1
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Chutia A, Arandhara PJ, Saikia AK. Synthesis of Highly π-Extended Dihydrobenzo[ a]indenocarbazole Scaffolds via Tandem Benzannulation and Friedel-Crafts Reaction of 2-Alkynylanilines and 2-Alkynylbenzaldehydes Promoted by Lewis Acid. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11542-11557. [PMID: 39054636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A novel and efficient tandem protocol for the swift synthesis of dihydrobenzo[a]indenocarbazole frameworks from 2-alkynylanilines and 2-alkynylbenzaldehydes via BF3·OEt2-facilitated benzannulation and Friedel-Crafts reaction has been described. This innovative approach accommodates a wide array of functional groups, offering a myriad of diversified carbazole products. Later, postsynthetic modification leads to its C(sp3)-H hydroxylation. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of some selected synthesized moieties have been meticulously investigated, promising exciting avenues for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Chutia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Pallav Jyoti Arandhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Anil K Saikia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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2
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Balasubramani A, Sudarshana KA, Kushwaha R, Chakravarty S, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. One flask cascade approach to a complex pyrano[2,3- c]pyrazole-pyrazolone hybrid heterocyclic system and its initiatory neurobiological profiling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8443-8446. [PMID: 39037025 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
A one-pot multicomponent approach towards a hybrid heterocyclic pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-pyrazolone framework involving tandem Knoevenagel condensation, sequential intermolecular 1,6-Michael addition, and 6-endo dig cyclization between diynones and pyrazolones, mediated by DBU, has been discovered. This process embodies several green and sustainable chemistry features. Preliminary bioactivity profiling of the new chemical entities indicates neuroprotective and AChE inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagesan Balasubramani
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India.
| | - K A Sudarshana
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Roli Kushwaha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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3
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Pan X, Dong B, Wu Y, Gao B, Song C. Synthesis of Functionalized 4-Hydroxy Carbazoles and Carbazole Alkaloids via Ring Expansion of Indole Cyclopentanone. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8845-8850. [PMID: 38814829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of a ring expansion reaction from indole cyclopentanone to generate a range of diversely functionalized 4-hydroxyl carbazole frameworks, representing the core structure of numerous carbazole alkaloids, has been conducted under mild reaction conditions. This approach exhibits broad functional group tolerance and moderate to good yields. The practical applicability of this strategy has been demonstrated through the concise syntheses of carbazomycins A, D, and G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Pan
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Boyang Dong
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yangang Wu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Beiling Gao
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Chuanjun Song
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
- Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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4
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Munawar S, Zahoor AF, Mansha A, Bokhari TH, Irfan A. Update on novel synthetic approaches towards the construction of carbazole nuclei: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2929-2946. [PMID: 38239436 PMCID: PMC10794906 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The carbazole scaffold is a significant entity in organic compounds due to its variety of biological and synthetic applications. Traditionally, carbazole skeletons have been synthesized either via the Grabe-Ullman method, Clemo-Perkin method or Tauber method. With the passage of time, these methods have been modified and explored to accomplish the synthesis of target compounds. These methods include hydroarylations, C-H activations, annulations and cyclization reactions mediated by a variety of catalysts to construct carbazole-based compounds. This brief review article intends to provide recent updates on important methodological developments reported for the synthesis of carbazole nuclei covering 2019-2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Hussain Bokhari
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University Abha 61413 P.O. Box 9004 Saudi Arabia
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5
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Pavunkumar V, Harikrishnan K, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthesis of Cytotoxic Quino[4,3- b]carbazole Frameworks through an Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:191-215. [PMID: 38133929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
An intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of positionally isomeric indole-2/3-phenylvinyl-N-alkynylated (N-phenylsulfonyl)amines has been successfully exploited for the synthesis of quino[4,3-b]carbazole and its analogues. This reaction proceeds through a [4 + 2] cycloaddition followed by elimination and deprotection of phenylsulfonyl units to afford the quinocarbazoles in moderate to good yields. The reaction features a broad substrate scope and remarkable functional group forbearance. A preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of representative quino[4,3-b]carbazoles was performed against NCI-H460 human cancer cell culture. Among the quino[4,3-b]carbazoles evaluated, five of the fluorine-containing quinocarbazoles displayed nano molar range (0.8-2.0 nm) GI50 values. The UV-vis and fluorescence spectral studies of representative quinocarbazoles were also performed. Like ellipticine, four of the quinocarbazoles displayed dual emissions confirming the existence of p-quinonoid like tautomeric forms in a polar protic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagam Pavunkumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kesavan Harikrishnan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasambattu K Mohanakrishnan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Li Y, Jin J, Fan W, Huang D. π-Extension of Indoles Using Acrolein Linker: Synthesis of Indolo[3,2- a]carbazole-6-carbaldehydes and Racemosin B. Org Lett 2023; 25:8284-8289. [PMID: 37947410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for the synthesis of indolo[3,2-a]carbazole-6-carbaldehydes by the π-extension of indoles with acrolein is reported. The scope of the method is demonstrated with 33 examples. The products exhibit high activities toward advanced synthesis and are proved to be able to produce valuable chemicals, such as natural products, dyes, and organic fluorescent materials. In addition, the alkaloid racemosin B can be prepared by this method in two steps in ∼50% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jiang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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7
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Allen LAT, Natho P. Trends in carbazole synthesis - an update (2013-2023). Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8956-8974. [PMID: 37906471 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01605f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The interest of scientists in the carbazole core has risen steadily over the last 30 years, particularly over the last decade given its presence in several active pharmaceutical ingredients, functional materials and a wide range of biologically active natural products. The continuous development of more efficient, more (regio-)selective and "greener" methodologies to access the carbazole core is thus imperative. This review compares and evaluates synthetic strategies towards the carbazole core that have been reported since 2013, with a focus on their applicability towards the total synthesis of carbazole-containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A T Allen
- CheMastery, Paper Yard, 11a Quebec Way, London, SE16 7LG, UK
| | - Philipp Natho
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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8
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Sarma MJ, Sudarshana KA, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. Diversified Stitching of Ynones with Oxindole-3-oxy acrylates: One-Flask Spiro-annulation Protocol toward Assorted 3 H/5 H-Spiro[furan-2,3'-indolin]-2'-ones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12131-12140. [PMID: 37503726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Spiroannulation of oxindole-3-oxy acrylates with ynones involving two overlapping, base differentiated cascades has been observed. Initial exposure of ynones and oxindole 3-oxy acrylates to K2CO3 triggered a tandem Michael-Michael cascade to deliver a pair of spiroannulated diastereomers. Further exposure to LiHMDS led to deep restructuring through a second multistep cascade involving stereoselective recreation of the C3 quaternary center to furnish 3H-spiro[furan-2,3'-indolin]-2'-ones with functional amplification and scrambling. This new scaffold can be directly accessed in a one-flask operation from ynones and oxindole-3-oxy acrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Jyoti Sarma
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - K A Sudarshana
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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9
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Feng Y, Yukioka T, Matsuyama M, Mori A, Okano K. Deprotonative Generation and Trapping of Haloaryllithium in a Batch Reactor. Org Lett 2023; 25:3013-3017. [PMID: 37083303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A method for the regioselective functionalization of haloarenes through deprotonative lithiation is disclosed. The generated haloaryllithiums were trapped in a batch reactor with a zinc chloride diamine complex to provide organozinc species without aryne formation, which reacted with electrophiles to afford the corresponding products in 38-98% yields. This method was applied to the five-step total synthesis of carbazomycin A on a gram scale in 33% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Feng
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Taro Yukioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mei Matsuyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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10
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Parsons PJ, Natho P, Allen LAT. A Cyclobutanol Ring-Expansion Approach to Oxygenated Carbazoles: Total Synthesis of Glycoborine, Carbazomycin A and Carbazomycin B. Synlett 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe transition-metal-free total syntheses of the oxygenated carbazole natural products glycoborine, carbazomycin A and carbazomycin B are reported. The key step involves an NBS-mediated cyclobutanol ring expansion to 4-tetralones for the preparation of the tricyclic carbazole core.
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11
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Yuan S, Guerra Faura G, Areheart HE, Peulen NE, France S. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed 2,3-Dihydrofuran Acetal Ring-Opening Benzannulations toward Functionalized 1-Hydroxycarbazoles. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238344. [PMID: 36500437 PMCID: PMC9737012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of a Lewis acid-catalyzed, intramolecular ring-opening benzannulation of 5-(indolyl)2,3-dihydrofuran acetals is described. The resulting 1-hydroxycarbazole-2-carboxylates are formed in up to 90% yield in 1 h. The dihydrofuran acetals are readily accessed from the reactions of enol ethers and α-diazo-β-indolyl-β-ketoesters. To highlight the method's synthetic utility, a formal total synthesis of murrayafoline A, a bioactive carbazole-containing natural product, was undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoren Yuan
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Gabriel Guerra Faura
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hailey E. Areheart
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Natalie E. Peulen
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Stefan France
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Sengupta S, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. Domino Reactions through Recursive Anionic Cascades: The Advantageous Use of Nitronates. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 India
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13
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Roy D, Tharra P, Baire B. An approach to functionalized carbazoles from Z-enoate propargylic alcohols. A unified total synthesis of N-Me-carazostatin, N-Me-carbazoquinocin C and N-Me-lipocarbazole A4. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10210-10213. [PMID: 36000534 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03526j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of an acid catalyzed, intramolecular benzannulation of indoles for the synthesis of functionalized carbazoles has been reported. The indole appended Z-enoate propargylic alcohols have been employed. The N-EDG-indoles involve the 5-exo-dig cyclization followed by 1,2-migration to give the carbazole-butenoates, whereas the N-EWG-indoles undergo the Z-enoate assisted Meyer-Schuster rearrangement to give the dihydrocarbazole-4-oxo-butanoates. Utilizing one of the 2-methyl-carbazole-butyraldehyde (obtained from the corresponding carbazole-butanoate) as the key intermediate, we have developed a simple approach for an efficient synthesis of N-Me-carazostatin, N-Me-carbazoquinocin C and N-Me-lipocarbazole A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
| | - Prabhakararao Tharra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
| | - Beeraiah Baire
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
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14
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Witkowska M, Maciejewska N, Ryczkowska M, Olszewski M, Bagiński M, Makowiec S. From tryptophan to novel mitochondria-disruptive agent, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,3,6-tetrasubstituted carbazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Balasubramani A, Gunnam A, Mehta G. In Situ-Generated Ammonia Mediates Deep Restructuring of o-Bis-Ynones through a Cascade Process: One-Pot Synthesis of 2-Azafluorenones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10138-10145. [PMID: 35818118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One-pot synthesis of 2-azaflorenones from readily accessed o-bis-ynones through Michael addition, orthogonal aldol reaction, dehydrative isomerization, and a 6-endo-dig-cyclization cascade, triggered by in situ-generated ammonia in the presence of a Cu(I) catalyst, has been discovered and its generality scoped. A few selected reactions of a prototypical 2-azafluorenone have been explored for functionality augmentation in its core structure. Overall, this operationally convenient 2-azafluorenone synthesis involves the formation of five new bonds (3 C-N and 2 C-C) in one pot and embodies many green and sustainable features; notably, the reagent ammonia is subsumed into the reactant o-bis-ynones with atom economy, and the only by-product is water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anilkumar Gunnam
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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16
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Zhang Y, Szostak M. Synthesis of Natural Products by C-H Functionalization of Heterocycless. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104278. [PMID: 35089624 PMCID: PMC9035081 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Total synthesis is considered by many as the finest combination of art and science. During the last decades, several concepts were proposed for achieving the perfect vision of total synthesis, such as atom economy, step economy, or redox economy. In this context, C-H functionalization represents the most powerful platform that has emerged in the last years, empowering rapid synthesis of complex natural products and enabling diversification of bioactive scaffolds based on natural product architectures. In this review, we present an overview of the recent strategies towards the total synthesis of heterocyclic natural products enabled by C-H functionalization. Heterocycles represent the most common motifs in drug discovery and marketed drugs. The implementation of C-H functionalization of heterocycles enables novel tactics in the construction of core architectures, but also changes the logic design of retrosynthetic strategies and permits access to natural product scaffolds with novel and enhanced biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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17
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Banerjee A, Saha S, Maji MS. Cascade Benzannulation Approach for the Syntheses of Lipocarbazoles, Carbazomycins, and Related Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4343-4359. [PMID: 35253429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Shuvendu Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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18
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Rashid S, Bhat BA, Mehta G. Micelle‐Mediated Trimerization of Ynals to Orthogonally Substituted 4
H
‐Pyrans in Water: Downstream Rearrangement to Bioactive 2,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona‐3,6‐diene Frameworks. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Rashid
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Sanatnagar Srinagar 190005 India
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Bilal A. Bhat
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Sanatnagar Srinagar 190005 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 India
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19
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Shankar M, Anasuyamma U, Swamy KCK. Reaction of Indole‐2‐Carboxylates/Carboxylic Acids with Propargylic Alcohols: Dearomative Ring Expansion/Spirocyclization vs Fused Pentacyclics. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mallepalli Shankar
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
| | | | - K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 Telangana India
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20
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Singh S, Nerella S, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. Stitching Ynones with Nitromethanes: Domino Synthesis of Functionally Enriched Benzofurans and Benzothiophenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12093-12106. [PMID: 34414759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A convenient one-pot benzannulation of regioisomeric 2- or 3-substituted furan and thiophene ynones with a range of nitromethanes has been discovered to directly access densely and diversely functionalized benzofurans and benzothiophenes. In this protocol, the nitro group in nitromethanes functions as recursive carbanion activator to setup tandem Michael addition-6π-electrocyclization, and its eventual sacrificial elimination facilitates aromatization and overall benzannulation. This benzannulation was also explored with furan/thiophene based o-halo ynones wherein a Michael addition-SNAr process operates and nitromethanes leave their imprint to deliver nitro substituted benzo-furans and -thiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.,School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Sharanya Nerella
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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21
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Lupidi G, Bassetti B, Ballini R, Petrini M, Palmieri A. A New and Effective One‐Pot Synthesis of Polysubstituted Carbazoles Starting from β‐Nitro‐β,γ‐Unsaturated‐Ketones and Indoles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Lupidi
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Benedetta Bassetti
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Roberto Ballini
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n. 1 MC 62032 Camerino Italy
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22
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Yanai H, Kawazoe T, Ishii N, Witulski B, Matsumoto T. Regioselective Synthesis of 4-Aryl-1,3-dihydroxy-2-naphthoates through 1,2-Aryl-Migrative Ring Rearrangement Reaction and their Photoluminescence Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:11442-11449. [PMID: 34018653 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
4-Aryl-1,3-dihydroxy-2-naphthoates having the less accessible 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted naphthalene scaffold and that show photoluminescence emission from solid state as well as in solutions, were selectively synthesized from brominated lactol silyl ethers through the 1,2-aryl-migrative ring rearrangement reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Yanai
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Teru Kawazoe
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ishii
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Bernhard Witulski
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-organique, CNRS UMR 6507, ENSICAEN & UNICaen, Normandie Univ., 6 Bvd Maréchal Juin, Caen, 14050, France
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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23
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Cao D, Chen G, Chen D, Xia Z, Li Z, Wang Y, Xu D, Yang J. Synthesis of 4-Hydroxycarbazole Derivatives by Benzannulation of 3-Nitroindoles with Alkylidene Azlactones. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16969-16979. [PMID: 34250355 PMCID: PMC8264937 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A general synthesis of 4-hydroxylcarbazoles by domino vinylogous conjugate addition/cyclization/elimination/aromatization of easily prepared 3-nitroindoles with alkylidene azlactones under mild and transition-metal-free conditions has been developed. This method was also applicable to other nitrosubstituted benzofused heterocycles such as 3-nitrobenzothiophene, 2-nitrobenzothiophene, and 2-nitrobenzofuran. The valuable tetracyclic carbazole derivatives, such as 6H-oxazolo[4,5-c]carbazole and 3,6-dihydro-2H-oxazolo[4,5-c]carbazol-2-one, were readily prepared from the product, demonstrating synthetic utility of this method.
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24
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Beesu M, Mehta G. “Back‐to‐Front” Type Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Indazoles: Nitromethane Mediated, Domino Benzannulation of o‐Chloropyrazolyl Ynones. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mallesh Beesu
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500 046 India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500 046 India
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25
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Jiang Z, Zhou J, Zhu H, Liu H, Zhou Y. Rh(III)-Catalyzed [5 + 1] Annulation of Indole-enaminones with Diazo Compounds To Form Highly Functionalized Carbazoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:4406-4410. [PMID: 34018745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation/annulation cascade of indole-enaminones with diazo compounds was reported to construct diversely functionalized carbazole frameworks. The most notable characteristic is that this transformation could smoothly furnish a novel [5 + 1] cyclization product with good to excellent yields (up to 95%), accompanied by the thorough removal of acetyl and N,N-dimethyl groups of two substrates from the target products, rather than the normally expected [4 + 2] cyclization products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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26
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Huang W, Gao Z, Zhang Z, Fang W, Wang Z, Wan Z, Shi L, Wang K, Ke S. Selective and effective anticancer agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationships of novel carbazole derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:104991. [PMID: 34051416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbazole alkaloids is an important class of natural products with diverse biological functions. So, the aim of this article is to explore new chemical entities containing carbazole scaffold as potential novel cytotoxic agents based on our developed three-component indole-to-carbazole reaction. Two series of carbazole derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their in vitro cytotoxic activities against three cell lines (A875, HepG2, and MARC145) were evaluated. The results indicated that some of these carbazole derivatives exhibited significantly good cytotoxic activities against tested cell lines compared with the control 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Especially, carbazole acylhydrazone compounds 7g and 7p displayed high inhibitory activity on cancer cells, but almost no activity on normal cells. Further analysis of induced apoptosis for potential compounds indicated that the potential antitumor agents induced cell death in A875 cells at least partly (initially) by apoptosis, which might be used as promising lead scaffold for discovery of novel carbazole-type cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Huang
- National Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zilin Gao
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- National Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Wei Fang
- National Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zuoqian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops in Central China, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhongyi Wan
- National Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Liqiao Shi
- National Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Kaimei Wang
- National Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
| | - Shaoyong Ke
- National Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China.
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27
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Shi T, Guo X, Zhu J, Hu L, He Z, Jiang D. Inhibitory Effects of Carbazomycin B Produced by Streptomyces roseoverticillatus 63 Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:616937. [PMID: 33841348 PMCID: PMC8024497 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.616937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present manuscript highlights the potential role of Streptomyces roseoverticillatus 63 (Sr-63) against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which is the cause of a disastrous bacterial leaf blight disease with rice worldwide. The disease suppression was achieved under greenhouse conditions. A foliar spray of the fermentation broth of Sr-63 significantly reduced the leaf blight symptoms with rice in Xoo inoculated rice plants. Furthermore, we observed that the carbazomycin B, isolated from the fermentation broth of Sr-63, was demonstrated to have antibacterial activity against Xoo with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 μg mL-1. The results indicated that carbzomycin B hampered the membrane formation of Xoo, reduced the production of xanthomonadin and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) indicated that carbazomycin B changed the components of the cell membrane, then caused a change of the cell surface hydrophobicity of Xoo. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Xoo cells treated with carbazomycin B exhibited apparent structural deformation. The results also indicated that carbazomycin B had a negative impact on the metabolism of Xoo, carbazomycin B reduced the activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity and suppressed the protein expression of Xoo. Overall, our data suggests that Streptomyces roseoverticillatus 63 is a promising biocontrol agent that could be used to combat the bacterial leaf blight diseases of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Donghua Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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28
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Jamshaid S, Devkota S, Lee YR. Catalyst- and Substituent-Controlled Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Indolyl Acrylates by Lewis-Acid-Catalyzed Direct Functionalization of 3-Formylindoles with Diazo Esters. Org Lett 2021; 23:2140-2146. [PMID: 33650877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A facile and efficient In(OTf)3- and BF3·OEt2-catalyzed direct transformation of 3-formylindoles with diazo esters has been developed for synthesizing diverse and functionalized indolyl acrylates. This one-pot protocol furnishes various (Z)-α-hydroxy-β-indolyl acrylates, (E)-β-(2-alkoxy-2-oxoethoxy)-α-indolyl acrylates, and (Z)-3-hydroxy-2-indolyl acrylates by a catalyst- and substituent-controlled, regio- and stereoselective cascade reaction. The protocol has several advantages, including low loading of the catalyst, mild reaction conditions, broad scope, and high functional group tolerance. The synthesized compounds can be further converted into diversely functionalized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Jamshaid
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Shreedhar Devkota
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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29
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Chambers GE, Sayan AE, Brown RCD. The synthesis of biologically active indolocarbazole natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1794-1820. [PMID: 33666619 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00096e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020The indolocarbazoles, in particular indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole derivatives, are an important class of natural products that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. There has been a plethora of synthetic approaches to this family of natural products, leading to advances in chemical methodology, as well as affording access to molecular scaffolds central to protein kinase drug discovery programmes. In this review, we compile and summarise the synthetic approaches to the indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole derivatives, spanning the period from their isolation in 1980 up to 2020. The selected natural products include indolocarbazoles not functionalised at indolic nitrogen, pyranosylated indolocarbazoles, furanosylated indolocarbazoles and disaccharideindolocarbazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Chambers
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - A Emre Sayan
- University of Southampton Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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30
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Deng C, Liu Y, Xu M, Xie K, Liu S. Exploiting an intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclization/dehydro-aromatization sequence for the total syntheses of ellipticines and calothrixin B. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1395-1403. [PMID: 33491728 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02527e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The tetracyclic and pentacyclic skeletons of pyrido and quinolinocarbazole alkaloids have been synthesized via a unified strategy. The prominent key step involved a Diels-Alder intramolecular cyclization/dehydro-aromatization sequence. From these carbazole-lactam cores, linear syntheses have been developed for ellipticines and calothrixin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China. and Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Yuancui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China. and Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Kaiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China. and Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
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31
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An account of synthetic strategies towards indolocarbazole alkaloids: Arcyriaflavin A and staurosporinone. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Bag D, Sawant SD. Heteroarene-tethered Functionalized Alkyne Metamorphosis. Chemistry 2021; 27:1165-1218. [PMID: 32603015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heteroarene-tethered functionalized alkynes are multipotent synthons in organic chemistry. This detailed Review described herein offers a thorough discussion of the metamorphosis of heteroarene-tethered functionalized alkynes, an area which has earned much attention over the past decade in the straightforward synthesis of architecturally complex heterocyclic scaffolds in atom and step economic manner. Depending upon the variety of functionalized alkynes, this Review is divided into multiple sections. Amongst the vast array of synthetic transformations covered, dearomatizing spirocyclizations and cascade spirocyclization/rearrangement are of great interest. Synthetic transformations involving the heteroarene-tethered functionalized alkynes with scope, challenges, limitations, mechanism, their application in the total synthesis of natural products and future perceptions are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Bag
- Laboratory 212, Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Laboratory 212, Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
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33
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Witulski B, Alayrac C. Rhodium-Catalyzed Crossed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition with Ynamides: Key-Strategy for the Concise Total Synthesis of 3-Oxygenated Carbazole Alkaloids. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-s(k)24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Reddy CR, Srinivasu E, Sathish P, Subbarao M, Donthiri RR. One-Pot Arylative Benzannulation of 2-Carbonyl-3-propargyl Indoles with Boronic Acids Leading to Arylated Carbazoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1118-1132. [PMID: 33322899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Arylative annulation of 2-carbonyl-3-propargyl indoles with boronic acids under sequential palladium/triflic acid catalysis is described. The present strategy to provide di- and triaryl carbazoles in one pot involves benzannulation through difunctionalization of alkynes. The strategy showed a good substrate scope with respect to boronic acids as well as 2-carbonyl-3-propargyl indoles to afford the corresponding carbazoles in decent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chada Raji Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ejjirotu Srinivasu
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Puppala Sathish
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Muppidi Subbarao
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramachandra Reddy Donthiri
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
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35
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Banerjee A, Kundu S, Bhattacharyya A, Sahu S, Maji MS. Benzannulation strategies for the synthesis of carbazoles, indolocarbazoles, benzocarbazoles, and carbolines. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a critical and authoritative analysis of several exciting benzannulation approaches developed in the past decade for the construction of carbazoles, indolocarbazoles, benzocarbazoles, and carbolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Arya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Samrat Sahu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
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36
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Liu Y, Xu M, Xie K, Liu S. Total Synthesis of Calothrixin B
via
an Intramolecular Baylis‐Hillman Cyclization/6π Electrocyclization/Dehydro‐aromatization Sequence and a Specific Oxidative Quinone Formation. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuancui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 PR China
| | - Mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Kaiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550014 China
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37
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Beesu M, Mehta G. Orthogonal Strapping of o-Haloaryl Ynones with Pyrazolones: A One-Pot, Domino Process toward Spiropyrazolones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14229-14239. [PMID: 33040531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new class of spiroannulated pyrazolone scaffolds have been assembled from diverse o-haloaryl ynones and β-bromoalkenyl ynones via base mediated, one-pot, metal free, orthogonal strapping (tethering) mediated by the recursive anion(s) derived from pyrazolones. These convenient, preparatively useful transformations proceed through either a tandem Michael addition-intramolecular SNAr reaction or a tandem Michael addition-intramolecular AdNE process to furnish a range of pharmacophoric, diverse, spiroannulated pyrazolones from readily accessible precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallesh Beesu
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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38
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Zheng L, Hua R. Recent Advances in Construction of Polycyclic Natural Product Scaffolds via One-Pot Reactions Involving Alkyne Annulation. Front Chem 2020; 8:580355. [PMID: 33195069 PMCID: PMC7596902 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.580355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic scaffolds are omnipresent in natural products and drugs, and the synthetic strategies and methods toward construction of these scaffolds are of particular importance. Compared to simple cyclic ring systems, polycyclic scaffolds have higher structure complexity and diversity, making them suitable for charting broader chemical space, yet bringing challenges for the syntheses. In this review, we surveyed progress in the past decade on synthetic methods for polycyclic natural product scaffolds, in which the key steps are one-pot reactions involving intermolecular or intramolecular alkyne annulation. Synthetic strategies of selected polycyclic carbocycles and heterocycles with at least three fused, bridged, or spiro rings are discussed with emphasis on the synthetic efficiency and product diversity. Recent examples containing newly developed synthetic concepts or toolkits such as collective and divergent total synthesis, gold catalysis, C–H functionalization, and dearomative cyclization are highlighted. Finally, several “privileged synthetic strategies” for “privileged polycyclic scaffolds” are summarized, with discussion of remained challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyao Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruimao Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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39
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Singh S, Nerella S, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. Access to 2-Alkyl/Aryl-4-(1 H)-Quinolones via Orthogonal "NH 3" Insertion into o-Haloaryl Ynones: Total Synthesis of Bioactive Pseudanes, Graveoline, Graveolinine, and Waltherione F. Org Lett 2020; 22:1575-1579. [PMID: 32013447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthesis of 4-(1H)-quinolones through an orthogonal engagement of diverse o-haloaryl ynones with ammonia in the presence of Cu(I), involving tandem Michael addition and ArCsp2-N coupling, is presented. The substrate scope of this convenient protocol, wherein ammonium carbonate acts as both an in situ ammonia source and a base toward diverse 2-substituted 4-(1H)-quinolones, has been mapped and its efficacy validated through concise total synthesis of bioactive natural products pseudanes (IV, VII, VIII, and XII), graveoline, graveolinine, and waltherione F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007 , India.,School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
| | - Sharanya Nerella
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007 , India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007 , India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry , University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad 500046 , India
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40
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Raji Reddy C, Subbarao M, Sathish P, Kolgave DH, Donthiri RR. One-Pot Assembly of 3-Hydroxycarbazoles via Uninterrupted Propargylation/Hydroxylative Benzannulation Reactions. Org Lett 2020; 22:689-693. [PMID: 31909623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy for the synthesis of 3-hydroxycarbazoles involving the consecutive propargylation/palladium-catalyzed hydroxylative benzannulation of indole-2-carbonyls with propargylic alcohols has been exploited. This one-pot procedure leads to a wide range of substituted 3-hydroxycarbazoles in high yield with a broad substrate scope. The method was further extended to access furano-carbazole derivatives from dialkynols via tandem annulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chada Raji Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007 , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Ghaziabad 201 002 , India
| | - Muppidi Subbarao
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007 , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Ghaziabad 201 002 , India
| | - Puppala Sathish
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007 , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Ghaziabad 201 002 , India
| | - Dattahari H Kolgave
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007 , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Ghaziabad 201 002 , India
| | - Ramachandra Reddy Donthiri
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry , CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad 500007 , India
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41
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Saha S, Maji MS. One-pot access to tetrahydrobenzo[c]carbazoles from simple ketones by using O2 as an oxidant. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1765-1768. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An effective and operationally simple one-pot Brønsted acid catalyzed cascade method is demonstrated for the synthesis of diversely functionalized carbazole frameworks starting from protecting group free 2-alkenyl indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvendu Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
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42
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Yaragorla S, Dada R, Bag D. An Expeditious Benzannulation Reaction of Indol-3-yl-but-3-yn-2-ols to Substituted 2-Iodocarbazoles via Domino 5-endo
Spirocyclization/Selective Vinyl Shift and Aromatization. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Yaragorla
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Prof. C. R. Rao Road Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Ravikrishna Dada
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Prof. C. R. Rao Road Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Debojyoti Bag
- School of Chemistry; University of Hyderabad; Prof. C. R. Rao Road Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
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43
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Aggarwal T, Sushmita S, Verma AK. Recent advances in the synthesis of carbazoles from indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8330-8342. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01381d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of carbazoles using indoles as precursors through CH activation/annulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trapti Aggarwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Sushmita Sushmita
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Akhilesh K. Verma
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
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