alkoxy radical-promoted C–C and C–H bond functionalization starting from free alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
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43
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Shao W, Lux M, Breugst M, Klussmann M. Radical addition of ketones and cyanide to olefinsviaacid catalyzed formation of intermediate alkenyl peroxides. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00447e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
γ-Cyanoketones are formed by double radical addition from olefins, ketones and sulfonyl cyanidesviareactive alkenyl peroxide intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shao
- Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung
- 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
| | - Marcel Lux
- Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung
- 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
| | - Martin Breugst
- Universität zu Köln
- Department für Chemie
- 50939 Köln
- Germany
| | - Martin Klussmann
- Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung
- 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
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