1
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Tokushige K, Abe T. On Demand Synthesis of C3-N1' Bisindoles by a Formal Umpolung Strategy: First Total Synthesis of (±)-Rivularin A. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302963. [PMID: 37988219 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a straightforward synthesis of C3-N1' bisindolines is achieved by a formal umpolung strategy. The protocols were tolerant of a wide variety of substituents on the indole and indoline ring. In addition, the C3-N1' bisindolines could be converted to C3-N1' indole-indolines and C3-N1'-bisindoles. Also, we have successfully synthesized (±)-rivularin A through a biomimetic late-stage tribromination as a key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tokushige
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 7008530, Japan
| | - Takumi Abe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 7008530, Japan
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2
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Walker KL, Loach RP, Movassaghi M. Total synthesis of complex 2,5-diketopiperazine alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2023; 90:159-206. [PMID: 37716796 PMCID: PMC10955524 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP) motif is present in many biologically relevant, complex natural products. The cyclodipeptide substructure offers structural rigidity and stability to proteolysis that makes these compounds promising candidates for medical applications. Due to their fascinating molecular architecture, synthetic organic chemists have focused significant effort on the total synthesis of these compounds. This review covers many such efforts on the total synthesis of DKP containing complex alkaloid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Richard P Loach
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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3
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Aluminum-Catalyzed Cross Selective C3–N1′ Coupling Reactions of N-Methoxyindoles with Indoles. CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry5010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
C3–N1′ bond formation of bisindoles has been a great challenge due to the intrinsic reactivity of indoles as both C3 and N1-nucleophilic character. Herein, we demonstrate an C3–N1′ cross-coupling reaction of indoles using N-methoxyindoles as N-electrophilic indole reagents in the presence of Lewis acid. The bisindoles generated in this transformation are latent C3-nucleophile, allowing them to be used as strategic intermediates in sequential C3–N1′–C3′–N1″ triindole formations. The potential synthetic usefulness of this sequential transformation was highlighted upon application to the construction of C3–N1 looped polyindoles.
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4
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García-Domínguez P, Lorenzo P, Álvarez R, de Lera AR. Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of (-)-Novofumigatamide, Isomers Thereof, and Analogues. Part I. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12510-12527. [PMID: 36137268 PMCID: PMC9552234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The total synthesis of the suggested structure of (−)-novofumigatamide,
a natural product containing a C3-reverse prenylated N-acetyl-exo-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole motif fused to a 10-membered ring lactam, was achieved using
the macrolactam formation in advance of a diastereoselective bromocyclization
and reverse prenylation steps. Since the NMR data of the synthetic
sample did not match those of the natural product, the endo-bromo precursor of a N-Boc analogue and additional
diastereomers derived from l-Trp were also synthesized. Five
alternative synthetic routes, which differed in the order of final
key steps used for the construction of the 10-membered ring lactam
and the hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole framework within
the polycyclic skeleton and also in the amide bond selected for the
ring-closing of the macrolactam, were thoroughly explored. Much to
our dismay, the lack of spectroscopic correlations between the proposed
structure of natural (−)-novofumigatamide and the synthetic
products suggested a different connectivity between the atoms. Additional
synthetic efforts to assemble alternative structures of the natural
product and isomers thereof (see accompanying paper; DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01228) further highlighted the frustrating endeavors toward the identification
of a natural product.
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5
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Shaum JB, Nikolaev A, Steffens HC, Gonzalez L, Walker S, Samoshin AV, Hammersley G, La EH, Read de Alaniz J. Copper-Mediated Single-Electron Approach to Indoline Amination: Scope, Mechanism, and Total Synthesis of Asperazine A. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9907-9914. [PMID: 35876810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroloindolines bearing a C3-N linkage comprise the core of many biologically active natural products, but many methods toward their synthesis are limited by the sterics or electronics of the product. We report a single electron-based approach for the synthesis of this scaffold and demonstrate high-yielding aminations, regardless of electronic or steric demands. The transformation uses copper wire and isopropanol to promote the reaction. The broad synthetic utility of this heterogeneous copper-catalyzed approach to access pyrroloindolines, diketopiperazine, furoindoline, and (+)-asperazine is included, along with experiments to provide insight into the mechanism of this new process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Shaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Helena C Steffens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Luis Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shamon Walker
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrey V Samoshin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Gabrielle Hammersley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ellia H La
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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6
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Yang XP, Lv HP, Yang HD, Wang BL, Wang XW. Box-copper catalyzed cascade asymmetric amidation for chiral exo-methylene aminoindoline derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9373-9378. [PMID: 34673876 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01242h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective copper-catalyzed cascade inter- and intramolecular amidation was achieved between ethynyl benzoxazinanones and α-halohydroxamates in the presence of an indapybox ligand. The one-pot cascade transformation was triggered by the attack of hydroxamates to dipolar copper-allenylidene intermediates, followed by a nucleophilic annulation reaction. Thus, a series of exo-methylene 3-aminoindoline derivatives were obtained in good yields with high enantioselectivities under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Hao-Peng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Hao-Di Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Bai-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Xing-Wang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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Wang HZ, Li JZ, Guo Z, Zheng H, Wei WT. Visible-Light-Catalyzed N-Radical-Enabled Cyclization of Alkenes for the Synthesis of Five-Membered N-Heterocycles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4658-4670. [PMID: 34402206 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Five-membered N-heterocycles play an important role in organic synthesis and material chemistry, as they are widespread through pharmaceutical molecules and natural products. Chemists have developed many synthetic strategies for constructing five-membered N-heterocycles from N-centered radicals, but the availability of mild and green methods for these transformations is still limited. The cyclization of visible-light-generated N-centered radicals with alkenes has emerged as a powerful tool to enable these chemical transformations in recent years. Through chosen representative examples, the significant developments in this promising field were outlined, including the selection of catalysts, substrate scope, mechanistic understanding (especially density functional theory calculations), and applications. The contents of this Minireview are categorized by intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular N-centered radical addition/cyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jiao-Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Zheng
- Institution of Functional Organic Molecules and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
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8
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Kamble OS, Khatravath M, Dandela R. Applications of Ethynylanilines as Substrates for Construction of Indoles and Indole‐Substituted Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omkar S. Kamble
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology Indian oil Odisha Campus, Kharagpur extension Centre, Mouza, Samantpuri Bhubaneswar 751013 Odisha India
| | - Mahender Khatravath
- Department of Chemistry Central university of South Bihar, Gaya SH-7, Panchanpur Road, Karhara, Post Fatehpur, Gaya Bihar 824236 India
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology Indian oil Odisha Campus, Kharagpur extension Centre, Mouza, Samantpuri Bhubaneswar 751013 Odisha India
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9
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Ohno H, Inuki S. Nonbiomimetic total synthesis of indole alkaloids using alkyne-based strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3551-3568. [PMID: 33908430 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic natural product synthesis is generally straightforward and efficient because of its established feasibility in nature and utility in comprehensive synthesis, and the cost-effectiveness of naturally derived starting materials. On the other hand, nonbiomimetic strategies can be an important option in natural product synthesis since (1) nonbiomimetic synthesis offers more flexibility and can demonstrate the originality of chemists, and (2) the structures of derivatives accessible by nonbiomimetic synthesis can be considerably different from those that are synthesised in nature. This review summarises nonbiomimetic total syntheses of indole alkaloids using alkyne chemistry for constructing core structures, including ergot alkaloids, monoterpene indole alkaloids (mainly corynanthe, aspidosperma, strychnos, and akuammiline), and pyrroloindole and related alkaloids. To clarify the differences between alkyne-based strategies and biosynthesis, the alkynes in nature and the biosyntheses of indole alkaloids are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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10
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Ueda H. Synthetic Studies toward Dimeric Indole Alkaloids Based on Convergent Synthetic Strategy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:117-128. [PMID: 32009078 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of dimeric indole alkaloids, haplophytine, and T988s are described. These dimeric compounds comprising two structurally different indole units are ubiquitous in nature, and many possess pharmaceutically important activities. To realize an efficient chemical synthesis of these dimeric indole alkaloids, the establishment of convergent synthetic strategies and development of new coupling methods are indispensable. The linkage of two highly functionalized units at a late stage of the synthesis frequently induces synthetic problems such as chemoselectivity and steric repulsion. Moreover, although transition metal-catalyzed reactions are usually an effective method for the cross-coupling of two units, the application of these cross-coupling reactions to bond formation involving a sterically hindered C(sp3) is often difficult. Thus, even with precise modern synthetic methods, it is currently difficult to realize convergent syntheses of dimeric indole alkaloids possessing a quaternary carbon linking two units. To combat these synthetic problems, we developed a synthetic method to link two indole units using an Ag-mediated nucleophilic substitution reaction. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of convergent synthetic strategies and coupling methods for dimeric indole alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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11
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Ling F, Song D, Chen L, Liu T, Yu M, Ma Y, Xiao L, Xu M, Zhong W. Syntheses of N-Alkyl 2-Arylindoles from Saturated Ketones and 2-Arylethynylanilines via Cu-Catalyzed Sequential Dehydrogenation/Aza-Michael Addition/Annulation Cascade. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3224-3233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ling
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dingguo Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mengyao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lian Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Min Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Weihui Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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