1
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Ge Y, Peng Y, Xie R, Luo Y, Li Y, Chen G. Visible Light-Mediated Late-Stage Thioetherification of Mercaptopurine Derivatives. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401774. [PMID: 38923704 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
We disclose herein a novel and general radical approach to alkylthiopurines, encompassing 4 types of thiopurines, as well as their corresponding ribosides. This strategy is achieved through visible light-mediated late-stage functionalization of the sulfur atoms of mercaptopurines. The in situ-generated disulfide was proposed as the pivotal neutral intermediate for this transformation. We present herein a novel photo-mediated homolytic C-S bond formation for the preparation of alkylthiopurines and alkylthiopurine nucleosides. Despite the presence of reactive sites for the Minisci reaction, chemoselective S-alkylation remained the predominant pathway. This method allows for the late-stage introduction of a broad spectrum of alkyl groups onto the sulfur atom of unprotective mercaptopurine derivatives, encompassing 2-, 6-, and 8-mercaptopurine rings. Organoborons serve as efficient and eco-friendly alkylating reagents, providing advantages in terms of readily availability, stability, and reduced toxicity. Further derivatization of the thioetherified nucleosides, together with anti-tumor assays, led to the discovery of potent anti-tumor agents with an IC50 value reaching 6.1 μM (Comp. 31 for Jurkat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R.China
| | - Yijiang Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R.China
| | - Ruoqian Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R.China
| | - Yang Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yangyan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineer of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and High-value Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, P. R. China
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2
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Zachmann AKZ, Drappeau JA, Liu S, Alexanian EJ. C(sp 3)-H (N-Phenyltetrazole)thiolation as an Enabling Tool for Molecular Diversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404879. [PMID: 38657161 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Methods enabling the broad diversification of C(sp3)-H bonds from a common intermediate are especially valuable in chemical synthesis. Herein, we report a site-selective (N-phenyltetrazole)thiolation of aliphatic and (hetero)benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds using a commercially available disulfide to access N-phenyltetrazole thioethers. The thioether products are readily elaborated in diverse fragment couplings for C-C, C-O, or C-N construction. The C-H functionalization proceeds via a radical-chain pathway involving hydrogen atom transfer by the electron-poor N-phenyltetrazolethiyl radical. Hexafluoroisopropanol was found to be essential to reactions involving aliphatic C(sp3)-H thiolation, with computational analysis consistent with dual hydrogen bonding of the N-phenyltetrazolethiyl radical imparting increased radical electrophilicity to facilitate the hydrogen atom transfer. Substrate is limiting reagent in all cases, and the reaction displays an exceptional functional group tolerance well suited to applications in late-stage diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Z Zachmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Justine A Drappeau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shubin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erik J Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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3
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Wu H, Chen S, Liu C, Zhao Q, Wang Z, Jin Q, Sun S, Guo J, He X, Walsh PJ, Shang Y. Construction of C-S and C-Se Bonds from Unstrained Ketone Precursors under Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314790. [PMID: 38185472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
A mild photoredox catalyzed construction of sulfides, disulfides, selenides, sulfoxides and sulfones from unstrained ketone precursors is introduced. Combination of this deacylative process with SN 2 or coupling reactions provides novel and convenient modular strategies toward unsymmetrical or symmetric disulfides. Reactivity studies favor a bromine radical that initiates a HAT (Hydrogen Atom Transfer) from the aminal intermediate resulting in expulsion of a C-centered radical that is intercepted to make C-S and C-Se bonds. Gram scale reactions, broad substrate scope and tolerance towards various functional groups render this method appealing for future applications in the synthesis of organosulfur and selenium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Chunni Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Quansheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Qiren Jin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Xinwei He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yongjia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials (State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China
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4
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Dehnert BW, Dworkin JH, Kwon O. Dealkenylative Functionalizations: Conversion of Alkene C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Bonds into C(sp 3)-X Bonds via Redox-Based Radical Processes. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:71-86. [PMID: 38832211 PMCID: PMC11147281 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the history and recent advances in dealkenylative functionalization. Through this deconstructive strategy, radical functionalizations occur under mild, robust conditions. The reactions described proceed with high efficiency, good stereoselectivity, tolerate many functional groups, and are completed within a matter of minutes. By cleaving the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond of terpenes and terpenoid-derived precursors, rapid diversification of natural products is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady W Dehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeremy H Dworkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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5
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He Z, Moreno JA, Swain M, Wu J, Kwon O. Aminodealkenylation: Ozonolysis and copper catalysis convert C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) bonds to C(sp 3)-N bonds. Science 2023; 381:877-886. [PMID: 37616345 PMCID: PMC10753956 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts have been directed toward alkene π bond amination. In contrast, analogous functionalization of the adjacent C(sp3)-C(sp2) σ bonds is much rarer. Here we report how ozonolysis and copper catalysis under mild reaction conditions enable alkene C(sp3)-C(sp2) σ bond-rupturing cross-coupling reactions for the construction of new C(sp3)-N bonds. We have used this unconventional transformation for late-stage modification of hormones, pharmaceutical reagents, peptides, and nucleosides. Furthermore, we have coupled abundantly available terpenes and terpenoids with nitrogen nucleophiles to access artificial terpenoid alkaloids and complex chiral amines. In addition, we applied a commodity chemical, α-methylstyrene, as a methylation reagent to prepare methylated nucleosides directly from canonical nucleosides in one synthetic step. Our mechanistic investigation implicates an unusual copper ion pair cooperative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jose Antonio Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Manisha Swain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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6
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Abstract
Organosulfur functionalities are ubiquitous in nature, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, materials and flavourants. Historically, these moieties were introduced almost exclusively using ionic chemistry; however, radical-based methods for the installation of sulfur-based functional groups have recently come to the fore. These radical methods have enabled their late-stage introduction into complex molecules, avoiding the need to preserve labile organosulfur moieties through multistep synthetic sequences. Here, we discuss homolytic C-S bond-forming processes, with a particular emphasis on radical substitution approaches to sulfide, disulfide and sulfinyl products, and the use of sulfur dioxide and its surrogates to build sulfonyl products. We also highlight the mechanistic considerations that we hope will guide further development of radical-based strategies compatible with the various organosulfur moieties that feature in modern chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Zhou X, Pyle D, Zhang Z, Dong G. Deacylative Thiolation by Redox-Neutral Aromatization-Driven C-C Fragmentation of Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213691. [PMID: 36800315 PMCID: PMC10240504 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of deacylative thiolation of diverse methyl ketones. The reaction is redox-neutral, and heavy-metal-free, which provides a new way to introduce thioether groups site-specifically to unactivated aliphatic positions. It also features excellent functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope, thus allowing late-stage derivatization. The process benefits from efficient condensation between the activation reagent and ketone substrates, which triggers aromatization-driven C-C fragmentation and rapid radical coupling with thiosulfonates. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies suggest the involvement of a radical chain pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xukai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Daniel Pyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Zining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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8
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Dworkin JH, Dehnert BW, Kwon O. When all C-C breaks LO-Ose. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023; 5:174-200. [PMID: 38108020 PMCID: PMC10725311 DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides are becoming popular intermediates for novel chemical transformations. The weak O-O bond is readily reduced by transition metals, including iron and copper, to initiate a radical cascade process that breaks C-C bonds. Great potential exists for the rapid generation of complexity, originating from the ability to couple the resulting free radicals with a wide range of partners. First, this review article discusses the history and synthesis of organic peroxides, providing the context necessary to understand this methodology. Then, it highlights 91 examples of recent applications of the radical functionalization of C-C bonds accessed through the transition metal-mediated reduction of organic peroxides. Finally, we provide some comments about safety when working with organic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H. Dworkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Brady W. Dehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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9
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Ji J, Chen J, Qin S, Li W, Zhao J, Li G, Song H, Liu XY, Qin Y. Total Synthesis of Vilmoraconitine. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3903-3908. [PMID: 36779887 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Vilmoraconitine belongs to one of the most complex skeleton types in the C19-diterpenoid alkaloids, which architecturally features an unprecedented heptacyclic core possessing a rigid cyclopropane unit. Here, we report the first total synthesis of vilmoraconitine relying on strategic use of efficient ring-forming reactions. Key steps include an oxidative dearomatization-induced Diels-Alder cycloaddition, a hydrodealkenylative fragmentation/Mannich sequence, and an intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujian Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Sixun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wanye Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guozhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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10
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Swain M, Bunnell TB, Kim J, Kwon O. Dealkenylative Alkynylation Using Catalytic Fe II and Vitamin C. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14828-14837. [PMID: 35929075 PMCID: PMC9731399 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis of alkyl-tethered alkynes through ozone-mediated and FeII-catalyzed dealkenylative alkynylation of unactivated alkenes in the presence of alkynyl sulfones. This one-pot reaction, which employs a combination of a catalytic FeII salt and l-ascorbic acid, proceeds under mild conditions with good efficiency, high stereoselectivity, and broad functional group compatibility. In contrast to our previous FeII-mediated reductive fragmentation of α-methoxyhydroperoxides, the FeII-catalyzed process was devised through a thorough kinetic analysis of the multiple competing radical (redox) pathways. We highlight the potential of this dealkenylative alkynylation through multiple post-synthetic transformations and late-stage diversifications of complex molecules, including natural products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Swain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Thomas B Bunnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jacob Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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11
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Anugu RR, Falck JR. Site-selective amination and/or nitrilation via metal-free C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) cleavage of benzylic and allylic alcohols. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4821-4827. [PMID: 35655896 PMCID: PMC9067586 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00758d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylic/allylic alcohols are converted via site-selective C(sp2)-C(sp3) cleavage to value-added nitrogenous motifs, viz., anilines and/or nitriles as well as N-heterocycles, utilizing commercial hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA) and Et3N in an operationally simple, one-pot process. Notably, cyclic benzylic/allylic alcohols undergo bis-functionalization with attendant increases in architectural complexity and step-economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunath Reddy Anugu
- Chemistry Division, Biochemistry Dept., Pharmacology Dept., University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - John R Falck
- Chemistry Division, Biochemistry Dept., Pharmacology Dept., University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
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12
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Peil S, Gutiérrez González A, Leutzsch M, Fürstner A. C-H Insertion via Ruthenium Catalyzed gem-Hydrogenation of 1,3-Enynes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4158-4167. [PMID: 35170941 PMCID: PMC8915261 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
gem-Hydrogenation of an internal alkyne with the
aid of [Cp*RuCl]4 as the precatalyst is a highly unorthodox
transformation, in which one C atom of the triple bond is transformed
into a methylene group, whereas the second C atom gets converted into
a ruthenium carbene. In the case of 1,3-enynes bearing a propargylic
steering substituent as the substrates, the reaction occurs regioselectively,
giving rise to vinyl carbene complexes that adopt interconverting
η1/η3-binding modes in solution;
a prototypical example of such a reactive intermediate was characterized
in detail by spectroscopic means. Although both forms are similarly
stable, only the η3-vinyl carbene proved kinetically
competent to insert into primary, secondary, or tertiary C–H
bonds on the steering group itself or another suitably placed ether,
acetal, orthoester, or (sulfon)amide substituent. The ensuing net
hydrogenative C–H insertion reaction is highly enabling in
that it gives ready access to spirocyclic as well as bridged ring
systems of immediate relevance as building blocks for medicinal chemistry.
Moreover, the reaction scales well and lends itself to the formation
of partly or fully deuterated isotopologues. Labeling experiments
in combination with PHIP NMR spectroscopy (PHIP = parahydrogen induced
polarization) confirmed that the reactions are indeed triggered by gem-hydrogenation, whereas kinetic data provided valuable
insights into the very nature of the turnover-limiting transition
state of the actual C–H insertion step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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13
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Qin Y, Zhou B, Tian D, An J, Zhou Y, Yan R, Song H, Liu XY. Co-catalyzed C(sp3)−C(sp2) bond cleavage via hydrogen atom transfer. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new Co-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond cleavage method to access ketones from alkenes is reported. This unprecedented transformation features mild reaction conditions and good...
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14
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Dealkenylative Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Enabled by Tetrazine and Photoexcitation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14046-14052. [PMID: 34437800 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new and general method to functionalize the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond of alkyl and alkene linkages has been developed, leading to the dealkenylative generation of carbon-centered radicals that can be intercepted to undergo Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling. This one-pot protocol leverages the easily procured alkene feedstocks for organic synthesis with excellent functional group compatibility without the need for a photoredox catalyst.
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15
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Sun QX, Chen H, Liu S, Wang XQ, Duan XH, Guo LN. Iron-Catalyzed Thiolation and Selenylation of Cycloalkyl Hydroperoxides via C-C Bond Cleavage. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11987-11997. [PMID: 34374284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A cheap iron-catalyzed C-C bond cleavage/thiolation and selenylation of cycloalkyl hydroperoxides are presented. This redox-neutral protocol provides efficient access to diverse distal keto-functionalized thioethers and selenium compounds. Remarkably, only some amounts of disulfides are required for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - He Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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16
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Buntasana S, Seankongsuk P, Vilaivan T, Padungros P. Household Ozone Disinfector as An Alternative Ozone Generator for Ozonolysis of Alkenes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supanat Buntasana
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Pattarakiat Seankongsuk
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Organic Synthesis Research Unit Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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17
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Liu J, Pan J, Luo X, Qiu X, Zhang C, Jiao N. Selective Dealkenylative Functionalization of Styrenes via C-C Bond Cleavage. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:7947029. [PMID: 33274339 PMCID: PMC7676249 DOI: 10.34133/2020/7947029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As a readily available feedstock, styrene with about 25 million tons of global annual production serves as an important building block and organic synthon for the synthesis of fine chemicals, polystyrene plastics, and elastomers. Thus, in the past decades, many direct transformations of this costless styrene feedstock were disclosed for the preparation of high-value chemicals, which to date, generally performed on the functionalization of styrenes through the allylic C-H bond, C(sp2)-H bond, or the C=C double bond cleavage. However, the dealkenylative functionalization of styrenes via the direct C-C single bond cleavage is so far challenging and still unknown. Herein, we report the novel and efficient C-C amination and hydroxylation reactions of styrenes for the synthesis of valuable aryl amines and phenols via the site-selective C(Ar)-C(alkenyl) single bond cleavage. This chemistry unlocks the new transformation and application of the styrene feedstock and provides an efficient protocol for the late-stage modification of substituted styrenes with the site-directed dealkenylative amination and hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Sulfides, Sulfoxides and Sulfones via C-S Bond Construction from Non-Halide Substrates. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of a C-S bond is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of sulfur containing compounds including sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones. Recent methodological developments have revealed lots of novel protocols for C-S bond formation, providing easy access to sulfur containing compounds. Unlike traditional Ullmann typed C-S coupling reaction, the recently developed reactions frequently use non-halide compounds, such as diazo compounds and simple arenes/alkanes instead of aryl halides as substrates. On the other hand, novel C-S coupling reaction pathways involving thiyl radicals have emerged as an important strategy to construct C-S bonds. In this review, we focus on the recent advances on the synthesis of sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones from non-halide substrates involving C-S bond construction.
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19
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Swain M, Sadykhov G, Wang R, Kwon O. Dealkenylative Alkenylation: Formal σ-Bond Metathesis of Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17565-17571. [PMID: 32652746 PMCID: PMC8232059 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dealkenylative alkenylation of alkene C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bonds has been an unexplored area for C-C bond formation. Herein 64 examples of β-alkylated styrene derivatives, synthesized through the reactions of readily accessible feedstock olefins with β-nitrostyrenes by ozone/FeII -mediated radical substitutions, are reported. These reactions proceed with good efficiencies and high stereoselectivities under mild reaction conditions and tolerate an array of functional groups. Also demonstrated is the applicability of the strategy through several synthetic transformations of the products, as well as the syntheses of the natural product iso-moracin and the drug (E)-metanicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Swain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Gusein Sadykhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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20
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Swain M, Sadykhov G, Wang R, Kwon O. Dealkenylative Alkenylation: Formal σ‐Bond Metathesis of Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Swain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Gusein Sadykhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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21
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Smaligo AJ, Wu J, Burton NR, Hacker AS, Shaikh AC, Quintana JC, Wang R, Xie C, Kwon O. Oxodealkenylative Cleavage of Alkene C(sp
3
)−C(sp
2
) Bonds: A Practical Method for Introducing Carbonyls into Chiral Pool Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Smaligo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Nikolas R. Burton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Allison S. Hacker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Aslam C. Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Jason C. Quintana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Changmin Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California—Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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22
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Smaligo AJ, Wu J, Burton NR, Hacker AS, Shaikh AC, Quintana JC, Wang R, Xie C, Kwon O. Oxodealkenylative Cleavage of Alkene C(sp 3 )-C(sp 2 ) Bonds: A Practical Method for Introducing Carbonyls into Chiral Pool Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1211-1215. [PMID: 31692203 PMCID: PMC6942233 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reported herein is a one-pot protocol for the oxodealkenylative introduction of carbonyl functionalities into terpenes and terpene-derived compounds. This transformation proceeds by Criegee ozonolysis of an alkene, reductive cleavage of the resulting α-alkoxy hydroperoxide, trapping of the generated alkyl radical with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl (TEMPO), and subsequent oxidative fragmentation with MMPP. Using readily available starting materials from chiral pool, a variety of carbonyl-containing products have been accessed rapidly in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smaligo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Nikolas R Burton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Allison S Hacker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason C Quintana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Changmin Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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23
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Abstract
Carbon-carbon bond fragmentations are useful methods for the functionalization of molecules. The value of such cleavage events is maximized when paired with subsequent bond formation. Herein we report a protocol for the cleavage of an alkene C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond, followed by the formation of a new C(sp3)-S bond. This reaction is performed in nonanhydrous solvent and open to the air, employs common starting materials, and can be used to rapidly diversify natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smaligo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
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