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Luo X, Hou P, Shen J, Kuang Y, Sun F, Jiang H, Gooßen LJ, Huang L. Ligand-enabled ruthenium-catalyzed meta-C-H alkylation of (hetero)aromatic carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5552. [PMID: 38956019 PMCID: PMC11219896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxylates are ideal directing groups because they are widely available, readily cleavable and excellent linchpins for diverse follow-up reactions. However, their use in meta-selective C-H functionalizations remains a substantial unmet catalytic challenge. Herein, we report the ruthenium-catalyzed meta-C-H alkylation of aromatic carboxylic acids with various functionalized alkyl halides. A bidentate N-ligand increases the electron density at the metal center of ortho-benzoate ruthenacycles to the extent that single-electron reductions of alkyl halides can take place. The subsequent addition of alkyl radicals is exclusively directed to the position para to the CAr-Ru bond, i.e., meta to the carboxylate group. The resulting catalytic meta-C-H alkylation extends to a wide range of (hetero)aromatic carboxylic acids including benzofused five-membered ring heteroarenes but no pyridine derivatives in combination with secondary/tertiary alkyl halides, including fluorinated derivatives. It also allows site-selective C5-H alkylation of 1-naphthoic acids. The products are shown to be synthetic hubs en route to meta-alkylated aryl ketones, nitriles, amides, esters and other functionalized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peichao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengchao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Liangbin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510641, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Zhu H, Gao C, Yu T, Xu C, Wang M. O-Trifluoromethylation of Carboxylic Acids via the Formation and Activation of Acyloxy(phenyl)trifluoromethyl-λ 3-Iodanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400449. [PMID: 38483081 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Here we report the challenging O-trifluoromethylation of carboxylic acids via the formation and activation of acyloxy(phenyl)trifluoromethyl-λ3-iodanes. The method provides an easy access to various potentially valuable and hitherto elusive trifluoromethyl carboxylic esters. A remarkably wide range of substrates with commonly encountered functional groups are compatible with this reaction, including aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids, as well as Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs and pharmaceutically relevant molecules. The reaction mechanism and the origins of the enhanced reactivity by zinc chloride (ZnCl2) were discussed from experimental evidence and density functional theory (DFT) calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zhu
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Chi Gao
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Mang Wang
- Department Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
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3
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Zhu Z, Xu Y, Krishnamurti V, Koch CJ, Ispizua-Rodriguez X, Barrett C, Prakash GS. Synthesis of difluoromethylated formimidamides from primary aryl amines using TMSCF2Br as a dual C1 synthon. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.110023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Zhu X, Wei J, Hu C, Xiao Q, Cai L, Wang H, Xie Y, Sheng R. Difluorocarbene‐Induced Ring‐Opening of Tetrahydrofuran with TMSCF2Br for Difluoromethoxybutylation of N‐aryl‐N‐hydroxylamines. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhu
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Jun Wei
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Chenxian Hu
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Qitao Xiao
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Lvtao Cai
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Hao Wang
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Zhejiang University of Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals CHINA
| | - Rong Sheng
- Zhejiang University College of Pharmaceutical Science Zijingang CampusRoom 552,College of pharmaceutical science 310058 Hangzhou CHINA
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5
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Liu R, Hu J. Synthesis of Aryl Perfluorocyclopropyl Ethers via [2 + 1] Cyclopropanation Using TMSCF 2Br Reagent. Org Lett 2022; 24:3589-3593. [PMID: 35467891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aryl perfluorocyclopropyl ethers have been synthesized for the first time by [2 + 1] cyclopropanation between aryl trifluorovinyl ethers and a commercially available TMSCF2Br reagent. This cycloaddition reaction between two fluorine-containing reactants proceeds smoothly in toluene at 120 °C in the presence of a catalytic amount of n-Bu4NBr, and the reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups. A wide range of aryl trifluorovinyl ethers, easily accessible from phenols, were successfully transformed to aryl perfluorocyclopropyl ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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6
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Loison A, Toulgoat F, Billard T, Hanquet G, Panossian A, Leroux FR. Recent synthetic methods towards the –OCHF2 moiety. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Regio- and chemoselectivity in S- and O- difluoromethylation reactions using diethyl (bromodifluoromethyl)phosphonate. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Ispizua-Rodriguez X, Munoz SB, Krishnamurti V, Mathew T, Prakash GKS. Direct Synthesis of Tri-/Difluoromethyl Ketones from Carboxylic Acids by Cross-Coupling with Acyloxyphosphonium Ions. Chemistry 2021; 27:15908-15913. [PMID: 34469605 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simple and straightforward approach to the synthesis of trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl ketones from widely available carboxylic acids is disclosed. The transformation utilizes an acyloxyphosphonium ion as the active electrophile, conveniently generated in situ from the carboxylic acid substrate by using commodity chemicals. The utility of the reaction system is exemplified by its chemoselectivity, with tolerance to a variety of important functional groups. The late-stage functionalization of carboxylic acid active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutically relevant compounds is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanath Ispizua-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| | - Socrates B Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 322 CBC Bldg, Manhattan, KS66506-0401, USA
| | - Vinayak Krishnamurti
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| | - Thomas Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
| | - G K S Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA-90089-1661, USA
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9
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Zhu Z, Krishnamurti V, Ispizua-Rodriguez X, Barrett C, Prakash GKS. Chemoselective N- and O-Difluoromethylation of 2-Pyridones, Isoquinolinones, and Quinolinones with TMSCF 2Br. Org Lett 2021; 23:6494-6498. [PMID: 34344153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple protocol for direct N- and O-difluoromethylation of 2-pyridones, quinolinones, and isoquinolinones using commercially available TMSCF2Br is disclosed. The chemoselectivity is modulated by simple variations in temperature, solvent, and strength of the base. Diverse, synthetically relevant functional groups are tolerated, including functional groups that have reported reactivity with TMSCF2Br. Gram-scale reactions to prepare both N- and O-difluoromethyl compounds are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Zhu
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Vinayak Krishnamurti
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Xanath Ispizua-Rodriguez
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Colby Barrett
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - G K Surya Prakash
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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10
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Zhou S, Sun ZY, Zhu K, Zhao W, Tang X, Guo M, Wang G. Metal-Free Difunctionalization of Pyridines: Selective Construction of N-CF 2H and N-CHO Dihydropyridines. Org Lett 2021; 23:2205-2211. [PMID: 33635677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of N-difluoromethylpyridinium salts is seldom explored because of their instability and low availability. Here we present a novel nucleophilic addition of N-difluoromethylpyridinium salts with nitroalkanes to synthesize N-CF2H-dihydropyridines and N-CHO-dihydropyridines in a highly efficient and regioselective pathway. This protocol exhibits good functional group tolerance and good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Ying Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Kongying Zhu
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Testing Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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11
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Difluoromethylation of alcohols with TMSCF2Br in water: A new insight into the generation and reactions of difluorocarbene in a two-phase system. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Tironi M, Maas LM, Garg A, Dix S, Götze JP, Hopkinson MN. Deoxygenative Tri- and Difluoromethylthiolation of Carboxylic Acids with Benzothiazolium Reagents. Org Lett 2020; 22:8925-8930. [PMID: 33147033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deoxygenative syntheses of fluorinated thioesters directly from carboxylic acids have been developed employing benzothiazolium reagents. The process using BT-SCF3 represents an attractive approach toward these SCF3-containing compounds that avoids the use of metal -SCF3 salts or preactivated acyl electrophiles. Moreover, the in situ activation of BT-SCF2H allows for an unprecedented nucleophilic difluoromethylthiolation reaction. DFT calculations support a mechanistic scenario involving a four-membered transition state where acyl substitution occurs without the formation of an unstable free -SCF2H anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tironi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lilian M Maas
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arushi Garg
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Dix
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan P Götze
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew N Hopkinson
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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